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Public Health > Rural Health > Flashcards

Rural Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 elements of rural health & well-being?

A

-Public/population health and Occupational health
-Infrastructure - how close is nearest… (transport, schools, services etc)
-Community development + Social Capital - diffs in opportunities
-Healthy rural economy
-Healthy environment
-Health care delivery/Health Systems (what need to deliver & how?)

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2
Q

How large is the problem of rural poverty?

A

Global - 70% of 1.4 billion living in extreme poverty live rurally in developing countries

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3
Q

What are the challenges faced by people living in rural poverty?

A

-Lack of funding
-Limited resources
-Infrastructure problems
-Difficulty retaining trained staff
-Late presentation of disease - leave late before seek help, long way to travel to seek help, may get local healers help 1st)
-High rates of infectious disease & trauma (HIV, TB, typhoid, cholera, malaria, & farming jobs = dangerous - little equipment)

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4
Q

What is changing regarding farming?

A

-Bigger & fewer farms
-Many family farms not viable
-Long hours
-Psychologically & physically demanding
-Financial uncertainty
-Occupational health
Danger
Exposure
Zoonoses

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5
Q

How has total income from farming changed from 2016-2021?

A

Increased overall

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6
Q

What are unemployment rates like for: urban, rural, rural town & fringe, rural village hamlet & dispersed

A

Highest –> lowest
-Urban
-Rural town & fringe
-Rural
-Rural village, hamlet & dispersed

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7
Q

What are earnings like in urban, rural and in London?

A

-London = much higher than both others
-Urban = just slightly higher than rural
-Rural = lowest

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8
Q

What is avg weekly expenditure (after mortgage) like in rural & urban areas over time?

A

-Increase in expenditure in rural areas from 2011-2017 -Increase in urban expenditure in urban areas from 2011-2013 then decreases to 2017
-Rural only lower than urban 2012 & 2013

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9
Q

Where is avg life expectancy highest?

A

Mainly rural areas (compared to urban & rural)

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10
Q

Where is potential years of life lost (chronic diseases) highest?

A

Urban (compared to rural & mainly rural - which was lowest)

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11
Q

What is rural health systems like in rural areas?

A

-Marked rural/urban health inequalities
-Lack of data
-Lack of qualified health workers + greater demand
-Greater distance to secondary care
-Less access to pharmacies
-Financial barriers for individuals (insurance etc)
-Less effective emergency care
-Poor transport, housing & infrastructure

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12
Q

What are some issues with rural health providers (GPs & other sources of health providers)?

A

*Rural GPs = different workload as:
-More accident & emergency work
-More clinical skills work
-Less access to CPD
-More professionally isolated
*Importance of team + integrated working + resourcefulness
*Out of hours
*Unscheduled care
*Remoteness from specialist services & support

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13
Q

What are community hospitals?

A

-Small local hospital
-Often rural
-Focus on intermed care/rehabilitation
-Community based
-Often seasonal medical services (not 24/7) - GPs often provide medical services
-Many services - maternity, minor injuries unit, clinics

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14
Q

What is rural housing like & what is it like for people living in rural houses generally?

A

-Often move to find affordable housing
-Less nearby family support
-Local shops, schools under threat
-Avg house cost over avg salary
-5% houses = affordable
-Abg incomes lower BUT expenditure higher

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15
Q

What is the most dangerous for road fatalities: motorways, urban roads, rural country roads?

A

Rural country roads

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16
Q

Why are rural country roads most dangerous for road fatalities (deaths)?

A

-Narrow roads
-Poorly lit & marked
-Faster speed limits
-Cover longer distances
-Winding roads
-After crash = less likely to be found & then have emergency services called

17
Q

Where is there a higher rate of road accidents - urban or rural?

A

Urban - more than double (BUT more fatalities in rural accidents)

18
Q

Where is the number of cars per household highest - rural or urban?

A

Rural - more reliant on cars

19
Q

Why might people be more dependant on cars in rural areas?

