Uworld + NBME Flashcards
Type 1,2,4 RTA:
Describe urine pH
1: distal, above 5.5
2: proximal, below 5.5
4: below 5.5
Which of the RTA’s is associated with high potassium?
Type 4
Causes of Type 1,2,4 RTA
1: poor H+ secretion
2: poor bicarb resorption
3: aldo resistance
(1= H+1, 2= BI)
What syndrome is most commonly associated with Type 2/ proximal RTA
Fanconis Anemia
What disorders may be associated with RTA 1?
Autoimmune: Sjogrens, Rheumatoid
Most common presentation RTA
- FTT
- low bicarb/ normal anion gap acidosis
Sun screen guidelines:
SPF 15-30 or higher
apply 30 mins before exposure
reapply every 2 hours
Diagnosis associated with:
- recurrent sinopulmonary infection
- absent lymph tissue
- low immunoglobulins
Brutons Agammaglobulinemia
Pnuemocystis pneumonia in a baby is suggestive of
HIV infection
Diagnosis associated with:
- profound lymphopenia
- recurrent infection
- failure to thrive
ADA deficiency (SCID)
Recurrent severe infection with staph, serratia, aspergillus is assc with with condition?
Chronic granulomatous disease
impaired phagocytosis
Niemann Pick vs Tay Sachs enzyme deficiencies :
+ inheritance pattern, age of onset
- Niemann Pick: sphingomyelinase
- Tay Sachs: hexosaminadase
both are AR, onset at 2-6 months
Symptoms assc with both tay sachs and neimann pick
- hypotonia
- failure to thrive
- cherry red macula
How are neimann pick and tay sachs distginuished?
- tay sachs: no HSM, hyperreflexia
- neimann pick: HSM, areflexia
On imaging, where are trachea and esophagus located?
-front: trachea
-behind: esophagus
(on lateral view)
C1 inhibitor deficiency is assc with what condition?
Hereditary angioedema
Gold standard for diagnosis of muscular dystrophy
genetic testing, not muscular biopsy.
Do health departments track vaccine refusal?
no
Cause of strokes in kiddos
Sickle Cell Anemia
Condition most commonly predisposing to orbital cellulitis
bacterial sinusitis
DOC for px in cat bites?
Most common bacteria assc?
- amox/clauvulanate
- pasteurella multocida (anaerobe)
Diagnosis assc with: hematemesis hypotensive shock anion gab acidosis gastric scarring radiopaque substances in abdomen
iron poisoning
Treatment for iron to
deferoxamine
Tinnitus
fever
tachypnea
acidosis
cause
aspirin tox
Whole body convulsions + umbilical stump infection:
diagnsosis
tetanus
Dihydrorhadamine + nitroblue tetrazolium tests are used to diagnose what condition?
CGD
Treatment for cat scratch disease
azithro
Contrast TB and CSD adenitis
TB adenitis is nontender
Bacteria in dog/ cat mouths causing cellulitis
p. multocida
What animals carry salmonella?
What is the presentation of salmonella?
reptiles/ turtles
enteritis/mesenteric adenitis
Common causes of acute lymphadenitis
- staph aureus
- strep pyo
Treatment of radial head subluxation
hyperpronation of forearm
Describe tennis elbow
- lateral epicondylitis
- caused by excessive extensor use
Describe golfers elbow
-medial epicondylitis
What is Panner disease?
osteochondritis of the capitellum
loss of pronation/supination
Treatment for tinea corporis
(Ringworm)
clotrimazole
Congenital rubella findings
- sensorineural hearing loss
- cataracts
- PDA
Congenital toxo findings
- chorioretinitis
- hydrocephalus
- intracranial calcifications
Congeital varicella findings
- scarring
- limb hypoplasia
- cataracts
Signs of deliberate scald injury
- sparing of the flexor surfaces
- lack of splash marks
- sharp line of demarcation
When is significant microcytosis seen in iron deficiency anemia?
