UWorld Errata Flashcards

1
Q

Dense deposits within GBM on EM in setting of proteinuria, hematuria, and IF positive for C3 is what glomerulopathy?

Activation of what pathway is responsible for the damage done by this disease?

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Type II

Causes by IgG antibodies (C3 nephritic factor) which causes persistent activation of the complement pathway by activating C3 convertase. Thus, most of this disease is complement mediated

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2
Q

What effect do oral contraceptive pills (OCPs; combined estrogen/progestin) have on risk for endometrial and ovarian cancer and how?

Name the three major risks of OCPs.

A

Reduce risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. Endometrial risk reduced by progestin effect on stabilizing endometrium. Ovarian risk reduced by suppression of ovulation.

Hypertension, venous thromboembolism, hepatic adenoma

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3
Q

Patient presents with repeated history of edema (face, limbs, genitals, laryngeal, abdomen - causing colicky pain) without urticaria. What is the likely diagnosis and what is the pathogenic mechanism causing it?

What sorts of events do these episodes usually follow?

A

Hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency which leads to elevation of bradykinin levels.

Infection, dental procedures, trauma

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4
Q

Young child presents with persistent ear drainage unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. Over the past week she is experiencing new unilateral hearing loss. On inspection of ear there is a retraction pocket of the TM with granulation tissue surrounding it and minor skin debris. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Choleastoma

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5
Q

An IV drug user presents with fever, cough, and weakness. CXR shows scattered round lesions in the peripheral lung fields.

What does the patient have?
What valve is affected?
What type of murmur is appreciated?
What will happen to this murmur on inspiration and why?

A
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Tricuspid regurgitation
  • Increases because inspiration causes a negative pressure which causes increased venous return that accentuates right-sided heart sounds
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6
Q

When a brain abscess results from sinusitis or some other head/neck infection what are the most common pathogens involved?

A
Viridans Streptococci (e.g. S. intermedius, S. mitis, S. oralis, S. mutans)
Anaerobic bacteria
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7
Q

How does a disseminated gonococcal infection typically present?

Are blood cultures definitive?

What is the treatment?

A

Either purulent arthritis w/o skin lesions OR tenosynovitis, dermatitis, and a migratory asymmetric polyarthralgia w/o purulen arthritis

Blood cx are often negative

IV ceftriaxone followed by PO cefixime, joint drainage, empiric azithromycin or doxycycline for possible Chlamydial infection, treat sexual partners too.

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8
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for cerebral palsy?

How can the spasticity be managed?

A

Premature birth (

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9
Q

What is the INR goal for patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism when treated with warfarin?

A

Goal INR is 2.5

Acceptable range is 2.0 - 3.0

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10
Q

Patient presents with itchy lesions over his trunk which are ring-shaped with central clearing and have scaly borders.

What is the diagnosis and what test/result is used to confirm?
Pathogen?
Tx?

A

Tinea corporis. Microscopic exam with KOH should reveal hyphae
Trichophyton rubrum
Topical terbinafine or systemic griseofulvin

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11
Q

Why is doxycycline not recommended for use in children and pregnant woman?

What is the treatment of choice for Lyme disease in pregnant woman?

A

Doxycycline can discolor teeth in children and retard skeletal development in children and fetuses

Amoxicillin

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12
Q

What classically presents with dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, and dyschezia (pain with defecation)?

What is the recommended treatment and how does the treatment help to reduce symptoms?

A

Endometriosis

NSAIDs and OCPs. OCPs suppress ovulation which help reduce symptoms.

*If a patient has these classic symptoms then a definitive diagnosis does not have to be pursued unless the pain is severe, they need to exclude malignancy, or treat infertility

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13
Q

What are the best two measurement to follow when looking for resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Serum anion gap and beta-hydroxybutyrate

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14
Q

A patient presents with mild gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, but no headaches or visual changes. On work-up he has reduced testosterone. He has diabetes which is controlled. Do you continue your diagnostic work-up or treat and what is the next step?

A

Check prolactin levels first. If high then a brain MRI is warranted. If normal you may opt to treat with testosterone therapy.

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15
Q

An alcoholic patient who is also a vegetarian presents with lethargy and pallor. You treat with thiamine and folic acid. A few months later he returns with increasing forgetfulness and falls. What did he have and what happened after treating with folic acid?

A

He likely had a combination folic acid and B12 deficiency from being an alcoholic and vegetarian. By treating with folic acid you likely helped his folic acid deficiency anemia and reduced his megaloblastosis but no treating with any vitamin B12 likely caused rapid progression of B12-related neurologic symptoms

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16
Q

Are uric acid stones radiolucent or radioopaque?

What is the appropriate treatment?

A

Radiolucent

Hydration, alkalinization of urine with potassium citrate, and a low purine diet

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17
Q

A patient presents after being involved in an unrestrained MVA with chest pain, SOB, and tachycardia. He has a broken femur. Upon administration of 2 liters IV fluids his symptoms continue and worsen. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Pulmonary contusion secondary to blunt trauma

Fat embolism is less likely since it takes 12-72 hrs to manifest and often had petechiae present too

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18
Q

T/F
Patients with primary hyperaldosteronism often don’t have spontaneous hyperkalemia.

What can precipitate hyperkalemia in these patients?

