Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
Innate vs Adaptive Immune System
- Innate: rapid response (hours), fixed, limited number of specificities, constant during response
- more important!
- Adaptive: slow response (days to weeks), variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improve during response
Innate Immunity
- barriers
- phagocytes
- complement
Adaptive Immunity
- antibody
- T-cell recognition
- cell mediated activation of the Innate Immune System
Antibody
serum proteins that result from specific immune responses
- those proteins have high affinity binding sites for specific foreign structures (antigens) at one end
- at the other end are Fc regions, which are sites for effector cells or proteins to bind
- the receptor for these regions on effector cells is termed the Fc receptor
- this makes the antibody molecule a flexible specific adapter between the target and the effector
Opsonin
-something that increases the phagocytosis of an object by binding to the object
Complement
- group of serum proteins involved in innate and adaptive immunity
- important in inflammation
- important in clearing many bacteria
Cells defined by: morphological criteria
- using stain that stains acid and basic proteins
- H and E for tissue, Wright’s stain or equivalent for cells in suspension
- identification- size and shape of cell, size and shape of nucleus
Cells defined by antigenic
CD, Cluster Differentiations
- Cd3- Mature T cells
- CD4- T-helper/regulatory
- CD8- T-cytotoxic
- CD28- recognition of presenting cells
- CD40- co-stimulatory molecule
- CD 40L-ligand for CD40
- CD25- IL-2 receptor (high affinity)
Granulocytes
- eosinophil- killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
- basophil
Basophilic cells
- dendritic cell- activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses
- mast cell- expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
Mononuclear Phagocytes
- monocyte- circulating precursor cell to macrophage
- macrophage- phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses
Lymphocytes
Small lymphocyte- production of antibodies ( B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)
Plasma cell-fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies
NK cells
- large granular lymphocyes
- kill tumor cells and some virally infected cells without apparent specificity
Cytokines
general term that refers to proteins that will alter the response of the immune system
Interferons
- primarily known for antiviral activity these have been shown to have tumoricidal effects
- these molecules stimulate macrophages, T cells, B cells and NK cells