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Microbiology/Immunology > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate vs Adaptive Immune System

A
  • Innate: rapid response (hours), fixed, limited number of specificities, constant during response
  • more important!
  • Adaptive: slow response (days to weeks), variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improve during response
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2
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • barriers
  • phagocytes
  • complement
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3
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • antibody
  • T-cell recognition
  • cell mediated activation of the Innate Immune System
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4
Q

Antibody

A

serum proteins that result from specific immune responses

  • those proteins have high affinity binding sites for specific foreign structures (antigens) at one end
  • at the other end are Fc regions, which are sites for effector cells or proteins to bind
  • the receptor for these regions on effector cells is termed the Fc receptor
  • this makes the antibody molecule a flexible specific adapter between the target and the effector
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5
Q

Opsonin

A

-something that increases the phagocytosis of an object by binding to the object

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6
Q

Complement

A
  • group of serum proteins involved in innate and adaptive immunity
  • important in inflammation
  • important in clearing many bacteria
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7
Q

Cells defined by: morphological criteria

A
  • using stain that stains acid and basic proteins
  • H and E for tissue, Wright’s stain or equivalent for cells in suspension
  • identification- size and shape of cell, size and shape of nucleus
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8
Q

Cells defined by antigenic

A

CD, Cluster Differentiations

  • Cd3- Mature T cells
  • CD4- T-helper/regulatory
  • CD8- T-cytotoxic
  • CD28- recognition of presenting cells
  • CD40- co-stimulatory molecule
  • CD 40L-ligand for CD40
  • CD25- IL-2 receptor (high affinity)
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9
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • eosinophil- killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
  • basophil
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10
Q

Basophilic cells

A
  • dendritic cell- activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses
  • mast cell- expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
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11
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytes

A
  • monocyte- circulating precursor cell to macrophage

- macrophage- phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses

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12
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Small lymphocyte- production of antibodies ( B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)
Plasma cell-fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies

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13
Q

NK cells

A
  • large granular lymphocyes

- kill tumor cells and some virally infected cells without apparent specificity

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14
Q

Cytokines

A

general term that refers to proteins that will alter the response of the immune system

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15
Q

Interferons

A
  • primarily known for antiviral activity these have been shown to have tumoricidal effects
  • these molecules stimulate macrophages, T cells, B cells and NK cells
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16
Q

Alpha and Beta Interferons

A

-sometimes called type I are synthesized by macrophages, fibroblasts and many other cell types (including T cells?)

17
Q

Gamma interferon

A
  • produced by T cells that are stimulated

- this molecule has been shown to stimulate macrophages, and lead to the differentiation of T cells and B cells

18
Q

IL-1

A
  • made primarily by macrophages but can be made to a lesser extent by many different cell types
  • this molecule stimulates T cells, B cells, liver cells, bone cells, synovial cells, brain cells and muscle cells
19
Q

Il-2

A
  • this is produced by T cells.
  • is was known as T cell growth factor, TCGF
  • molecule may also stimulate B cells and macrophages
20
Q

IL-3

A
  • this is colony stimulating factor or CSF

- this CSF causes production of so many different types of cells it is called multi-CSF

21
Q

IL-4

A
  • a B cell growth factor
  • it was also called BSF-1 (B cell stimulatory factor), and BCGFI (B cell growth factor I)
  • it is important in T cell stimulation of B-lymphocytes
  • it is also a T-cell growth factor and regulator of T-cell function
22
Q

IL-5

A

-has been identified as both a B cell growth factor (BCGFII), B cell differentiation factor and as an eosinophilic growth factor

23
Q

IL-6

A
  • originally designated BSF-2, Hybridoma stimulatory factor and IFN-beta2
  • it has profound effects on B cells as well as many other cells
  • this molecule has been identified as a principal mediator of the acute phase response of inflammation
24
Q

IL-10

A

-stimulates the induction of the TH-2 cytokines and may suppress TH1 cytokines

25
Q

IL-12

A

stimulates TH1 responses

26
Q

IL-17

A

involved in inflammation

27
Q

IL-7 to IL-35

A

these cytokines may be as important or perhaps more important than 1-6. Although some mention of some of these will be given in many lectures, in general we will limit discussion of their role in the immune response at this time

  • just to keep things simple
  • these are very important molecules and there may be mention of them in other courses
28
Q

Colony stimulating factors or CSF

A
  • the so called colony stimulating factor induce the growth of bone marrow derived cells in vivo and in vitro
  • in vitro the growing cells have the appearance of a colony, therefore the name, colony stimulating factors
  • in addition to stimulating cell division these factors stimulate differentiation and cellular function
  • CSFs are widely used in the clinic to help patients grow more leukocytes after radiation and chemotherapy
29
Q

CSF-1

A

this CSF causes macrophage colony formation. It is also called macrophage or M-CSF. This molecule stimulates many macrophage functions

30
Q

GM-CSF

A
  • causes growth of granulocyte and macrophage colonies
  • potent macrophage activator
  • one of the clinical useful CSFs
31
Q

G-CSF

A
  • only causes the growth of granulocyte colonies

- G and GM-CSF are most widely used in the clinic to help pateints recover leukocytes after radiation and chemotherapy

32
Q

Multi-CSF

A

-causes the growth of many different myeloid cells. Also called IL-3

33
Q

Tumor necrosis factors

A
  • kills tumors because of destruction of blood supply
  • involved in the immunity to tumors and microorganisms
  • also inflammatory effects
  • TNF-alpha- septic shock in humans, responsible for vascular damage and fever

Microbiology/Immunology (46 decks)

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