Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
Innate vs Adaptive Immune System
- Innate: rapid response (hours), fixed, limited number of specificities, constant during response
- more important!
- Adaptive: slow response (days to weeks), variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improve during response
Innate Immunity
- barriers
- phagocytes
- complement
Adaptive Immunity
- antibody
- T-cell recognition
- cell mediated activation of the Innate Immune System
Antibody
serum proteins that result from specific immune responses
- those proteins have high affinity binding sites for specific foreign structures (antigens) at one end
- at the other end are Fc regions, which are sites for effector cells or proteins to bind
- the receptor for these regions on effector cells is termed the Fc receptor
- this makes the antibody molecule a flexible specific adapter between the target and the effector
Opsonin
-something that increases the phagocytosis of an object by binding to the object
Complement
- group of serum proteins involved in innate and adaptive immunity
- important in inflammation
- important in clearing many bacteria
Cells defined by: morphological criteria
- using stain that stains acid and basic proteins
- H and E for tissue, Wright’s stain or equivalent for cells in suspension
- identification- size and shape of cell, size and shape of nucleus
Cells defined by antigenic
CD, Cluster Differentiations
- Cd3- Mature T cells
- CD4- T-helper/regulatory
- CD8- T-cytotoxic
- CD28- recognition of presenting cells
- CD40- co-stimulatory molecule
- CD 40L-ligand for CD40
- CD25- IL-2 receptor (high affinity)
Granulocytes
- eosinophil- killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
- basophil
Basophilic cells
- dendritic cell- activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses
- mast cell- expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
Mononuclear Phagocytes
- monocyte- circulating precursor cell to macrophage
- macrophage- phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses
Lymphocytes
Small lymphocyte- production of antibodies ( B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)
Plasma cell-fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies
NK cells
- large granular lymphocyes
- kill tumor cells and some virally infected cells without apparent specificity
Cytokines
general term that refers to proteins that will alter the response of the immune system
Interferons
- primarily known for antiviral activity these have been shown to have tumoricidal effects
- these molecules stimulate macrophages, T cells, B cells and NK cells
Alpha and Beta Interferons
-sometimes called type I are synthesized by macrophages, fibroblasts and many other cell types (including T cells?)
Gamma interferon
- produced by T cells that are stimulated
- this molecule has been shown to stimulate macrophages, and lead to the differentiation of T cells and B cells
IL-1
- made primarily by macrophages but can be made to a lesser extent by many different cell types
- this molecule stimulates T cells, B cells, liver cells, bone cells, synovial cells, brain cells and muscle cells
Il-2
- this is produced by T cells.
- is was known as T cell growth factor, TCGF
- molecule may also stimulate B cells and macrophages
IL-3
- this is colony stimulating factor or CSF
- this CSF causes production of so many different types of cells it is called multi-CSF
IL-4
- a B cell growth factor
- it was also called BSF-1 (B cell stimulatory factor), and BCGFI (B cell growth factor I)
- it is important in T cell stimulation of B-lymphocytes
- it is also a T-cell growth factor and regulator of T-cell function
IL-5
-has been identified as both a B cell growth factor (BCGFII), B cell differentiation factor and as an eosinophilic growth factor
IL-6
- originally designated BSF-2, Hybridoma stimulatory factor and IFN-beta2
- it has profound effects on B cells as well as many other cells
- this molecule has been identified as a principal mediator of the acute phase response of inflammation
IL-10
-stimulates the induction of the TH-2 cytokines and may suppress TH1 cytokines
IL-12
stimulates TH1 responses
IL-17
involved in inflammation
IL-7 to IL-35
these cytokines may be as important or perhaps more important than 1-6. Although some mention of some of these will be given in many lectures, in general we will limit discussion of their role in the immune response at this time
- just to keep things simple
- these are very important molecules and there may be mention of them in other courses
Colony stimulating factors or CSF
- the so called colony stimulating factor induce the growth of bone marrow derived cells in vivo and in vitro
- in vitro the growing cells have the appearance of a colony, therefore the name, colony stimulating factors
- in addition to stimulating cell division these factors stimulate differentiation and cellular function
- CSFs are widely used in the clinic to help patients grow more leukocytes after radiation and chemotherapy
CSF-1
this CSF causes macrophage colony formation. It is also called macrophage or M-CSF. This molecule stimulates many macrophage functions
GM-CSF
- causes growth of granulocyte and macrophage colonies
- potent macrophage activator
- one of the clinical useful CSFs
G-CSF
- only causes the growth of granulocyte colonies
- G and GM-CSF are most widely used in the clinic to help pateints recover leukocytes after radiation and chemotherapy
Multi-CSF
-causes the growth of many different myeloid cells. Also called IL-3
Tumor necrosis factors
- kills tumors because of destruction of blood supply
- involved in the immunity to tumors and microorganisms
- also inflammatory effects
- TNF-alpha- septic shock in humans, responsible for vascular damage and fever