When Hct drops well below 30
Treatment with what vitamin improves measles
Vitamin A
Most common cause of vaginal bleeding in the neonate
Maternal withdrawl of estrogen
Neonatal chlamydia effects
- conjunctivitis
- pneumonia
Ddx excess testosterone + low LH in boys
- CAH
- exogeneous use (not in younger kiddos!)
Signs of viral vs strep pharyngitis
- viral: cough, rhinorrhea, ulcers, conjunctivitis
- bacterial: exudates, edema, no viral symptoms
Treatment of strep pharyngitis
- amox
- penicillin
Symptoms of galactokinase deficiency
-cataracts only
Symptoms of galactosemia (G1PUTD def)
- FTT
- hepatomegaly
- jerky movements
- cataracts
Most common cardiac defect in trisomy 18
VSD
Karyotype assc with Kallmans
46 XX
Treatment of neonates with Hep B exposure
HepB IVIG + Vaccination
Common manifestation of chronic constipation
anal fissures
How does constipation cause bladder infections?
urinary retention
Frequent UTIs + parenchymal scarring suggests ____.
vesicoureteral reflux
Definition of precocious puberty in girls
puberty before age 8
Mass causing precocious puberty in girls
granulosa cell tumor
Pathogenesis SCID
ADA def –> T cell failure –> B cell dysfxn
Treatment of SCID
stem cell transplant
Butthole excoriations=
helminth- pinworms-vermicularis
Cause of noninfectious hydrocephalus in low birth weight baby
IVH
Treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis
ORAL erythromycin
Most common symptom assc with sickle cell trait
painless hematuria
CD19 cells are what type? CD3 cells are what type?
CD19- B cells
CD3- T cells
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency symptoms
- skin infections without pus, poor wound healing
- delayed cord separation
- ^^^neutrophils
Treatment of tourettes
- Antipsychotics
- A receptor agonists
CGD:
- inheritance pattern
- assc infections
- XR
- catalase + organisms: staph, serratia, burkholderia, aspergillus
Most common heart defect seen in Downs
-Complete atrioventricular septal defect
Life threatening GI condition in neonates with VLBW
necrotizing enterocolitis
Abdominal xray finding in NEC
- visible air in bowel wall
- portal venous air (pneumatosis intestinalis)
Afebrile bone pain in SCA cause:
-osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
Reyes Syndrome histo findings
-microvesicular fatty infiltration of the liver
3 bugs patients with SCA are susceptible to
s. pneumo
Neisseria
h flu
Jaundice type assc with breast milk jaundice
indirect
within 2 weeks of birth
Biliary jaundice type
direct
within 8 weeks of birth
Von Gierkes assc enzyme + metabolic findings
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
- low gluc
- lactic acidosis
- hyperuricemia
- hyperlipidemia
Ocular trachoma findings
- neovascularization
- follicular conjunctivitis
Cause of anemia with ^ LDH in SCA
extravascular hemolysis
Primary ciliary dyskinesia:
- mutation in ?
- low nasal ?
dynein
nitrous oxide
Contraindications to breast feeding (maternal)
- street drugs
- HIV
- active TB (until 2 weeks antiTB therapy)
- herpetic lesions
- varicella infection 5 days before- 2 days after delivery
- chemo/radiation
Breast feeding reduces maternal risks of which cancers?
- breast
- ovarian
Contraindications to breast feeding (neonatal)
galactosemia
In addition to improved immunity, how does breast feeding benefit baby?
- improved GI function
- decreased risk cancer, DM1, NEC
Most common cause of osteomyelitis
staph aureus
Cause of osteomyelitis in:
SCA
prosthetic devices
SCA: salmonella
Prosthetics: staph epi
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Beefy red tongue
=deficiency of ?
niacin
Wernickes cause
B1, thiamine deficiency
dermatitis
high homocysteine levels
stomatitis
cause?
B6 deficiency, pyridoxine
Absence seizures are assc with what psych condition?
ADHD
Cardiac rhabdomyoma + renal angiomyolipomas are assc with?
TS
Cataplexy is assc with _____
narcolepsy
Tourettes syndrome is assc with what other psych condition?
OCD
Optic Gliomas are assc with what syndrome?
NF 1
+café au lait; neurofibromas
Most common GI anomaly
Meckels diverticulum
Drug assc with rash in mononucleiosis
amoxicillin
Thymus location in neonate on CXR
Rt sided, triangular
Cause of edema in Turners syndrome
dysgenesis of the lymphatic network
Contrast syncope and seizure
Syncope= immediate return to consciousness Seizure= delayed return to baseline consciousness
Contrast measles and rubella
measles= high fever, usually over 104, takes several days to spread
rubella= rash spreads 1 day, lower fever
both spare hands, feet
Location of adenopathy in measles vs rubella
measles- cervical adenopathy
rubella- posterior auricular, suboccipital adenopathy
Describe disseminated gonococcal presentation
- rash (vesiculopustular race sparing face)
- fever
- polyarthralgias
Describe RMSF rash
-wrists ankles —-> centripetal spread
Secondary syphilis rash
-full body including palms and soles
Rash assc with varicella
-vesicular, appears in successive crops
Symptoms assc with Celiacs
- weight loss
- IDA
- dermatitis herpetiformis
Describe appearance of dermatitis herpetiformis in celiacs
vesicular rash on extensor surfaces
Risk factors for celiacs
- family hx
- autoimmune disease (DM1, thyroiditis)
- IgA deficiency
- Down Syndrome
Abrupt onset changes in mood, bedwetting, academic difficulties = must rule out
abuse
Chronic stridor in an infant is termed
laryngomalacia
How is laryngomalacia diagnosed? treated?
laryngoscopy, will spontaneously resolve within 18 months
Most common primary immune deficiency?
Causes anaphylactic reaction to ….?
Selective IgA deficiency
Blood products
Most common cause of hip pain in children?
PE finding?
transient synovitis
abduction, external rotation
Septic arthritis
CRP?
WBC?
ESR
CRP greater than 20
White count greater than 12k
ESR greater than 40
+fever
Most common cause of proteinuria in children
transient proteinuria –> caused by fever, stress, exercise etc
Followup for isolated event of proteinuria
two subsequent tests
if continue to be negative, benign condition, no further workup
Treatment of impetigo
Topical mupirocin
Pertussis exposure prophylaxis
azithromycin for all contacts
Time of pertussis vaccination
-2,4,6 months
-15-18 months
-4-6 years
+ boosters
fever
urticaria
joint pain
cause?
serum sickness –> MC cause = B lactams, sulfa drugs
Growing pain features
- bilateral lower extremities
- primarily at night
- normal PE
Constitutional growth delay is assc with _____
delayed bone age
Hypothyroid assc growth pattern
- abrupt falling off of curve
- delayed bone age
When is VZV vaccination given?
1 & 4 years
+post exposure prophylactic vaccination with exposure between 1-4 years. (use VZIG only if immunodeficient)
How often should vision screen be done in kiddos?
every well child visit
When is meningococcal vaccination given?
11-12 –> booster at 16
When is rotavirus vaccination given?
2-8 months
In addition to binge eating and temper tantrums, what are some features of prader willis? (4)
- almond eyes
- small hands and feet
- hypotonia
- cryptorchidism
Pure red cell aplasia + triphalangeal thumbs
Diamond Blackfan
Wiskott Aldrich triad
- eczema
- thrombocytopenia
- hypogammaglobulinemia
Causes of idiopathic aplastic anemia
- chemicals (benzene, phenylbutazone)
- drugs (chloramphenicol, sulfa)
- viruses
- radiation
When is transient erythtroblastopenia of childhood typically diagnosed? MCV value?
