Vaccination & Vaccine Hesitancy Flashcards
What is a vaccine?
Medicine that trains body’s imm syst so can fight disease it hasn’t encountered before
-Prevent disease
-Generate imm response in vaccinated people - protects them from later infection
How do vaccines link to public health?
-Together w/ sanitation = most effective method of disease prevention
-Epidemiology = essential to proper implementation & use of vaccines
What vaccines are available in the UK?
What is herd immunity?
Protection of unvaccinated groups in pop due to high rates of vaccination in rest of pop
Who may not be vaccinated - and so gains protection via herd immunity?
-People without a fully-working immune system, including those without a working spleen
-People on chemotherapy treatment whose immune system is weakened
-People with HIV
-Newborn babies who are too young to be vaccinated
-Elderly people
-Many who are v. ill in hospital
–> For these - herd immunity = vital way to protect them against life-threatening disease
When does herd immunity only work?
If most of pop = vaccinated e.g., 19/20 must be vaccinated against measles to protect people who aren’t vaccinated)
–> If people are not vaccinated, herd immunity is not guaranteed to protect them
What is the vaccination coverage that the WHO recommends for herd immunity?
95%
What is the UK vaccination uptake like?
-England = world leader in childhood vaccinations
-PHE = shows although is high vaccine uptake in kids - is slowly decreasing since 2012-13–> so may remain vulnerable to serious & fatal infections that can prevent by vaccinating
Measles & UK news?
-UK lost its measles free status w/ WHO in 2019 = 1 outbreak –> 231 confirmed cases
= after 3 years of being measles free
-Only 86.4% kids get 2nd dose of vaccine in 2018-19 - lower than prev year
What is the 5Cs model that underpins vaccine hesitancy?
-Confidence - do people have trust in vaccine policy makers?
-Complacency - do people doubt they need vaccine (young, strong, fit, healthy = beh outcome
-Convenience - how easy is it for people to access vaccines - physically, financially, socially, culturally
-Calculation -do people access reliable sources for info on vaccines - how do they look for info to formulate their own risk-benefit analysis
-Collective responsibility = to you feel getting vaccinated is important - are you motivated by need to protect others?
What was a recent study that was a set-back for vaccinations?
Wakefield - gave unreliable info on link between MMR vaccine & autism
-Only based on 12 kids
What 2 things underpin the anti-vaccine movement?
-Misinformation
-Disinformation
What is misinformation?
Info people inaccurately give/make public
What is disinformation?
Sharing inaccurate info on purpose
Define vaccine hesitancy.
The delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services.”(WHO)
What may a vaccine-hesitant individual do?
-Delay
-Be reluctant to
-Decline
-Accept
–> vaccination
Who was/is hesitant to get the covid vaccine?
High in people of black ethnicity, then -> South Asians, Pakistani, Bangladeshi heritages
- shown in some ethnic minorities (regardless - covid vacc UK hesitancy = quite low)
Summarise vaccine hesitancy against COVID vaccine.
What does ‘confidence & trust: safety & efficacy of vaccination’ as a way of tackling COVID vaccine hesitancy involve?
What does ‘complacency: perception of low risk & disease severity’ as a way of tackling COVID vaccine hesitancy involve?
What does ‘convenience: barriers & access’ as a way of tackling COVID vaccine hesitancy involve?
What does ‘communication: sources of info’ as a way of tackling COVID vaccine hesitancy involve?
What does ‘context: socio-demographic characteristics’ as a way of tackling COVID vaccine hesitancy involve?
