Bacteria Flashcards by Erin Nolan

Characteristics of bacteria (6)

1) single cell organism

2) contains both DNA and RNA

3) reproduce through binary fission

4) cytoplasm with NO nucleus

5) ribosomes - metabolic activity

6) colonize skin, mouth, hair, gut, and genital tract

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What is the communication conduate of a bacteria?

cell wall

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What is the “business” end of a bacteria?

protein

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Reproduction via binary fission is:
a) fast
b) slow

a) fast

very fast!

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Ways to describe bacteria (3)

1) Shape

2) Gram stain

3) Gram stain morphology

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4 main shapes of bacteria

1) Cocci* (think “circle”)

2) Bacilli* (think “baton”)

3) Curved

4) Spiral

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A purple gram stain indicates…

gram + bacteria

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A pink or red gram stain indicates…

gram - bacteria

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Gram Stain Morphology Descriptors (3)

1) + or -

2) shape

3) clusters or spirals (for gram + only)

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Categories for naming bacteria (2)

1) genus
2) species

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What is always capitalized?
a) genus
b) species

a) genus

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Gram ____ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and NO outer membrane

positive

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Gram ____ have an outer membrane and a thin peptidoglycan layer

negative

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What is the outer membrane composed of?

lipopolysaccharides (LPS) endotoxin

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Configuration of gram + peptidoglycan layer

cross-linked between N-acetyl Glutamine (NAG) and N-acetyl Muramic acid (NAM)

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How do antibiotics like penicillin target gram + bacteria?

prevent cross-linkages in the peptidoglycan layer

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Functions of the cell membrane (6)

1) energy production

2) nutrient storage

3) transport of nutrients and wastes

4) selective transport of molecules

5) site of secretion of toxins and enzymes

6) osmotic barrier

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What bacteria cannot be classified as gram + or -?

bacteria in the following genuses:
1) Mycobacterium
2) Mycoplasma

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Main examples of diseases caused by Mycobacterium (2)

1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2) Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

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Characteristics of Mycobacterium that make them impermeable to most thing (2)

1) thick membrane capsule

2) mycolic acid wall

What Mycobacterium are known as

“acid fast” bacteria

Stain for visualizing Mycobacterium

Zeihl-Neilson Stain

Mycoplasma do not have a _________

cell wall

don’t stain!

Main Species of Gram + Cocci (2)

1) Staphylococcus

2) Streptococci

Genus of bacteria found in a "grape-cluster berry”

Staphylococcus

Major groups of Straphyloccus bacteria (2)

1) aureus (coagulase positive) 2) non-aureus (coagulase negative)

Which group of Staphyloccus bacteria is more medically important? a) Staphyloccus aureus b) Staphyloccus non-aureus

a) Staphyloccus aureus MRSA

Where to swab for Staphyloccus aureus bacteria? (2)

1) nose 2) butt

Examples of Staphyloccus non-aureus bacteria (many)

S. epidermidis [skin] S. hominus S. warneri S. hemolyticus S. capitis [head]

MRSA

Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

Streptococci hemolytic patterns (3)

1) Alpha hemolysis: partial lyses of blood cells in the agar (agar goes green) 2) Beta-hemolysis: complete lysis of blood cells in the blood agar 3) Gamma-hemolysis: blood cells not lysed (not really hemolysis)

Alpha Streptococci examples (2)

Viridans Streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae

What medical issues is Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with? (4)

CAP, Bacteremia, Meningitis, Otitis media also part of normal flora

Beta Streptococci examples (2)

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) Streptococcus agalactaea (Group B)

Issues with Strep B Streptococcus in pregnancy

found in female genital tract during pregnancy at 35 weeks, will swab and give them antibiotics if they have Group B strep major causes of meningitis, bactoremia (blood), pneumonia in neonates*****

Gamma Streptococci

Enterococci spp. (Group D) in gut drug-resistant form - vancomycin resistant enterococci

Gram + Bacilli characteristics

common environmental bacteria found in chains

Gram + Bacilli examples (many)

Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Listeria monocytogenes Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani Clostridium botulinum Propionibacterium acnes

What is unique about Listeria monocytogenes?

Cold Amplification --> grows well at 4 C degrees better than at 20 or 30 meat deli in meat for a while in fridge - bad

T or F: Listeria monocytogenes can cross the placenta

TRUE can infect fetus can cause placentitis, amnionitis, pre-term labor, spontaneous abortions, still births

Clostridium species characteristics (3)

all anaerobes form spores, which allow them to remain in the environment for long periods of time prodigious toxin producers - their primary virulence factor

Propionibacterium acnes causes issues in this type of surgery

shoulder replacement --> cause of prosthetic failure normally found on the face and causes acne shoulder and face structurally similar, especially in men bacteria travels down to shoulder

Gram - Cocci locations (2)

1) oral flora 2) mucous membranes, including genital tract

Gram - Cocci examples (2)

1) Neisseria gonorrhoea 2) Neisseria meningitidis

What bacteria is responsible for recent cases of meningitis in KFLA?

Neisseria meningitidis

Gram - Bacilli characteristics

most numerous bacteria in gut***** number of sites including fresh water, GI tract can lead to very serious infections at a number of sites including in blood, wound infections, and pneumonia quite virulent!

Major issue with Gram - Bacilli

resistance to antibiotics produce toxins, drug resistant, evade immune response tend to be multiple drug resistant

Gram - Bacilli examples (many)

Escherichia coli Salmonella typhimurium Enterobacter clocae Citrobacter Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis