UWSA 2 Flashcards by Maddy Jamal

A case where HIV viral isolates are resistant to nevirapine. Cause is?

Abacavir
Darunavir
dolutegravir
Efavirenz
Tenofovir

Abacavir - NRTI
Darunavir -PI
dolutegravir - Integrase -
Efavirenz - NNRTI
Tenofovir - NRTI

Idea here is if u previously used NNRTI, U will be resistant to another NNRTI too.

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VHL synd?

Chr 3 mutation
AD

Triad:
CB and retinal Hemangioblastomas
Phechromocytoma
RCC

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Right and left Hb shifts?

Left: dec H+, dec 2,3-BPG, dec Temp
Left is low - low unloading of O2

Right: inc H+, inc 2,3-BPG, inc temp

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If a breast mass is there (even post trauma) and dec in size later on?

Not fat necrosis but fibroadenoma!

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Skin lesions + CDKN2A mutation?

Melanoma

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Inc HR
Dec LV end-systolic vol
Inc end-diastolic vol
LV end-diastolic pr unchanged

What cause?

LV systolic dysfn
Nl exercise

Inc SV happens when?

(EDV-ESV inc) –> Exercise

In DCM or diastolic dysfn - both end-diastolic vol and end-systolic vol inc

In HCM - systolic dysfn - both end-diastolic vol and end-systolic vol dec

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Leucine zipper + arginine and lysine rich 2-alpha helical struc?

Transcription factors

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Hydrophobic AA rich alpha/beta helical struc not rich in arginine, lysine or leucine

Transmemb proteins

(alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan, methionine, proline, glycine, phenylalanine)

Basically anything apart from basic AA (Histidine, arginine, lysine) and acidic AA (Glutamate and aspartate)

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Memorize all the Hs and Gq/Gs

like Glucagon works on Gs
and ACTH on Gq

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Isotretoin MOA?

Dec cohesiveness of epi cells

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CYP450 inhibitors?

Metronidazole
Macrolides
Amiodarone
Cimetidine
Grapefruit juice

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CYP450 inducers?

Carbamezipine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenbarbitol
Griseofulvin
Phenytoin
St John’s wart

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High ICP cause?

Hydrocephalus caused by tumor
Vasogenic edema

Hydrocephalus only when u see enlarged ventricles

If just mass arnd it necrotic area - its Vasogenic edema

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Some1 ppt to the ER with jaw pain and difficulty swallowing. No past 10 yrs Hx. Touching the post pharynx causes spasm of muscles of jaw. Cause?

Vasculitis
Bacterial toxin

Bact toxin
Tetanus is common in ppl with improper vaccination Hx

not vasculitis as no fever

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ARDS C/P, why pt has dec O2 Sat?

Its cus of R-L from non-ventilated alveoli

Copious sputum filled up in alveoli - V/Q mismatch and then shunting!

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If HLA is defective, what is an issue?

Ag recognition by APCs

not Ag recognition by T-cells/B-cells

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Where can abscess be formed once we know there is a psoas abscess?

Groin

(not post thigh)

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Korshakoff synd?

Amnesia
Preserved LTM
Memory fabrication with no intention to lie (Confabulation)
Lack of insight

if pt is >65 and has only anterograde amnesia - think abt AD.

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A pt’s father who has early neurodegerative issue has accumalation of proteins with Glutamine excess. What can be seen in kid?

Anticipation

Its CAG repeats - Huntington!

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If bacteriophage cause lytic infection in bact CW.

It can inject into the bact but it cant produce progeny - Transduction

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If Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor is given. What step is defective?

Abnl 3x helix formation in ER.

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ssRNA -ve sense virus that allows replication of its DNA in nucleus?

Infleunza!!!!

apart from retrovirus its only the one that uses nuclear process to multiply

Stunts coated with sirolimus and everolimus. Why?

These are mTOR inhibitors that dec smooth muscle proliferation

Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and Ls intraepi?

Celiac

Ls in lamina propria?

Celiac sprue

Ns in mucosa

Multiple freckles, nodules and pigmented lesions?