After 1 year of age
usually macrocytic
Most common congenital cause of aplastic anemia
Fanconis
X linked –> chromosomal breaks
Fanconis
- skin finding
- blood finding
- features that are “small”
- eye and ear anomalies
- hypopigmentation + café au lait
- aplastic anemia
- small stature, head, gonads, thumbs
- strabismus + low set ears
Leading cause of B12/cobalamin deficiency
pernicious anemia/ IF deficiency
Diagnosis of turner
Pelvic U/S –> streak ovaries
Karyotype analysis= 45 XO
HUS triad
- microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- acute kidney injury
Ferritin increases with ______
inflammation, it is an acute phase reactant
Lab finding assc with pyloric stenosis
hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the hip in young boys
Legg Calve Perthes disease
Most common population with SCFE
obese adolescent boys
PE finding in SCFE
pts hold hip externally rotated/ fail to internally rotate
Pineal gland mass signs
-limited upward gaze
-upper eyelid retraction
-pupils respond to accommodation but not light
(dorsal MIDBRAIN SYNDROME!!)
What is Colliers sign?
upper eyelid retraction caused by pinealoma
Ab mediated dancing eyes and feet:
name
cause
opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
neuroblastomas
Hep B infection is a risk factor for what type of nephropathy?
-membranous
How is membranous nephropathy diagnosed?
more than 3g/day protein excretion
Most common infection assc with focal segmental sclerosing glomerulonephritis
HIV
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in preadolescent children
minimal change disease
Most common cause of nephritic syndrome
post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
How does medulloblastoma lead to hydrocephalus
4th ventricle obstruction
In addition to rockerbottom feet, overlapping digits….
What are other physical characteristics of trisomy 18?
- micrognathia
- prominent occiput
- low set ears
- limited hip motion
What two organ systems are affected by trisomy 18?
- renal
- cardiac
Trisomy 13 effects
- midline defects (holo, omphalocele, microphtalmia)
- cutis aplasia
Typical location Mongolian spots + management
buttocks, totally benign
Bedwetting is normal up to what age?
5; may intervene after age 5 with alarm or DDAVP
How is pulmonary function tested in GBS?
spirometry
Maneuvers that increase the murmur of HCOM
Valsalva
Abrupt standing
NG
(all decrease preload)
Maneuvers that decrease the murmur of HCOM
hand grip (^afterload) squatting (^pre+after load) passive leg raise (^preload)
CT finding in retropharyngeal abscess
widened prevertebral space
Retropharyngeal abscess assc bugs
usually polymicrobial including staph aureus, strep pyo, and anaerobes
Cyclical vomiting is common in kiddos diagnosed with _______
migraines
Most common cause of congenital hypothyroid
dysgenesis
Lymph nodes in what region are always abnormal?
supraclavicular
Enzyme assc with Lesch Nyhan
HGPRT
Marfans genetic cause
AD mutation of fibrillin 1
Lyme disease
- assc bacteria
- assc tick
borrelia burgdorferi
ixodes scapularis
Chemicals for lyme prevention
- DEET
- permethrin
Endoscopy is recommended how long after caustic ingestion
within 24 hours
Contrast Ca/ Po content in breast milk v formula
more in formula but better gastric absorption in breast milk
Medial deviation of forefoot only=
metatarsus adductus –> recovers spontaneously
Medial deviaton of forefoot + hindfoot=
clubfoot= serial manipulation and casting
Ddx of rash in neonate
- ETN
- HSV
- Varicella
- SSS
ETN:
- timing
- palms+ soles?
first two weeks, spares palms and soles
Appearance of coxsackie herpangina vs herpetic gingivostomatitis
coxsackie: gray, posterior oropharynx
HSV: clusters, posterior oropharynx, erythematous gingiva
Treatment of herpangina vs herpetic gingivostomatitis
herpangina- supportive
HSV- acyclovir
Triple bubble sign cause
jejunal atresia – vascular accident
Defintive diagnosis of lead poisoning
venous lead levels
capillary= false +
At what level of lead is chelation therapy begun?
