NBME 16 Flashcards
Cross-sectional study
Observed at one point in time - e.g. two groups with different exposure
Acute alcohol + acetominopehn
Acute alcohol consumption induces CYP 450 which activates acetaminophen into a hepatotoxic metabolite
Heavy weekend of drinking + acetominophen –> hepatotoxic
Bacterial transformation (natural transformation)
Pick up genetic material from extracellular fluid
NOT the same as plasmid transfer
Tense blisters
Bullous pemphigoid - autoantibodies agains bulls pemphigoid antigen OR hemidesmosomes
Muscle atrophy
polyubiquitination - proteins must be broken down
Peutz-jehgers syndrome
Auto dominant
Hamartomatous polyps in GI tract and hyperpigmented macule on line and oral mucosa
Increased risk of cancer(pancreas, liver, lung, breast, ovary, uterus, testicles)
Can cause bowell intussusception
Interferon-gamma
Innate immunity against viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections - activates macrophages and induces MHC class II
Labetolot
Alpha-1 and beta antagonist - used in treatment of malignant hypertension
Hydralazine
Unknown mechanism - vasodilator relaxes smooth muscle.
Decrease after load by lowering BP
Results in reflex sympathetic activation –> tachycardia
Treats HTN in pregnancy
Hematocrit
Increases with long term high altitude exposure - Increases oxygen delivery
Radical prostatectomy
Can damage pelvic parasympathetic nerves
Risk of osteoperosis
Highest in females.
Female gender is greatest predisposing risk factor
PCT
First area of anoxic injury
Strongest risk factor for pancreatic cancer
Cigarette smoking
Morphine pump
Morphine is metabolized to active metabolites that accumulate –> increased effect from accumulation of a couple of days
Albinism
Inability to produce melanin
Surfactant production
Requires lamellar bodies - at 28 weeks gestation there are decreased numbers of lamellar bodies –> decreased surfactant production by Type II pneumocytes
candida
Elliptical purple budding organism - grows on sheets blood agar forming small creamy white colonies w/o hemolysis
Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and lypmhocytes w/ cytoplasmic projections
Hairy cell leukemia
Intracellular destruction of catalase (+) organisms
requires NADPH oxidase
0 and 1st order elimination
0 - linear
1st - concentration dependent
Prophylactic penicillin
Decrease risk of s. pneumonia infection in sickle cell patients who are at increased risk for encapsulated organism infection d/t autosplenectomy
Persistent trunks arteriosus + VSD
Absence of ectodermal neural crest cells in development
Unbalanced chromosome rearrangement
Recurrent misscarriage/abortion - increased risk of trisomies
