UWorld Mock blocks week 1/21-1/27 Flashcards
Risk factors for pancreatic cancer
Smoking doubles the risk
Age 65-75
Diabetes
Chronic pancreatitis
Hereditary syndromes
Pancreatic cancer
Palpable, non-tener gall bladder, weight loss, obstructive jaundice (pruritus, dark urine, pale stools) = pancreatic cancer in head of pancreas
CMV retinitis
Affects HIV patients w/ CD$ <50
–> retinal detachment due to tearing of thin, atrophic scar tissue
Tx: ganciclovir - has greater activity against CMV c/w acyclovir
Herpes viruses
bud through and acquire membrane from host cell nuclear membrane
Pulmonary edema
decreased lung compliance
Dengue virus
ssRNA
4 serotypesSecondary infection w/ different serotype –> more severe infection
Hemmorrhagic: thrombocytopenia, prolonged fever, respiratory/cardiac failure, and shock. Hemmorhhage.
Primary: Flu like illness w/ myalgia, rtetroorbital pain, rash
abetalipoproteinemia
Enterocytes have clear or foamy cytoplasm (lipid accumulation)
Impaired formation of ApoB containing lipoproteins. Can’t synthesize apolipoprotein B
Auto recessive - loss of function in MTP gene
Manifests as malabsorption
Low plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Chylomicrons, VLDLs and apoB are absent from blood.
Prolactin suppresses
GNRH–> DECREASED LH AND TESTOSTERONE
Gq
Phosphoinisitol second messenger system. Gq –> Phospholipase C –> IP3 –> PKC activation –> Ca2+ release
Ion pump failure in cardiac ischemia
Increased intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ –> free water is drawn into cell
myxomatous change
Pooling of proteoglycan in the media of large arteries
Predisposes to development of aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm
Medial degeneration seen in Marfan
Giant cell arteritis
granulomatous inflammation of the media and fragmentation of internal elastic lamina
De quervain thyroiditis
Painful thyroid enlargement. Follows viral illness
Bx: Lymphocytic infiltrate w/ macrophages and multinucleate giant cells
Hashimotos thyroiditis on Bx
Lymphocytes with germinal centers
Riedel thyroiditis
extensive fibrosis of thyroid glad extending into surrounding tissue
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
branching papillary structures w/ concentric calcifications (psammoma bodies)
Noncaseating granuloma, bloody diarrhea
Crohn’s
Also has transmural inflammation
Cobblestone appearance w/ skip lesions
Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer
Increased risk: BRCA, nulliparity, infertility
Decreased risk: OCPs, multiparty, breadtfeeding
Rivaroxaban and apixaban
Factor xa inhibitor
Used for venous thrombus or A. fib
Argatroban, bivalirudin, dabigatran
Direct thrombin inhibitors.
Aspleniz in sickle cell
Increased risk of infection w/ encapsulated organisms
Strep pneumo, and H. flu
Morbidity in rheumatic fever
pancarditis –> heart failure
effect of ACE inhibitors
Increased angiotensin I, renin, and bradykinin
Decreased angiotensin II and aldosterone
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g. Lupus) and advanced malignancy.