45+ DMSA, succimer
70+ EDTA
Osteoid osteoma:
- MC location
- pain relief
- malignant?
- proximal femur
- improved with NSAIDs
- benign
Symptom associated with vaso-occlusive hand foot swelling in SCA
fever
1 risk assc with RSV
apnea
Who gets palivizumab for RSV px?
preterm less than 29 weeks
BPD
congenital heart disease (hemodynamically significant)
Hammer toes + ataxia in males=
Freidrichs, AR, GAAepeat
MC COD in Freidrichs
cardiomyopathy
When does milk protein enterocolitis onset?
2-8 weeks
spontaneous resolves by 1 year
Amenorrhea with evidence of uterus–> next diagnostic step =
FSH
Treatment for Jervell Lange Neilsen/ Romano Ward
propranolol + pacer
Contrast JLN and RW
JLN: AR, hearing loss
RW: AD no loss hearing
Both= K+ channels
BB that is avoided in long QT syndrome
Sotalolol, also class III anti-arrhythmic, blocks K+ channels = long QT
2 MC common causes viral myocarditis
adeno
coxsackie
When is renal/ bladder US indicated in children?
less than 24 months first febrile UTI
Treatment for vaginal foreign body in kiddos
irrigation with warm fluid
How long should a breath holding spell last
less than 1 minute
Cause of newborn jaundice in Asian baby
decrease hepatic uridine diphosphogluconuate glucuronosyltransferase activity (UGT)
Trendelenburg sign cause
SGN/gluteus minimus weakness
Risks assc with IUGR:
hypo- calcemia, glycemia, thermia
polycythemia
asphyxia, meconium aspiration, hypoxia
Management of central precocious puberty
- brain imaging
- GnRH analog therapy
Contraindications to rotavirus vaccination
- anaphylaxis to ingredient
- history of inussusception, uncorrected malformation of GI tract
- SCID
Timing of rotavirus vaccination
2-6 months
Treatment of acute abnormal uterine bleeding
- high dose estrogen, progestin, OCPs
- tranexamic acid
Most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents
immature HPA axis –> anovulatory cycles
How to dx meckels diverticulum
technetium 99m pertechnetate scan
Rule of 2s for meckels diverticulum?
2% prevlance
2:1 male: female ratio
2% symptomatic at age 2
within 2 feet of the ileocecal valve
Key symptom of meckels
painless hematochezia
How is intussusception diagnosed? treated?
U/S –> air enema
Workup of newborn bilious emesis
Abdominal xray to rule out perforation –>
contrast enema to distinguish between hirschsprungs and meconium ileus
(M.I.= obstruction at terminal ileus, hirschsprungs= colon)
Erythema chronicum migrans = what?
localized lyme disease
Treatment of lyme disease meningitis and heart block?
ceftriaxone
Treatment of localized lyme disease in kiddos under 8 + preggos
amoxicillin, cefuroxime
Which NF type is assc with megalocephaly?
NF1
How are pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas distinguished on CT/MRI?
craniopharyngioma has calcifications
Treatment of hydrocele
reassurance… most resolve by 12 months
Most common bug in KIDS with CF?
staph aureus
Treatment of pneumonia in kids with CF?
cefepime (MSSA) + vanc (MRSA)
MC cause otitis externa
pseudomonas
Treatment of croup
steroids + epi(if mod —> severe)
Cause of bilateral chemosis in 5-14 day old?
chlamydia
MC cause of eye discharge in babies?
dacryostenosis (no conjunctival/eyelid inflammation)
Treatment of ocular misalignment
patch or cycloplegic drops for NORMAL eye
Testing needing for patients with emphysema
CXR to rule out PTX
Two GI complications assc with HSP
intussusception
GI hemorrhage
ECG and CXR findings assc with tricuspid atresia
- decreased pulmonary markings
- left axis deviation
- tall P waves
Peripheral smear finding in SCA
Howell Jolly Bodies
Cause of recurrent sinopulmonary & GI infections AFTER 6 months?
