vaccines Flashcards
1
Q
What does infectious disease remain a major cause of?
A
death and disability
2
Q
what are vaccines?
A
immunizations containing weakened or altered protein antigens that stimulate the formation of antibodies against a specific disease
3
Q
how does adaptive or passive acquired immunity occur?
A
through exposure to an antgigen or through vaccination that provides immunization; development of memory cells
4
Q
how often does the CDC publish recommended immunization schedules for the coming year?
A
annually
5
Q
what can failure to vaccinate lead to?
A
increased risk of contracting disease
resurgence of infectious disease once thought eradicated
6
Q
What are factors contributing to emerging infectious disease?
A
- change in human demographics & behaviors
- technology advances and modification of industry practices
- changes in land use patterns & economic development
- significant changes in the amount and speed of international travel
- microbial evolution
- a disruption in public health capacity
7
Q
What is the definition of vaccine hesitancy?
A
delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability
8
Q
What is the harm of vaccine hesitancy?
A
impacts the ability to achieve herd immunity
9
Q
What is the role of the nurse when it comes to vaccine hesitancy?
A
dispel myths & misinformation
10
Q
What is herd immunity?
A
when a high percentage of the population have had the disease and survived or have been vaccinated; percentage needed varies
11
Q
What is acquired immunity?
A
occurs when the person mounts an immune response to an antigen
- produced by the host’s own immune system to develop an immunologic response
- development of memory cells that are long-lasting
12
Q
How is acquired immunity acquired?
A
13
Q
What is passive immunity?
A
protection by an antibody or anti-toxin produced by an animal, human or biotechnology that is transferred from one source to another ( mother to infant)
14
Q
How is passive immunity usually acquired?
A
typically administered by injection
- artificial passive immunity comes from injected antibodies
15
Q
What are some cons of passive immunity?
A
past working but wane over time
- short term protection
- do not develop memory cells
- works for some infectious diseases but not all equally
16
Q
How can passive immunity be provided?
A
- blood products
- immunoglobulin
-anti-toxins (ex. rabies) - certain monoclonal antibodies
17
Q
How long is baby protected with maternal IgG from placenta or breastmilk?
A
3-6 months
18
Q
What do DTaP & TDaP protect from?
A
tetanus, diptheria & pertussis
19
Q
What age group gets Dtap?
A
young children
20
Q
When should DTap be administered?
A
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- between 15-18 months
- between 4-6 years
21
Q
DTaP is needed prior to a child starting __________.
A
school
22
Q
How many doses is DTaP?
A
5 doses
23
Q
When should Tdap be given?
A
- ages 11-12
- during the 27-36th week of each pregnancy
- anytime for those who have never recieved it
- every 10 years (or sooner if indicated)
24
Q
Who is most affected by H Influenzae Type B (HIB)?
A
- mostly infants and children 5 years or younger
- also in adults 65 or older
- people with certain medical conditions: sickle cells, asplenia (no spleen), HIV, antibody & complement deficiency syndromes, those undergoing cancer tx
25
What can HIB cause in infants & children?
meningitis & pneumonia
26
When should infants be vaccinated for HIB?
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- 12-15 months
27
How many does is a HIB vaccine for adults?
1 to 3 doses depending on indication
28
How is hepatitis A typically contracted?
via the fecal-oral route
- often due to contaminated water or milk
- shellfish in contaminated water
29
What is the incubation period for HepA?
14-28 days
30
What can HepA lead to?
end-stage liver disease & death
31
How may doses is HepA administered in?
2 doses
32
Who is the HepA vaccination recommended for?
- international travelers to regions with poor sanitation or high incidences of Hep A
- children 12-18
33
What can hepatitis B lead to?
- infections
- cirrhosis
- liver cancer
- liver failure
34
who is at increased risk for contracting HepB?
- IV drug users
- those with multiple sexual partners
- homosexual males
- healthcare workers
35
what is a special consideration for the HepB vaccine?
some people may be resistant and may not build immunity after multiple rounds of vaccination
36
What is the vaccination schedule for HepB?
infants & children: 3 doses
- birth
- 1-2 months
- 6-18 months
administration of 4th dose is permitted when a combination vaccine containing HepB is used after the birth dose
- minimum age for final (3rd or 4th dose): 24 months
37
How many strains of cancer-causing HPV exist?
