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FA17 Infectious Disease > Microbiology And Serology > Flashcards

Microbiology And Serology Flashcards

1
Q

What sites should be sterile?

A

Internal organs

CNS, blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, bladder

Blood, urine, CSF

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2
Q

Steps in general approach to ID bacteria

A
  1. Obtain
  2. Stain (gram or acid fast)
  3. Culture specimen
  4. Identify organism
  5. Antibiotic susceptibility test
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3
Q

Why is a gram stain useful?

A

Quick and accurate results to determine if there is an infection present

Could be life or death in CSF illnesses

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4
Q

MIC

A

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of organism

Reported as SIR

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5
Q

Resistant R

A

Using standard dosing, organism will not respond

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6
Q

Intermediate

A

Organism may be treated higher doses than standard dose

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7
Q

Sensitive

A

Organism will most likely respond using non life threatening doses

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8
Q

Which organism discussed is acid fast?

A

Mycobacteria

Tuberculosis, leprae

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9
Q

When do you use KOH prep?

A

Fungal infections

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10
Q

Sensitivity

A

Likelihood a test to catch ALL individuals WITH disease

No false negatives

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11
Q

Specificity

A

Likelihood of a test to catch only individuals with disease

NO false positives

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12
Q

Do we want a higher sensitivity or specificity on a screen?

A

Higher sensitivity – we want to be sure and catch everyone who might have disease then screen them out

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13
Q

Major extracellular ions

A

Sodium

Chloride

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14
Q

Major intracellular ion

A

Potassium

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15
Q

Normal serum sodium level

A

135-145 mEq/L

Hyponatremia is less than 135
Hypernatremia is greater than 145

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16
Q

Normal potassium level

A

3.5-5.0

Hypokalemia is less than 3.5
Hyperkalemia is greater than 5

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17
Q

Normal serum range of chloride

A

95-112

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18
Q

NOrmal CO2

A

22-32

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19
Q

O and P

A

Parasite test

Done in the stool – not just based on one sample (need at least 3)

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20
Q

Hemoglobin A1C

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Not on chem panel

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21
Q

Screening and confirmatory tests for syphilis

A
  1. VDRL and RPR screening

2. FTA specific confirmation - treponemal

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22
Q

HIV screening tests

A
  1. Antibody ELISA

2. Western Blot

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23
Q

Lyme Disease tests

A

ELISA

Western Blot

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24
Q

Cold aggutinins

A

Autoantibodies that are capable of agglutinating red blood cells at cold temperatures

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25
Which bacteria do we usually use cold agglutinins for?
Mycoplasma pneumo
26
Two tests used to diagnose Mono
Heterophil agglutination test (Monospot) | EB titers
27
EB Titers Ig Levels
During acute phase, IgM is high (VCA Ag) During the chronic phase, IgG is high (EBNA)
28
Specific antibodies of syphilis
Treponemal antibody
29
S/s Clostridium perfringens
Onset of watery diarrhea and abdominal symptoms 6-24hrs after ingestion of contaminated food
30
Clostridium tetani S/s
Intermittent tonic spasms of voluntary muscles ** lock jaw ***
31
Clostridium tetani Prevention
Prophylactic immunization (TDap vaccine)
32
Clostridium botulinum S/s
Weakness or flaccid paralysis Toxin attacks peripheral nervous system
33
Clostridium botulinum Prevention
Proper canning and storing of food Avoid eating "pop" topped canned goods Infants <12 months -- NO HONEY
34
Causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium parasites 4 known to humans: P. Falciparum, P. Vivacious, P. Ovale, P. Malaria
35
Most pathogenic malarial parasite ?
P. Falciparum
36
Potential complication of malaria
Cerebral malaria Accounts for 80% of all deaths
37
Malaria treatment
Chloroquine | Mefloquin
38
Malaria s/s
Waxing and waning fever and hypothermia Fatigue, nausea, muscular pains, etc
39
Malaria prophylaxis
Mosquito netting around beds
40
Chemoprophylaxis of malaria
Chloroquine Mefloquin Macaroni 1-2 weeks before travel then 4 weeks after returning home
41
Malaria lifecycle
1. Mosquito injects sporozoites into host 2. Reproduce in liver and enter blood stream 3. Mature and reproduce in blood cell 4. Blood cell burst, releasing merozoites 5. Mosquito bites infected human, picks up merozoites
42
Entamoeba histolytica Lifecycle
1. Cysts are ingested in contaminated food and water 2. Cysts release trophozoites, colonize in large intestine 3. Reproduce and invade lining of small intestine 4. Cysts are shed in feces and/or trophozoites spread to other organs
43
Entamoeba histolytica s/s
Amebic dysentery Frequent liquid stools (with blood, mucus, trophozoites)
44
Entamoeba histolytica treatment
Metronidazole
45
Entamoeba histolytica diagnosis
Look for Entamoeba histolytica in the stool
46
Why must you have more than one stool sample
3-6 stool specimens and concentration methods to visualize trophs or cysts Allows yo to be sure you got a good sample
47
Giardiasis lifecycle
1. Released in stool 2. Colonize food, water 3. Ingested
48
Giardiasis s/s
"Backpackers diarrhea" N/v, malaise, fatty diarrhea
49
Giardiasis diagnosis
Stool sample is required Must have three
50
Pinworm Scientific name
Enterobius vermicularis
51
Pinworm transmission
Infestation from finger transfer of ova to fomites then to mouth
52
Pinworm life cycle
``` Eggs in perianal skin folds Scratching and deposition of ova Ingestion and colonization of pinworms Females lay eggs in anus Scratching.... ```
53
Pinworm diagnosis
Scotch tape test Tap around fold and see ova/worms
54
Pinworm treatment
MeBenazole All clothing must be washed, hard to get rid of
55
Roundworm scientific name
Ascaris lumbricoides
56
Roundworm s/s
Coughing, cramps, vomiting
57
Roundworm treatment
Adequate sanitation and avoiding uncooked food Mebendazole, Albendazole
58
Roundworm life cycle
Ingested from contaminated food and then migration into lungs Thru lungs get into pulmonary capillaries and alveolar space Worms are coughed up and swallowed, get into small intestine Passage of eggs into stool and colonization
59
Hookworm scientific name
Ancylostoma duodenale
60
Hookworm s.s
Asymptomatic But may develop a rash at site of penetration (foot)
61
Hookworm lifecycle
Hatch from eggs in soil and have ability to penetrate skin Migrate to alveoli where they are coughed up and get into GI Hook into lining of small intestine and feed on blood Females produce eggs and they are released in the fever
62
Hookworm s/s
Colicky epigastric pain , flatulance, diarrhea and weight loss
63
Hookworm treament
Support and correction of potential anemia Mebendazole

FA17 Infectious Disease (9 decks)

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