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FA17 Infectious Disease > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

live vaccines

A

pathogen replicates in host to generate immune responses that mimic those induced by natural infection

typically attenuated, CI in immunocompromised and prego

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2
Q

inactivated vaccines

A

can either be WHOLE inactivated agents or specific COMPONENTS

have no ability to replicate in their host, therefore safe in immunocompromised

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3
Q

whole agent vaccines

A

whole organism is inactivated and then used in the vaccine

inactivated live vaccine

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4
Q

engineered vaccine

A

attenuation (weakened) of agent

oral typhoid, nasal flu, cholera

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5
Q

toxoid

A

form of inactivated component that eradicates the toxins that cause disease

reduces pathogenicity but retains immunogenicity

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6
Q

examples of toxoid vaccine?

A

diphtheria

tetanus

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7
Q

whole inactivated vaccine examples

A

hepatitis A
polio
Rabies

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8
Q

Examples of classic live attenuated viruses (5)

A 
MMR 
Rotavirus 
Varicella 
Zoster 
Yellow Fever
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9
Q

Engineered vaccine agents (2)

A

Intranasal influenza

oral typhoid

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10
Q

only element of adaptive immune system that can neutralize a virus before it can replicate

A

Antibodies

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11
Q

adjuvants

A

chemicals added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response and induce the immune response

typically uses alum and is more common in live vaccines

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12
Q

seroconversion

A

amount of time it takes to generate an immune response to a virus

takes about 2-4 weeks

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13
Q

what happened if exposed before seroconversion ?

A

there will be a show of symptoms

give multiple doses to increase seroconversion

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14
Q

vaccinations in immunocompromised

A

inactivated vaccines cannot replicate so safe to give (but might not happen if immune system is inactivated)

live vaccines need the immune system so they can’t be used in immunocompromised + their care takers

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15
Q

immunizations and pregnancy

A

inactivated are encouraged but activated are contraindicated bc could cause disease to fetus

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16
Q

vaccination concomitant with immunoglobulin

A

typically occurs with rabies, can be done

give immunoglobulin and then the live vaccine at a different site to prevent interaction

ex. give Igs at bite site and vaccine in the leg

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17
Q

herd immunity

A

protection from the disease because of the numbers

prevention of transmission of disease thru numbers of vaccinated - this protects the members of the community that can not be vaccinated (infants, elderly)

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18
Q

R0

A

used in herd immunity

represents how many unprotected peel can be infected by ONE person

higher R# = higher number of people must be vaccinated

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19
Q

risk of unvaccinated

A

this alters the herd immunity bc it increases transmission of deadly disease that could infect the immunocompromised who rely on herd immunity

20
Q

final end goal of immunization programs

A

eradication

21
Q

eradication

A

permanent reduction to ZERO of worldwide incidence of infection caused by specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts

getting a disease to a point where vaccination is no longer needed

22
Q

what is the only eradicated diseases?

A

smallpox

23
Q

diphtheria s/s

A

pseudomembranous tonsils

caused by toxin that paralyzes palate and hypopharynx

24
Q

diphtheria/tetanus recommendations (primary series + boosters)

A

primary: 2 mo, 4 mo, 6 mo, 15-18 mo
booster: 4-6y/o, 11-12 y/o, every 10 years later

25
Q

tetanus s/s

A

exotoxin that acts on CNS

rigidity and convulsive spasms of jaw and neck

respiratory compromise, death

26
Q

tetanus transmission

A

puncture wound

contaminated umbilical cords are common cause for tetanus globally

27
Q

Hepatitis A

A

acute

fecal oral transmission

28
Q

Hepatitis s/s

A

gray BM, increased AST/ALT, RUQ pain

fever, fatigue

29
Q

hepatitis B

A

can be acute or chronic

sexually transmitted

30
Q

HBsAg+ mother HepB vaccination

A

baby gets vaccination + immunoglobulins within 12 hrs of birth

31
Q

HBsAg- mother

A

vaccine given prior to discharge

32
Q

Hep B series infants

A

total fo 3 or 4 given before 18mo.

33
Q

who is at high risk for Hep B?

A

health care workers

risky sexual activity

IV drug users

34
Q

PO vaccines

A

rotavirus

typhoid

35
Q

IN vaccine

A

live attenuated influenza vaccine

36
Q

IM vaccines

A

almost all INACTIVATED vaccine

37
Q

IM administration sites

A

vastus lateralis muscle (thigh)

deltoid muscle > 12 mo.

38
Q

where do you avoid IM administration?

A

buttocks!!

could cause risk of sciatic nerve injury

39
Q

IM delivery

A

90 degree angle

bunch the skin or pull tight

40
Q

subcutaneous vaccinations list

A

MMR
Varicella
Zoster
yellow fever

all live attenuated virus

41
Q

SQ vaccine administration

A

45 degree angle

pinch up fatty tissue (to avoid muscle)

42
Q

SQ administration sites

A

thigh

proximal lateral triceps

43
Q

use of VIS

A

required to be given to patients

gives patient information about vaccination and adverse effects

44
Q

pink book use

A

given to medical practitioners

comprehensive info on routinely used vaccine and diseases they prevent

45
Q

local adverse reactions

A

pain, swelling, redness at site of injury

occur within hours of injection (mild and self limited)

46
Q

what antipyretic should not be given in children

A

aspirin

47
Q

anaphylaxis adverse reaction

A

can be in reaction to antigen, component of vaccine, cell culture material, stabilizer

rare but life threatening

observe patients for 15-20 minutes after vaccination

FA17 Infectious Disease (9 decks)

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