Vaccines Flashcards
active immunity
protection is PRODUCED
as a result of exposure to antigen or pathogen
e.g. getting disease, vaccine
passive immunity
protection that is GIVEN
receive antibodies from someone else
e.g. baby getting from mom, IgG
T or F: You can increase passive immunity
FALSE
only last a short time
Natural pathway to infection
get infection
get disease
-death possibly
chronic disease
immunity
Vaccine pathway to infection
going straight from infection to immunity
skipping the disease part
What immune cells are vaccines mediated by?
B cells!
produce antibody to prevent or reduce disease
acquired immunity
Primary immune response
produce lots of IgM
some IgG
Length of primary response
7 to 14 days
Secondary immune response
produce lots of IgG
some IgM
Length of secondary response
1 to 2 days
Which stage of the immune response occurs in response to a pathogen that you’ve been vaccinated against?
skip to secondary immune response
Vaccine strategies (7)
1) live-attenuated
2) inactivated/killed
3) polysaccharide
4) toxoid
5) subunit
6) mRNA
7) recombinant vector/DNA
live-attenuated vaccine examples
measles
mumps
rubella
varicella
killed vaccine examples
Hepatitis A
influenza virus
polysaccharide vaccine examples
not very immunogenic
Hepatitis B
Pneumococcal 23
Neisseria meningiditis
toxoid vaccine examples
tetanus and diphteria
subunit vaccine example
tethered to an adjuvant
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Prevnar)
Bordatella pertussis
mRNA vaccine examples
COVID
recombinant vector vaccine examples
won’t be used for infectious disease, mRNA is better and more cost effective
Hepatitis B
Types of protection from vaccination (2)
1) individual protection
2) community protection
Individual protection
protects the person that has taken the vaccine from acquiring the infection
remember that risk increases with age
Community protection
vaccination of a large population of the population that reduces/ eliminates the possibility that a non-immune individual will be exposed to the pathogen
“herd immunity”
Typical vaccination range needed for herd immunity
70 to 90%
Pathogen that requires high herd immunity
measles
Factors affecting vaccine efficacy
vaccine compliance***
environmental factors (crowded living)
person’s immune status
how infectious the disease is
Passive immunization
temporary - weeks to months
given when you can wait for vaccine induced response
Passive immunization examples
Hep A and B
varicella
measles
rabies
tetanus
diphtheria
What is the only disease with a 100% mortality rate?
rabies
What is the only infectious disease that we’ve been able to eradicate?
smallpox
T or F: Vaccines are the most effective public health intervention
TRUE
How were we able to tell that Hib vaccine program was effective?
Hemopolis influenza B rates dropped
S. pneumoniae rates didn’t drop
both diseases go hand in hand
Cancers caused by HPV
cervical
penile
throat
HPV is:
a) lytic
b) lysogenic
b) lysogenic
usually acquires in 20s
develop cervical cancer in 40s
T or F: Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and cleared by the immune system
TRUE
How were they able to tell that the HPV program in Australia was successful in the short-term?
rates of genital warts decreased
later - cervical cancer rates went down
Herpes zoster vaccine use
prevents shingles
Age group for herpes zoster vaccine
50+
What is the herpes zoster vaccine effective against
shingles reactivation
post-herpetic neuralgia