13
38
Why is the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine given?
to prevent certain types of cancers & infection
- causes cervical cancer
39
When should HPV vaccine be given?
2-3 dose series starting ages 11-12 for both boys and girls; may be given as early as 9
- should be completed before 15
40
When should HPV vaccine not be given?
- after 26
- during pregnancy
41
What are the three FDA-approved HPV vaccines?
- gardasil
- cervarix
- gardasil 9
42
which HPV vaccine is used in the US?
Gardasil 9
- only one used in the US
- protects against 9 strains of HPV
43
what does the influenza vaccine protect against?
protects against various types of influenza (A, B, & C)
44
When is the flu shot recommended?
annually for anyone over 6 months
45
What kind of vaccine can the flu shot be?
inactivated or live-attenuated
46
When should caution be used with the flu shot?
with those with egg allergies
47
What does the flu shot decrease the risk of?
heart attack by 30% - related to inflammation
48
What does the MMR vaccine protect against?
measles, mumps & rubella (german measles)
49
How are MMR spread?
through respiratory droplets or sharing food/drink with an infected person
50
What is the vaccine schedule for MMR?
2 dose series
- 12-15 months
- 4-6 years old
51
what is the other option for MMR vaccine?
MMRV vaccine which is MMR + varicella (chickenpox), liscensed for use in children 12 months to 12 years old
52
Who should also be UTD with MMR vaccines?
teens & adults
53
MMR is needed prior to what?
a child beginning school
54
Which vaccine was claimed to cause autism?
MMR
55
does the MMR vaccine cause autism?
no; there is no evidence to support the linkage of MMR to the development of autism according to the CDC
56
What is the bacteria that causes meningitis?
Neisseria meningitidis
57
What can neisseria meningitidis cause?
can lead to meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain & spinal cord) & infection of the blood
58
What is the meningitis B vaccine protecting against?
prevents infection caused by serogroup B meningococcal bacteria
59
What is meningitis spread by?
- respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes
- live on things the infected person has touched
- through kissing, sharing a drin/food with an infected person
60
Who is at highest risk for meningitis?
young adults
61
What is the death reate of bacterial meningitis?
10-15%
62
what is the vaccine schedule for meningitis B?
- may be given at age 10, with a booster at 16
- recommended for 19-23 year olds; 2-3 dose series depending on vaccine & indication
- adults who are at increased risk fo meningococcal disease
63
What causes most meningococcal disease?
serogroups A, C, W, & Y
64
what is the vaccine schedule for meningococcal (MCV04- ACYW)?
2 doses
- 11-12 years old
- booster at 16
65
Who is recommended to have the MCV04-ACYW vaccine?
- those with complemebt componnent deficiency
-those taking complement inhibitors
- have a damaged or absent spleen
- HIV
- traveling to an area where disease is common
- part of a population at increased risk for disease outbreak: living in dorms or in the military
66
When was polio basically eliminated in the US?
1979
67
What is the vaccine schedule for polio?
4 doses
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6-18 months
- 4-6 years old
adults at increased risk of exposure to poliovirus & who previously completed vaccine can receive one lifetime booster dose
68
is polio vaccine needed before start school?
yes
69
What form is the polio vaccine in?
inactivated form of vaccine
- oral vaccine no longer available in the US
70
When does the pneumococcal conjugate (PREVNAR-13 or PVC 13) vaccine protect against?
protects against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria & ear infections
71
Who is the pneumococcual conjugate vaccine recommended for?
- all children under 2
- people 2 and older with certain medical conditions
- adults 65 and older also can discuss & decide to get PCV13
72
What is the vaccine schedule for PVC13?
children: 4 doses
- 2 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- 12-15 months
children 6 to 17: single dose
adults: single dose
73
who is the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV-23 or Pneumovax13)vaccine recommended for?
- all adults 65 or older
- people 2-64 with certain medical conditions
- adulta 19-24 who smoe cigarettes
74
What is the vaccine schedule for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines?
adults younger than 65: 1-2 doses, depenidng on indications
65 or older: 1 dose
75
What is rotavirus?
a contagious viral illness causing severe, watery diarrhea leading to severe dehydration
- leading cause of childhood death worldwide
76
What is the vaccine schedule for rotavirus?
