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Immuno Final > Immune System Dysregulation & Deficiency > Flashcards

Immune System Dysregulation & Deficiency Flashcards

1
Q

ways that immune system can dysfunction

A

pathologic condition caused by NORMAL immune response - TB/Sepsis
conditions caused by defects in immune regulation - allergy
AI disease
immunodeficiency -genetic, AIDS

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2
Q

____ of world population is infected with MYOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS, but only ____% of population have risk of ACTIVE TB

A

1/3 of world population

5-10%

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3
Q

in TB, _____ engulfs invader, the bacterium is able to _____ surface of phagosome so that it DOES NOT FUSE with ________ allowing bacterium to have access to nutrients to grow and multiply, more TB cells are made and burst out of _____ , which dies by _____

A 
macrophage
modify
lysosome
macrophage
necrosis
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4
Q

potentially life threatening complication of infection (usually from bacteria escaping abscess or local infection); bacteria enters BLOOD

A

sepsis

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5
Q

both gram - and gram + bacteria cause _____, but main culprit is gram ____ like E COLI

A

sepsis

gram -

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6
Q

cytokine produced primarily by macrophages in sepsis is _____ –> ____ blood volume –> ___ blood pressure –> _____

A

TNF
decrease
decrease
septic shock/HF

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7
Q

sepsis and septic shock can result with _______ feedback loops, which NORMALLY allow innate immune system to react strongly and quickly, causing an over-reaction to system-wide infection

A

positive

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8
Q

more than _____ % of US population suffer from type _____ hypersensitivity reactions, which include ______

A

54%
type I
allergies

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9
Q

allergy is associated with Th___ bias

A

allergy = Th2

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10
Q

people with allergies (ATOPIC), Th2 bias, produce large quantities of ____ antibodies

A

IgE

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11
Q

non-allergic people produce large quantities of _____ antibody and have a Th__ bias

A

IgG

Th1

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12
Q

allergic reactions usually have 2 phases: ____ & ____

A

immediate and delayed

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13
Q

immediate reaction to allergen is work of ____ cells and ______ ; delayed reactions are done by ____ recruited from MARROW

A

mast
basophils
eosinophils

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14
Q

EOSINOPHILS are prominent player in _____ allergic reactions, such as ____

A

chronic

asthma

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15
Q

fetus has Th____ bias

A

Th2

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16
Q

6 month old has Th__ bias

A

Th1

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17
Q

with allergies: ___ end of IgE binds to MAST cells, ___ end of IgE binds to allergen which triggers mast cell degranulation; on subsequent exposure, an allergen can then _____ IgE

A

Fc
Fab
cross-link

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18
Q

Th cells secrete cytokines– IL__ which will recruit many _______ from bone marrow

A

IL-5

eosinophils

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19
Q

___ acts as a guidance system for mast cells, basophils and eosinophils targeting their chemistry at the parasite to destroy it

A

IgE

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20
Q

___ helps activate NK cells

A

TNF

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21
Q

____ causes proliferation of NK cells and CTLs

A

IL-2

22
Q

role of PLACENTA: produce large quantities of ____ which causes both maternal and fetal _______ cells to become _____

A

IL-4
helper T cells
Th2

23
Q

_____ may prevent allergies in kids by shifting Th__ bias to Th__ bias; called _____ hypothesis

A

early childhood infections
Th2 –> Th1
hygiene hypothesis

24
Q

people who are _____ are more likely to have inherited particular class MHC ____ genes

A

atopic

MHC II

25
Q

treatment for allergies

A

glucocorticoids (not specific)
block the binding of IgE to mast cells (expensive)
histamine blockers (claritin)

26
Q

% of population with AI disease; MC in women

A

5-7%

27
Q

results when breakdown of mechanisms meant to preserve tolerance of self is severe enough to cause pathological condition

A

AI disease

28
Q

some experts believe that AI disease has increased over last 30 years due to:

A

pollutants in environment

29
Q

AI diseases frequently follow

A

infections (bacterial or viral)

30
Q

molecular mimicry: ______ have receptors that recognize their COGNATE ANTIGEN (group of them) on the ____. explanation for why infections lead to breakdown of _____.

A

lymphocytes
microbe
self-tolerance

31
Q

when self-reactive ___ cells activated by MICROBIAL mimics reach tissue where they may ___ __ with self-antigens, they must be continually ______

A

T cells
cross react
re-stimulated

32
Q

INNATE immune system gives permission to _____ to function- this involves activation of ____ by inflammatory cytokines (ex. ___ or ___), which are secreted by cells of _____ immune system

A

adaptive immune system
APCs
TNF or IFN-y
innate

33
Q

nerve that controls inflammation

A

vagus

34
Q

in order for AI disease to develop, ____ has to present in body

A

inflammation

35
Q

B and T cell receptors that have found their ____ can CROSS REACT with each other which may contribute to development of ____

A

APC

AI disease

36
Q

AI destruction of PANCREATIC BETA cells mediated by CTls possibly with help from Ab from self-reactive B cells

A

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

37
Q

myasthenia gravis is self reactive antibodies against ____ receptor preventing it from bind; producing muscle weakness – may be link between MG and polio virus

A

Ach receptor

38
Q

MS is immune system attack on _____ in ____ though to be due to self-reactive T cells (may be related to EBV or herpes simplex virus)

A

myelin in CNS

39
Q

T cells attack cartilage proteins in joints

IgM-IgE antibody complex can activate macrophages leading to chronic inflammation

A

RA

40
Q

LT AI disease that may affect skin, joints, kidneys, brain and other organs leading to chronic inflammation
breakdown of B and T cell tolerance

A

lupus erythematosis (90% women)

41
Q

guillain-barre is a immune system attack on ____ in ____

A

myelin in PNS

42
Q

inflammatory process of spinal cord, and can cause axon demyelination

A

transverse myelitis

43
Q

genetic defeat where T cells refuse to die when cholerically stimulated by self antigens (defect in APOPTOSIS)

A

autoimmune lyphoproliferative syndrome

44
Q

3 things that must be present for AI disease

A

1 MHC molecules that can present self antigen
2 T lymphocytes and sometimes B lymphocytes with receptors that can recognize antigen
3 environmental factor

45
Q

single gene mutation leading to weakness of immune function is:

A

genetic defects (cause of immunodeficiency)

46
Q

result of single gene defect leading to a nonfunctional CD40 in B cells is that B cells are ______

A

unable to class switch

47
Q

condition that knocks out immune function by attacking helper T cells (Th)

A

AIDS

48
Q

IgE act as a guidance for ___ cells

A

mast cells

49
Q

what do malaria, aids, TB and herpes simplex all have in common

A

no effective vaccine available

50
Q

____ infection almost always leads to a “chronic phase” that can last 10+ years, with the virus eventually winning, then losing; # of Th cells gradually decreases == crippling of immune system

A

HIV infection

51
Q

HIV-1 is able to defeat immune system because the nature of virus is that it is ______ replicating, and uses _____ enzyme to copy DNA, as well as _____ mutation rate

A

slowly replicating
uses viral enzymes (reverse transcriptase)
high mutation rate

Immuno Final (4 decks)

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