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FA17 Infectious Disease > Microbiology And Serology > Flashcards

Microbiology And Serology Flashcards

1
Q

What sites should be sterile?

A

Internal organs

CNS, blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, bladder

Blood, urine, CSF

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2
Q

Steps in general approach to ID bacteria

A
  1. Obtain
  2. Stain (gram or acid fast)
  3. Culture specimen
  4. Identify organism
  5. Antibiotic susceptibility test
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3
Q

Why is a gram stain useful?

A

Quick and accurate results to determine if there is an infection present

Could be life or death in CSF illnesses

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4
Q

MIC

A

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of organism

Reported as SIR

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5
Q

Resistant R

A

Using standard dosing, organism will not respond

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6
Q

Intermediate

A

Organism may be treated higher doses than standard dose

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7
Q

Sensitive

A

Organism will most likely respond using non life threatening doses

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8
Q

Which organism discussed is acid fast?

A

Mycobacteria

Tuberculosis, leprae

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9
Q

When do you use KOH prep?

A

Fungal infections

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10
Q

Sensitivity

A

Likelihood a test to catch ALL individuals WITH disease

No false negatives

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11
Q

Specificity

A

Likelihood of a test to catch only individuals with disease

NO false positives

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12
Q

Do we want a higher sensitivity or specificity on a screen?

A

Higher sensitivity – we want to be sure and catch everyone who might have disease then screen them out

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13
Q

Major extracellular ions

A

Sodium

Chloride

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14
Q

Major intracellular ion

A

Potassium

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15
Q

Normal serum sodium level

A

135-145 mEq/L

Hyponatremia is less than 135
Hypernatremia is greater than 145

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16
Q

Normal potassium level

A

3.5-5.0

Hypokalemia is less than 3.5
Hyperkalemia is greater than 5

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17
Q

Normal serum range of chloride

A

95-112

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18
Q

NOrmal CO2

A

22-32

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19
Q

O and P

A

Parasite test

Done in the stool – not just based on one sample (need at least 3)

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20
Q

Hemoglobin A1C

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Not on chem panel

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21
Q

Screening and confirmatory tests for syphilis

A
  1. VDRL and RPR screening

2. FTA specific confirmation - treponemal

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22
Q

HIV screening tests

A
  1. Antibody ELISA

2. Western Blot

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23
Q

Lyme Disease tests

A

ELISA

Western Blot

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24
Q

Cold aggutinins

A

Autoantibodies that are capable of agglutinating red blood cells at cold temperatures

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25
Q

Which bacteria do we usually use cold agglutinins for?

A

Mycoplasma pneumo

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26
Q

Two tests used to diagnose Mono

A

Heterophil agglutination test (Monospot)

EB titers

27
Q

EB Titers Ig Levels

A

During acute phase, IgM is high (VCA Ag)

During the chronic phase, IgG is high (EBNA)

28
Q

Specific antibodies of syphilis

A

Treponemal antibody

29
Q

S/s

Clostridium perfringens

A

Onset of watery diarrhea and abdominal symptoms 6-24hrs after ingestion of contaminated food

30
Q

Clostridium tetani

S/s

A

Intermittent tonic spasms of voluntary muscles

** lock jaw ***

31
Q

Clostridium tetani

Prevention

A

Prophylactic immunization (TDap vaccine)

32
Q

Clostridium botulinum

S/s

A

Weakness or flaccid paralysis

Toxin attacks peripheral nervous system

33
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Prevention

A

Proper canning and storing of food

Avoid eating “pop” topped canned goods

Infants <12 months – NO HONEY

34
Q

Causative agent of malaria

A

Plasmodium parasites

4 known to humans: P. Falciparum, P. Vivacious, P. Ovale, P. Malaria

35
Q

Most pathogenic malarial parasite ?

A

P. Falciparum

36
Q

Potential complication of malaria

A

Cerebral malaria

Accounts for 80% of all deaths

37
Q

Malaria treatment

A

Chloroquine

Mefloquin

38
Q

Malaria s/s

A

Waxing and waning fever and hypothermia

Fatigue, nausea, muscular pains, etc

39
Q

Malaria prophylaxis

A

Mosquito netting around beds

40
Q

Chemoprophylaxis of malaria

A

Chloroquine
Mefloquin
Macaroni

1-2 weeks before travel then 4 weeks after returning home

41
Q

Malaria lifecycle

A
  1. Mosquito injects sporozoites into host
  2. Reproduce in liver and enter blood stream
  3. Mature and reproduce in blood cell
  4. Blood cell burst, releasing merozoites
  5. Mosquito bites infected human, picks up merozoites
42
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

Lifecycle

A
  1. Cysts are ingested in contaminated food and water
  2. Cysts release trophozoites, colonize in large intestine
  3. Reproduce and invade lining of small intestine
  4. Cysts are shed in feces and/or trophozoites spread to other organs
43
Q

Entamoeba histolytica s/s

A

Amebic dysentery

Frequent liquid stools (with blood, mucus, trophozoites)

44
Q

Entamoeba histolytica treatment

A

Metronidazole

45
Q

Entamoeba histolytica diagnosis

A

Look for Entamoeba histolytica in the stool

46
Q

Why must you have more than one stool sample

A

3-6 stool specimens and concentration methods to visualize trophs or cysts

Allows yo to be sure you got a good sample

47
Q

Giardiasis lifecycle

A
  1. Released in stool
  2. Colonize food, water
  3. Ingested
48
Q

Giardiasis s/s

A

“Backpackers diarrhea”

N/v, malaise, fatty diarrhea

49
Q

Giardiasis diagnosis

A

Stool sample is required

Must have three

50
Q

Pinworm

Scientific name

A

Enterobius vermicularis

51
Q

Pinworm transmission

A

Infestation from finger transfer of ova to fomites then to mouth

52
Q

Pinworm life cycle

A 
Eggs in perianal skin folds 
Scratching and deposition of ova
Ingestion and colonization of pinworms 
Females lay eggs in anus 
Scratching....
53
Q

Pinworm diagnosis

A

Scotch tape test

Tap around fold and see ova/worms

54
Q

Pinworm treatment

A

MeBenazole

All clothing must be washed, hard to get rid of

55
Q

Roundworm scientific name

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

56
Q

Roundworm s/s

A

Coughing, cramps, vomiting

57
Q

Roundworm treatment

A

Adequate sanitation and avoiding uncooked food

Mebendazole, Albendazole

58
Q

Roundworm life cycle

A

Ingested from contaminated food and then migration into lungs

Thru lungs get into pulmonary capillaries and alveolar space

Worms are coughed up and swallowed, get into small intestine

Passage of eggs into stool and colonization

59
Q

Hookworm scientific name

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

60
Q

Hookworm s.s

A

Asymptomatic

But may develop a rash at site of penetration (foot)

61
Q

Hookworm lifecycle

A

Hatch from eggs in soil and have ability to penetrate skin

Migrate to alveoli where they are coughed up and get into GI

Hook into lining of small intestine and feed on blood

Females produce eggs and they are released in the fever

62
Q

Hookworm s/s

A

Colicky epigastric pain , flatulance, diarrhea and weight loss

63
Q

Hookworm treament

A

Support and correction of potential anemia

Mebendazole

FA17 Infectious Disease (9 decks)

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