2 or 3 doses beginning at 2 months
rotateq: given at 2 months, 4 months & 6 months
rotarix: given at 2 & 4 months
first dose should be given before 15 weeks of age
all doses should be given before turning 8 months
77
What kind of vaccine is the rotavirus vaccine and how is it administered?
a live vaccine; given orally
78
What is chicken pox?
a highly contagious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus
79
What kind of vaccine is the varicella vaccine?
live-attenuated vaccine
80
what is the vaccine schedule for the varicella vaccine?
two dose series
- 12-15 months
- 4-6 years
adolescents & adults (w/o evidence of immunity), also receive 2 dose series 4 to 8 weeks apart
81
what vaccine can varicella be given with?
MMR
82
Is varicella needed for school?
yes
83
What is shingles?
a painful rash that occurs in people who have had chickenpox
- lies dormant just outside spinal cord
- reactivation of varicella-zoster virus
- hot burning neuropathic pain
84
how is shingles transmitted?
via airborne droplets or direct contact with open blisters
85
what is the vaccine schedule for shingles?
2 doses: 2 to 6 months apart for anyone over 50
86
what can the shingles vaccine help prevent?
helps decrease risk of dementia
- helps mitigate risk of CV or stroke event that may happen due to the inflammatory response to shingles
87
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
micro-organism in vaccine is alive but has been weakened
88
how many doses do live vaccines usually require?
1-2
89
with what population should live vaccines be avoided?
immunodeficient
90
true or false:
immune response to live- attenuated vaccines is virtually identical to that produced by the infection
true
91
What vaccines are examples of live vaccines?
- MMR
- varicella
- typhoid
- cholera
- BCG
92
What live vaccines may you be given if traveling to a country with high incidence of disease?
- dengue
- yellow fever
- smallpox
- ebola
- adenovirus
93
How can non-live vaccines be produced?
by inactivating microbe or vaccine produced through genetic technology
- can be composed of whole or part of the organism
- can be either protein based or polysaccaride-based
94
What are cons of non-live vaccines?
- require multiple doses to achieve immune response
- may require supplemental doses (booster)
95
What are examples of non-live vaccines?
- polio
- HePA
- some influenza vaccines
- pertussis
- HIB
- pneumococcal
- meningococcal
- rabies
- anthrax
- Japanese encephalitis
96
What are MRNA vaccines?
recombinant vaccines produced by genetic engineering technology
- use MRNA created in a lab
- a gene for a vaccine protein is inserted into another virus or type of cell
- when the carrier virus or cell reproduces, the vaccine protein is also reproduced
- non-live vaccines
-cause a person to create antibodies
97
What are examples of MRNA vaccines?
- covid
- HepB
- HPV
- shingles
- certain flu vaccines
98
What is the role of a booster?
given to adults to stimulate the immune system antigen memory
- to give or keep full immunity
- promote long-lasting immunity
99
when can boosters be given?
- when the first vaccine did not work(little to no serum level)
- during an outbreak of disease
100
What are examples of vaccines that have boosters?
tetanus, MMR
101
what are adverse effects to vaccines associated with?
the immune or inflammatory response
102
What can adverse effects to vaccines be?
- localized (up to 80%): pain, swelling, redness at injection site; typically mild
- systemic: fever, malaise, muscle pain, headache
- severe hypersensitivity is rare
103
What are contraindications for vaccines?
- the presence of an immune deficiency
- pregnancy
- known allergy to component of the vaccine
- pt receiving immunoglobulin
- pts who have received blood or blood products within the last 3 months
- acute infections
104
what medications should a vaccine not be given with?
- immunosuppressants
- corticosteroids
105
With what conditions should you be cautious when giving a vaccine?
- children with hx of febrile convulsions or cerebral injury
- any condition in which a potential fever would be dangerous
106
What information should patients be given when getting a vaccine?
- all patients/parents should be given a vaccine information sheet (VIS)
107
What vaccines should healthcare workers have?
- Hepatitis B
- infuenza
- MMR
- varicella
- TDap
- meningococcal
108