NF 1 - Schwann cells

pigmented macules or papules?

Melanoma

Coughing ep causes syncope. How?

VasoVagal response Inc VD and dec BP + dec HR

Liver Bx shows spherical nodules within confines of fibrous septa. The cells inside the nodule?

Hepatocytes!! stalette cells form the fibrous septae they are not in the nodule.

Large doughy mass covered by skin abv left clavicle and lat to SCM. Mass transilluminates with light. Cause?

Chromosomal aneuploidy - Cystic hygroma of XO synd

If some1 tries to fire another AP when MP is +40mV. Why it does the 2nd AP reach just +10mV?

think of eqlbm potential of all ions Na - +60mV K - -90mV Cl - -75mV Ca - +125mV Na dec EC - as MP closer to its eqlbm potential

An erythematous raised rash with linear streaks post exposure outside is what?

HSR!!

Lactose intolerance cause?

Gene expression issue!

Tardive dyskinesia C/P?

lip puckering and smacking facial grimacing Choreiform Movements thus cause is upreg of D2 R

If some1 has def of DA-Beta-Hydroxylase, C/P?

Obv low E/NE --> orthostatic hypotn

Any dsDNA virus u see and its asked how they replicate? Ex: Adenovirus, HSV, VZV etc (Except poxvirus)

They replicate using DNA-dependent- DNA polymerase.

C/P: Fever, chills, Malaise and paresthesia Hydrophobia + PHARYNGEAL SPASM + paralysis

Think abt Rabies - Bats and unvaccinated dog bite trasmit it Bx: EOSINOPHILIC NEURNAL CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS

Cells active in psoariasis?

Epidermal hyperplasia - APCs + like Dendritic cells --> produce INF-alpha - activate T-cells --> Keratinocytes act and local inc proliferation

RAS physio?

Okay so here we have Dec RPF lets say in left RA - dec Cl- at DCT - adenosine inc - AA dilation + EA constriction inc GFR Dec RPF + inc GFR ==> Inc FF

Venous pr curve for A.fib?

Absent a-wave Cannon a -wave for? AV dissociation

If u see dry crusted skin. Managemnet?

MOISTURIZE

Scabies like lesions?

Wash bedding and clothes more frequently

Cells that regenerate in intestines are located where?

Stem cells are in crypts of lieburkuhn

Why is warfarin preferred not to be given in pregnancy instead heparin is used?

Warfarin has low mol wt thus passes the placenta easily Other ppy that cause drugs to move thru placenta: Low albumin binding Lipophilic

Primer annealing in PCR where?

On the extreme left in upper strand and extreme right on lower strand post denaturing Taq (DNA) polymerase helps make the extended version of the DNA strands in 5' to 3'.

If a yg athlete ppts with bone loss. Cause?

Amenorrhea + Bone loss due to less Ez and less GnRH

Weird protein brownish close to DCT in Bx of kidney?

Renin

Black stains on diaper + nothing lese in qn stem. Cause?

Homogentisic acid dioxygenase Def - AR - Inc pigmentation of skin, sclerae, urine and stool - Dx: Inc Homogentisic acid levels

What AntiCa drug causes obliterative vasculopathy of the renal AA?

Tacrolimus (Calcineurin inhibitors) cause VC of the renal arterioles.

DNA polymerase 3 vs DNA polymerase 1?

DP3 - 5'-3' synthesis of complementary DNA post RNA primers are annealed at site This DNA synthesis in continuous on leading strand but discontinuous on lagging strand. thus lagging strand has RNA primers in btw DNA bps --> so these intervening RNA primers --> DNA polymerase 1 works to excise and replace these RNA primers with DNA What makes the primers - RNA polymerase/Primase

1 - specificity v/s sensitivity curve

False +ves vs True +ve curve - is parabolic and +ve

Painful bullae + Nikolsky sign positive. Igs deposit where?

Btw keratinocytes - pemphiguc vulgaris - Igs agnst desmosomal jns proteins (desmoglein 1 n 3)