Vaccinations Flashcards
What is the cause of artificial activite immunity?
The immune system of he body is stimulated to make its own antibodies to a safe form of an antigen
What are the types of antigenic material used in vaccines?
Dead or inactive, weakened strains, toxin molecules which have been altered and detoxified, isolated antigens extracted from pathogen and genetically engineered antigens
How long does immunity from a vaccine last?
A year, few years or a life time
How is artificial immunity stimulated?
- The pathogen is made safe in 1 or a number of ways so the antigens are intact but no risk of infection.
- Small amounts of safe antigen are injected into blood.
- The primary immune response is triggered by the foreign antigens and body produces antibodies and memory cells as if you were infected with live pathogen
What is the result of artificial immunity?
If you come into contact with the life pathogen, the secondary immune response is triggered and you destroy the pathogen rapidly before you suffer symptoms of disease
What is an epidemic?
When a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a local or national level
What is a pandemic?
When the same disease spreads rapidly across a number of continents and countries
What is herd vaccinations?
When a significant number of people in the population have been vaccinated
What is ring vaccinations?
When those who are confirmed to have the disease are vaccinated
What is an example of a medicine used to kill bacteria?
Penicillin
What is an example of a medicine used to kill cancerous cells?
Docetaxel
What is an example of a medicine that reduces redness, fever and swelling?
Aspirin
What are examples of natural sources of medicines?
Snails, moulds, flowers and trees
What is an example of a medicine that comes from snails?
Prialt - a pain killing drug more effective from morphine
What is an example of medicine that comes from moulds?
Penicillin - first effective antibiotic often comes from moulds on melon
What is an example of a drug that comes from flowers?
Digoxin - a powerful heart drug to treat heart failure from foxgloves
What is an example of a medicine that comes from trees?
Aspirin - pain killer that comes from compounds in willow bark
How can synthetic biology be used to create medicine?
Populations of rare bacteria to produce drugs can be genetically engineered and nanotechnology can be used to deliver drugs to specific sites within tumours
How is pharmogenetics used to create medicine?
By interweaving knowledge of drug actions with personal genetic material
What are examples of how antibiotics work?
Make holes in cell membrane, altering permeability, inhibit protein synthesis, interfere with metabolic reactions and weaken cell wall
What are ways of reducing antibiotic resistance?
Minimising the use of antibiotics, ensuring every course of antibiotics is complete and good hygiene in hospitals and general
