V L3: DNA and Biological processing

Question 1

What is DNA replication?

Answer 1

semi-conservative

Question 2

what forms a short RNA primer?

Answer 2

Specialised RNA polymerase known as primase

Question 3

what is used to synthesis DNA?

Answer 3

DNA is synthesised using deoxynucleoside 5’-triphoshates (dNTPs).

Question 4

what direction is DNA synthesised in ?

Answer 4

5’ — 3’

Question 5

what is the replication fork?

Answer 5

region where the synthesis occurs

Question 6

what are the 2 strands of DNA?

Answer 6

Leading and Landing

Question 7

what is a mutation in DNA?

Answer 7

Mistakes occasionally occur during DNA replication

Question 8

can you inherit a mutation in DNA?

Answer 8

Can only inherit a mutation if they are present in germ-line cells

Question 9

what’s a germ line cell?

Answer 9

precursor cell that gives rise to gametes

Question 10

whats a point mutation?

Answer 10

A alteration within a gene which involves a single base change

Question 11

whats a silent point mutation?

Answer 11

same amino acid

Question 12

whats a Missense mutation ?

Answer 12

changes one of the RNA codon sequences made during transcription. This different codon will then cause a different amino acid to be inserted into a protein during translation.

Question 13

whats a Nonsense mutation ?

Answer 13

stops codon

Question 14

whats a frame shift mutation?

Answer 14

altered reading frame

Question 15

what used as genetic markers in forensic science?

Answer 15

In Forensic science we use these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as genetic markers

Question 16

what happens in s phase?

Answer 16

DNA replicates

Question 17

what happens in G2 phase?

Answer 17

the cell undergoes cell division;

Question 18

what happens in prophase?

Answer 18

condensed sister chromatids, forming of mitotic spindle.

Question 19

what happen sin metaphase?

Answer 19

Nuclear envelope broken down. Alignment of chromosomes on equator of the spindle.

Question 20

what happens in anaphase?

Answer 20

Separation of chromatids forming daughter chromosomes.

Question 21

what happens in telophase?

Answer 21

Daughter chromosomes arrive at poles, nuclear envelope reassembles around each set of daughter chromosomes.

Question 22

what happens in cytokinesis?

Answer 22

Cytoplasm divided into 2, producing 2 daughter cells

Question 23

what is meiosis?

Answer 23

Specialised nuclear division producing haploid cells

Question 24

meiosis is the production of?

Answer 24

gametes

Question 25

what are the 2 cycles of cell division in meiosis?

Answer 25

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Question 26

wat happens in meiosis I ?

Answer 26

maternal and paternal pair with each other (synapsis) to form a bivalent chromosome – recombination.
Then the maternal and paternal chromosomes pull apart to form daughter cells.

Question 27

wat happens in meiosis II?

Answer 27

sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles, forming 4 haploid cells

Question 28

what are the steps of DNA replication?

Answer 28

1. Transcription 2.RNA processing

3. Translation 4.Replication

Question 29

what is a gene?

Answer 29

unit of DNA that contains the information of a single polypeptide chain or a functional RNA (tRNA)

Question 30

what does RNA polymerase do?

Answer 30

binds to a specific site on the DNA template and separates strands.

Question 31

Bases in the template DNA base pair with incoming

________ _____

Answer 31

ribonucleoside triphosphates

Question 32

what’s a non coding RNA molecule

Answer 32

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.

Question 33

whats the product of transcription?

Answer 33

primary RNA transcript

Question 34

what happens to primary RNA transcript before its translated?

Answer 34

goes through processing in the nucleus

Question 35

what happens to the primary RNA transcript before it goes through processing in the nucleus?

Answer 35

chemically modifying both ends of the mRNA
Capping the 5ʹ end
Polyadenylation of the 3ʹ end

Question 36

what does RNA splicing remove?

Answer 36

introns

Question 37

one pre-RNA can produce?

Answer 37

different proteins

Question 38

whats leads to different proteins being synthesised from one primary mRNA molecule ?

Answer 38

Alternate or differential splicing

Question 39

mature mRNA information is converted from what?

Answer 39

RNA to synthesise a protein

Question 40

whats is the RNA sequence expressed as?

Answer 40

three nucleotide code – known as a codon

Question 41

what do codons code for?

Answer 41

amino acid

stop in translation process

Question 42

where does translation occur?

Answer 42

cell cytoplasm with the adapter molecule transfer RNA

Question 43

one amino acid can be coded for by?

Answer 43

more than one mRNA codon.

Question 44

How may possible codons does genetic code have?

Answer 44

64

Question 45

How many codons can tRNA anti-coon recognise?

Answer 45

more than one

Question 46

where is the ABO locus located?

Answer 46

located on chromosome 9

Question 47

how big is the ABO locus?

Answer 47

18kb in size with 7 exons

Question 48

DNA sequence of A and B alleles differ by …..

Answer 48

7 single nucleotide substitutions

Question 49

which amino cid residue are important in determining the gene product is an A-transferase or B-transferase?.

Answer 49

position 266 and 268