A

Few rural bus services - lew frequent

20
Q

Where is average distance travelled by people highest - rural or urban?

A

Rural

21
Q

Why might people living in rural areas travel more miles than people in urban areas?

A

Everything is further apart in rural areas - access to services more sparse - so have to travel further to them

22
Q

What are access to a variety of services like in rural vs urban areas?

A

98% of urban people have general services e.g., pharmacy, schools, bank, dentist, GP within 4km - % much lower for in urban areas (are further away)

23
Q

Where is fuel poverty highest - rural or urban areas?

A
24
Q

Where is relative & absolute poverty lower - rural or urban?

A

Rural - however 1000s of households in rural areas are below avg income

25
Q

Where is the number of pensioners living in relative & absolute poverty highest?

A

Rural areas

26
Q

Why do we have an ageing society?

A

-No. 65 yr olds has doubled since 1930
-Fifth of the population is over 60
-In 30 years:
% over 65 will rise
% under 20 will drop
-In 25 yrs % of over 90s will have doubled

27
Q

How much of NHS budged spent on over 65s?

A

40%

28
Q

How much of social services budget is spent on over 65s?

A

50%

29
Q

What are population numbers like in rural vs urban areas?

A

1950-2005 = higher pop in rural than urban
2005-2030 = lower pop in rural than urban

30
Q

Chronic diseases in older people?

A

-More older people w/ - e.g., asthma, heart disease, arthritis, diabetes
-Around 75 % of persons aged over 75 years have chronic disease
-2030 – number will have doubled
-Around 50 % have more than one chronic disease
-Around 80 % of GP consultations are for persons with
chronic disease

31
Q

What are the statistics for accident’s on farms like?

A

-41 deaths in 2020-2021
-Injury by cows = biggest kills
-Agriculture = highest rate of fatal injury of all industry sectors
-Almost 1/2 agricultural workers killed - were over 65
-13000 non-fatal injuries
-4.45 = rate of work-related ill health vs 3.1% in other occupations
-46% ill health = musculoskeletal

32
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

-Infections transmitted from animals to humans (between species)
-Can be via vector
-Naturally transmissible between vertebrate animal hosts & humans
-humans w/ weak imm systems = most @ risk

33
Q

Examples zoonotic conditions UK?

A

-Influenza
-Ringworm
-Orf
-Bovine Tuberculosis
-Leptospirosis
-Toxoplasmosis
-Lyme disease

34
Q

What is Orf?

A

-Viral skin disease - parapoxvirus
-Spread from sheep/goats to humans
-Symptoms = small, itchy red lesions - enlarge over week = painful blisters, flu-like symptoms - & fatigue
-Not human-human spread

35
Q

What is Ringworm (Tinea)?

A

-Fungal infection
-Prevent rates inc - regular testing of cattle, milk pasteurization, & inspections at abattoirs
-Big impact on farms & agricultural economy
-NO effective treatment for infected cattle
-Cattle-cattle spread = major cause
-Badgers & deer can introduced to cattle

36
Q

What is Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)?

A

-Leptospira spread by animals = zoonotic cause
-Mucous membs - eyes, broken skin
-90% Flu-like illness BUT 10% can be life threatening
-People at risk:
Farmers (milking)
Slaughters
Sewage workers
Canoeists

37
Q

What is Q fever?

A

-Bact infection (Coxiella burnetii)
-Often spread from sheep/cattle/goats (domestic pets)
-Mostly flu-like symptoms BUT - can be life threatening & long-term
-Can = miscarriage & stillbirth
-Contraction = breathing in ps from infected animals
-Most at risk:
Farmers
Stablehands
Abattoir workers
Meat packers
Vets

38
Q

What is Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis)?

A

-Tick borne disease
-2,000 to 3,000 new cases in England & Wales each year
-Not treated early can = serious long-term consequences
-Management; Preventative, tick removal, early diagnosis & treatment
-Those at risk: Spend time woodland/heath land

Public Health (10 decks)

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