V L1: Cells and the biological molecules they contain Flashcards
what is a cell?
A cell can be defined as a membrane enclosed unit that contains an aqueous fluid of chemicals, that can grow and divide
what are prokaryotic cells?
A single cytoplasmic compartment enclosed in a plasma membrane.
what shape are prokaryotic cells?
They are typically spherical or rod shaped
do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
no
name two prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and archaea
what are eukaryotic cells?
has nucleus and other organelles
Name eukaryotic cells?
Animals, plants and fungi
what are the two nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
whats the role of polysaccharides?
roles including cell fuel, cell adhesion
what are monomers?
the smaller units from which larger molecules are made.
what are polymers?
molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.
Name osme monomers
Monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides
what’s a condensation reaction?
reaction joins two molecules together forming of a covalent bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.
what’s a hydrolysis reaction?
breaks a covalent bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.
what are protein monomers?
amino acids
what forms a peptide bond?
polypeptide condensation
amino acids are built from?
…..
what’s the difference between RNA and DNA?
RNA sugar is ribose
DNA sugar is deoxyribose
understands what RNA and DNA
look like
what is mRNA?
single stranded edited copy of a gene sequence in a linear form.
what are some forms of RNA?
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
what is transfer RNA?
the adapter molecules – at one end they bind to the mRNA codon and at the other they carry an amino acid.
what is Ribosomal RNA?
key components of ribosomes, catalysing assembly of polypeptides
what doe sMRNA profiling involve?
mRNA tissue markers.
what does microRNA profile
profiles degraded or compromised samples.
what happens to DNA?
gets transcribed and translated
are lipids a macromolecuele?
no
Name some lipids?
fatty acids
non glycerides
complex lipids
glycerides
what type of fatty acids are there?
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
what’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
unsaturated has a doble bond
saturated doesn’t
what forms triglyceride?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
what do triglycerides do?
store energy in the body
what is the head?
hydrophilic - do like water
what is the tail?
hydrophobic - don’t like water
is the head more polar?
yes
are lipid useful when identifying people?
no but give other useful forensic information
lipids can provide ______
timescales
how can lipids help in forensics?
hoe long a fingerprint has been there ?
how long a body has been decomposing ?
what stem structure of a monosachardie?
(CH2O)n
what type of reaction joins monosaccharides?
condensation
what’s the test for saliva?
phadebas
what’s the starch in saliva?
amylose/amylopectin
is there a confirmatory test for saliva?
no
what’s a fertilised egg known as?
zygote
are somatic cells genetically identical?
yes
somatic cells are ______ and divide by _____
- diploid
2. mitosis
which somatic cells are not genetically identical ?
Activated B and T lymphocytes will have unique immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes
when else can cells not be genetically identical?
Transplant recipients
Will have the donor’s DNA in the transplant tissue
Bone marrow especially
Cells from different individuals are genetically ______
unique
Cells from different parts of a person’s body are genetically __________
identical
sometimes two embryos will fuse to produce ________
tetragametic embryo
A person’s DNA remains __________ during their lifetime
unchanged