X linked agammaglobulinemia
Treatment of minimal change disease
steroids
Angular cheilosis + normocytic anemia cause
B2 (riboflavin) def
Cheilosis, irritability, glossitis, stomatitis cause
B6, pyridoxine def
Punctate hemorrhages, corkscrew hair, gingivitis cause
scurvy, vit C def
MCC causes of bilateral lymphadenopathy
EBV,CMV, adeno
2 most common causes of acute unilateral lymphadenitis
staph aureus
strep pyo
Radiographic sign of compartment syndrome
triangular large fat pad surrounding bone
Acute otitis media:
- most common bugs
- accepted treatment
- strep pneumo, h flu, m cat
- 10 days amoxicillin
Three foodborne diseases that present with mainly VOMITING
- staph aureus
- bacillus cereus
- noroviruses
Foodborne illnesses with WATERY, noninflammatory diarrhea (5)
- clostridium
- ETEC
- crypto
- cyclospora
- tapeworms
Most common bacterial cause of rhinosinusitis
strep pneumo, h flu
followed by mcat
(same as AOM)
21 hydroxylase def causes elevation of what hormone?
17-hydroxyprogesterone
Several weeks ear drainage + failed abx = suspicion for
cholesteatoma
First line treatment for epiglottitis
endotracheal intubation (not steroids + racemic epi!)
Virus assc with atopic dermatitis
eczema herpeticum
painful vesicles, crusting, fever, lymphadenopathy
Wiskott Aldrich:
inheritance
underlying deficit
XR
impaired cytoskeleton regulation
Café au lait spots + precocious puberty
McCune Albright, cAMP kinase defect
GI polyposis + mucocutaneous pigmentation, estrogen producing tumor =
putz jegher
Syndrome assc with McCune Albright
Cushings
3 P’s of McCune Albright
- precocious puberty
- pigmentation
- polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
How is measles transmitted
airborne!
Myotonic Dystrophy genetic cause
AD CTG repeat DMPK gene
COD in MD
respiratory/ cardiac failure
Duchenne/Becker genetic causes
XR absence vs decrease in dystrophin
Neuroblastoma origin cells
neural crest cells
Radio-opaque ingestion
+ metabolic acidosis
+ hematemesis
cause and treatment
iron tox
deferoxamine
Humoral deficiency assc with:
- lw B cells + Igs
- low Igs
- low IgA
- low IgA, IgG
- Low IgG
- low B Cells + Ig’s: X linked agammaglobulinemia
- low Igs: CVID
- low IgA: IgA Def (MC)
- low IgA, IgG: Hyper IgM
- Low IgG: IgG subclass def
Treatment of stroke in SCA
exchange transfusion
Prolonged arthropathy in hemophilia cause
iron/hemosiderin deposition
UMN findings in down syndrome should raise suspicion for
atlantoaxial instability
Lymphocytes (as opposed to myelocytes) are + for what markers?
PAS
TdT
Lumbar Puncture + abx–> which comes first in meningitis management?
lumbar puncture unless acutely unstable
First step in management of CDH
CABs! endotracheal intubation
Treatment in ITP
if asymptomatic –> observe
if symptomatic –> steroids/ IVIG
(symptomatic= bleeding)
Most common predisposing factor for bacterial sinusitis
viral URI
Back pain + neuro dysfunction + palpable step off =
spondylolisthesis
Most common location for spondylolisthesis
L5 over S1
Fluid type used for stabilization
normal saline, no dextrose until maintenance fluids are began
Evanescent pink rash is assc with _____
ARF
JIA lasts how long?
more than 6 weeks joint pain
Pain at patellar tendon insertion site
Osgood Sclatter/ traction apophysitis
Site of patellar tenson insertion
tibial tubercle
Treatment for Osgood Schlatter
NSAIDs
Cyanosis that improves with crying
choanal atresia
Treatment of pyloric stenosis
stabilize with fluids/ correct electrolytes –> surgery
In addition to prematurity, what four factors increase the risk of respiratory distress syndrome?
