hypertension Flashcards
What are the two types of HTN?
primary(essential)
secondary
What does HTN being secondary mean?
it is caused by something
What can secondary HTN be caused by?
obstructive sleep apnea, renal impairment, diet, certain meds, etc.
HTN causes ___________ injury leading to impaired synthesis & release of ______ _________
endothelial; nitric oxide
What does HTN promote?
inflammatory mediators
What disease process does HTN accelerate?
the development of artherosclerosis
____ of the population over 18 have HTN
45%
What causes increased cardiac afterload & ventricular hypertrophy?
HTN
If HTN is left untreated it can lead to end-stage organ damage affecting what organs?
heart
brain
kidneys
arteries
eyes
What are the 7 players involved in HTN?
Norepinephrine
epinephrine
angiotensin II
histamine
serotonin
bradykinin
prostoglandin
What hormone is a strong vasoconstrictor?
norepinephrine
What is epinephrine a part of?
SNS stimulation
stimulation of the SNS during stress or exercise causes ______ constriction of veins & arterioles because of the release of _____________ from sympathetic nerve endings
local; norepinephrine
What does sympathetic stimulation cause the adrenal medulla to secrete?
norepinephrine & epinephrine
What does angiotensin II act as?
a very strong vasoconstrictor from RAAS
angiotensin II increases what?
BP
what effect does histamine have on arterioles?
vasodilator
What is serotonin released by?
the platelets
What does serotonin do?
causes vasoconstriction & can cause vascular spasm
What does bradykinin cause?
- intense dilation of arterioles
- increased capillary permeability
- constriction of venules
What does bradykinin play a special role in?
- regulating blood flow & capillary Leakage in inflamed tissues
What does bradykinin help regulate?
blood flow in the skin as well in the salivary & GI tract
What are prostaglandins made from?
arachidonic acid
What does tissue injury cause the release of?
arachidonic acid from the cell membrane, which initiates prostaglandin synthesis