Vaccines Flashcards
1
Q
Adjuvant
A
-a compound that increases the immunogenicity of an antigen. The most common in vaccines is the aluminum salt Alum
2
Q
Passive immunization
A
-the use of immune serum to give an immediate resistance to an infection
3
Q
Active immunization
A
the act of immunizing with antigens to induce an immune response to a pathogen
4
Q
Live attenuated
A
-a weakened virus that can replicate to a limited extent
5
Q
Some vaccines
A
- Tdap
- HPV
- meningococcal conjugate vaccine
- influenza
- pneumococcal vaccine
- Hep A, Hep B
- Inactivated Polio
- MMR
- varicella
- zoster
6
Q
Vaccines and effects on the population
A
- Diptheria- the number of cases severely diminished
- Polio- the number of cases decreased with the inactivated vaccine, and then increased again with the oral vaccine
- Measles: the number of cases of measles decreased after the vaccines, and about ten years later the amount of SSPE reported cases then decreased
7
Q
Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus
A
- DPT- Older vaccine used whole, killed pertussis
- DTaP- replaced pertussis bacteria with acellular components (DPT=DTwP_
- Tdap- lower case “d” and “p”= reduced concentration, used in adolescents and adults
- DT and Td- boosts for diphtheria and tetanus
- Multi-vaccines ie DTaP, IPV, and Hib
8
Q
DPT
A
- killed pertussis was a really good adjuvant
- very strong innate immune response often lead to fever
- some fevers were severe
- many blamed vaccine for permanent disability (neer proven)
9
Q
DTaP
A
- made with pertussis toxoid and other purified components
- uses aluminum salts as the adjuvant
- much safer than DPT, with many less severe reactions
- does immunity to pertussis last as long as DPT?- graphs don’t seem so
10
Q
DTaP vaccine vs Disease
A
- Diphtheria- death 1 in 20
- tetanus- death 1 in 20
- pertussis- pneumonia 1 in 8, encephalopathy 1 in 20, death 1 in 20 for young children
- DTaP vaccine- continuous crying, full recovery <1 in 10,000
- acute encephalopathy 0 to 10 million
- death: none proven
11
Q
Polio vaccine
A
- IPV- inactivated polio vaccine, early 1950s
- 1952 58,000 cases of polio in US, 1994 0 cases
- polio is almost eradicated worldwide
- OPV-Oral polio vaccine- live attenuated strain, 1960s
- rare cases of OPV causing polio
- SV-cancer causing virus?
- AIDs (thoroughly refuted)
12
Q
Measles Mumps Rubella
A
- MMR vaccine is live attenuated virus
- infants have maternal antibodies that would prevent the virus from growing. So it is given at 12-15 months
13
Q
Andrew Wakefield and MMR causes autism
A
- many flaws in the paper
- even when vaccine usage goes down autism rates are going up
- Thimersol is definitely not causing it, because it has been completely taken out of vaccines and autism not decreasing
- antivaccine body count: number of preventable illness: 121,802, number of preventable deaths: 1289, number of autism diagnoses scientifically linked to vaccinations: 0
14
Q
MMR disease vs vaccine
A
- Measles:
- otitis media 1 in 10
- pneumonia 1 in 20
- severe CNS 1 in 800
- Death 1 in 3000
- SSPE 1:100,000
MMR vaccine:
- fever, rash, malaise
- encephalitis or severe allergic reaction: less than 1 in a million
15
Q
HPV Vaccine
A
- Cervarix and Gardasil
- both protect against HPV types 16 and 18
- 70% of cervical cancer is caused by types 16 and 18
- Gardasil protects against HPV types 6 and 11, and is approved for males as well as females
- vaccination recommended for all girls aged 11 or 12