- male sex
- perinatal asphyxia
- maternal diabetes
- cesarean section
Palpable mass assc with torticollis
SCM hypertrophy
What should be avoided for stabilization in case of cardiac lesions?
Intubation –> not effective for cardiogenic shock
Motion assc with absence seziures
eyelid fluttering
HSP glomerular abnormality assc
mesangial deposition of IgA
How does knee-chest position alleviate cyanotic spells in TOF?
increases systemic vascular resistance –> increased pulmonary blood flow
Refeeding syndrome is caused by a surge in _____
insulin
SCFE symptoms in boys younger than ten may be caused by
Legg Calve Perthes Disease
limited internal rotation/ abduction
Harsh systolic ejection murmur at LUSB + Single S2 =
TOF
What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?
Type I: immediate, IgE
Type II: cytotoxic, IgG/IgM autoantibodies
Type III: antibody, antigen complex
Type IV: delayed, Tcell/ macs
Three examples of Type III hypersensitivity:
serum sickness
PSGN
lupus nephritis
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia + goodpastures syndrome are what types of hypersensitivity reactions?
Type II, cytotoxic, IgG/IgM autoantibodies
Falling with object in mouth may cause what vascular injury?
carotid artery dissection = hemiplegia
MC cause urinary tract obstruction leading to Potters?
posterior urethral valves
1st line therapy for bedwetting
alarm –> desmopressin –> tricyclics
Ddx of acute stridor
croup
foreign body aspiration
Ddx of chronic stridor
laryngomalacia
vascular ring
Cause of anemia of prematurity
decreased EPO
Risk assc with orchiopexy
subfertility
Two causes of neonatal botulism
ingestion of spores from environmental dust
ingestion of preformed toxins from food
Treatment of paraphimosis
urgent reduction of prepuce
In addition to macrosomia, macroglossia, hemihyperplasia, what defects are seen in BWS?
abdominal wall defects, monitor abdominal US + AFP
Tumors assc with BWS
Wilms
Hepatoblastoma
Chromosome assc with BWS
11p15
Three complications of Mumps
- parotitis
- orchitis
- aseptic meningitis
Treatment for scabies
permethrin
mesdiastinal mass + anemia + high ferritin =
thymoma
midline mass in abdomen w/ calcifications=
neuroblastoma
linear consolidation in lung lobe at birth
congenital emphysema
cough + post-tussive emesis - fever=
pertussis
infantile UTI appropriate abx therapy
cefotaxime
ingestion:
- ulcers on lips + tongue
- agitated + drooling
drain cleaner
Treatment for HTN emergency
nitroprusside
air fluid level at tympanic membrane-
otitis media with effusion
Causes of calcium deficiency with ^^PTH
6
1) lack of intake/sun
2) malabsorption
3) liver disease
4) anticonvulsants
5) renal osteodystrophy
6) Vd dep Type 1
Causes of PO4 def without ^^ PTH (5)
1) Genetic Primary Hypophosphatemia
2) Fanconis
3) RTA II
4) Oncogenic
5) Phosphate malabsorption
Vitamin D Dep II is caused by
End organ resistance to 1,25 D3
AR
Most common non-nutritional tickets cause
Genetic primary hypophosphatemia (XD)
Poor 1,25 D formation and PO4 absorption
Rachitic rosary and tetany are seen in what rickets type?
Nutritional, not familial
Vitamin D Dep II cause + inheritance pattern
AR, poor 1,25 D formation
Cause of ricketts as scheduled with malignancy
PEX protein —-> excess PO4 loss in urine and poor 1,25 D formation
Two substances found in urine with fanconis
AAs
Phosphate
What RTA is assc with urinary loss of PO4?
RTA II (proximal)
Schmid metaphyseal dysplasia
Inheritance pattern + labs
AD
Normal labs
(Bowing waddling gait, abnormal imaging)