A

True

Diuretic-use can lead to large hypokalemia

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19
Q

What disease is dermatitis herpetiformis associated with and what are treatment options?

A

Celiac disease

Follow a gluten-free diet. Dapsone.

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20
Q

What are typical treatments for Tourette’s disorder?

A

1) First gen antipsychotics (e.g. Haloperidol, Pimozide)
2) Second gen antipsychotics
3) Alpha adrenergic receptor agonists (e.g. clonidine, guanfacine)

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21
Q

An adult presents with recurrent bacterial infections. What test should you do first?

A

Measure serum IgG levels to check for selective immunodeficiency

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22
Q

What does thyrotoxicosis due to blood pressure and circulation and how?

A

Increases blood pressure and leads to increased cardiac output and atherosclerosis

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23
Q

What drugs most commonly cause a serum-sickness like reaction?

What are the symptoms?

A

B-lactams and sulfa drugs

Fever, urticaria, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy

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24
Q

What is vasa previa?

A

Vasa previa: fetal blood vessels traverse lower segment of uterus between fetus and internal cervical os which are prone to rupture.

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25
Q

How is schizoaffective disorder distinguished from major depression with psychotic features?

A

Both may have concurrent depression and psychosis. However, schizoaffective disorder has a >2 week period of psychosis in absence of depressive symptoms

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26
Q

Rheumatic heart disease due to untreated S. pyogenes infection commonly leads to what valvular abnormality?

Why is it more common to become symptomatic during pregnancy?

A

Mitral stenosis

During pregnancy patients become more fluid overloaded making pulmonary edema development more likely.

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27
Q

How does lactation itself exert its anticontraceptive effect?

What are acceptable methods of contraception in the immediate postpartum period?

A

Lactation is from prolactin which has an anovulatory effect by suppressing GnRH release.

Sterilization, IUDs, barrier methods, and progestin-based contraceptives. Progestins won’t effect milk volume or infant the way estrogen may

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28
Q

In patients who present with elevated ALP and hyperbilirubinemia what imaging modality will you use to further refine your differential?

A

Ultrasound to distinguish intrahepatic from extrahepatic cholestasis

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29
Q

What is enthesitis and in what disease does it commonly occur?

How may this present?

A

Enthesitis: inflammation occurring where tendons and ligaments attach to bone

Common in ankylosing spondylitis

May present with pain at heel, tibial tuberosities, and iliac crests

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30
Q

What do loop diuretics do to potassium levels?

A

Hypokalemia

Also a contraction alkalosis

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31
Q

Match the following terms with their appropriate study:
Odds ratio
Relative risk

Case-control study
Cohort study

In what situation does OR approximate RR?

A

Case-control studies yield odds ratios
Cohort studies yield relative risks

OR approximates RR when the disease is rare

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32
Q

A patient with a history of pelvic fracture and accompanying urethral injury s/p realignment presents with erectile dysfunction. What is the likely cause of his erectile dysfunction?

A

Damage to parasympathetic nerves and likely altered arterial supply during injury and realignment

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33
Q

Hemolytic anemias, including those which are microangiopathic, have what types of disturbances to haptoglobin, LDH, and bilirubin?

A

Decreased haptoglobin
Elevated LDH
Elevated bilirubin

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34
Q

What is the normal vaccination schedule for DTaP and TdaP booster?

What is the treatment of pertussis?

A

Five doses of DTaP between 2 months and 6 years of age
One TdaP booster between age of 11 and 18

Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. azithromcyin, clarithromycin)

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35
Q

Describe ecthyma gangrenosum

What pathogen typically causes it?

A

Starts as erythematous macule progressing to nodule with necrosis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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36
Q

If a patient presents with cough and sore throat followed by signs of reduced cardiac output in coming days (e.g. dizziness, weakness, syncope) with pulsus paradoxus on exam what do they have?

A

Cardiac tamponade secondary to acute viral pericarditis

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37
Q

What is the FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive disease?

Obstructive disease?

A

Restrictive disease it is normal or > 80%

Obstructive disease it is

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38
Q

Paraneoplastic Cushing Syndrome is caused by what hormone release?

Why is their hyperpigmentation as well in this situation?

A

ACTH

ACTH has melanocyte-stimulating hormone as a cleavage product which leads to the hyperpigmentation

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39
Q

Pleural effusion caused by tuberculosis often has what characteristic findings for:

Protein:
Glucose:
WBC:

A

Protein: High, often > 4g/dL
Glucose: Mildly low compared to serum values
WBC: Lymphocytic predominance

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40
Q

Greater than ____ neutrophils/uL is considered diagnostic of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a paracentesis.

A

250

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41
Q

Why are LDH and CPK often elevated in patients with polymyositis?

A

They are the products of muscle breakdown in these patients

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42
Q

Does postictal confusion occur in patients with typical absence seizures?

What is a common cause of complex partial seizures in adults?

A

No

Temporal lobe epilepsy

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43
Q

What indicates stable ventricular tachycardia?

What is the immediate treatment of a patient with stable ventricular tachycardia?

A

Hemodynamic instability, so the presence of a pulse and no hypotension

Amiodarone

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44
Q

The presence of a shiny, thin, hairless extremity with a nonhealing ulcer should raise suspicion of what disease?

A

Peripheral vascular disease

Do an ABI

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45
Q

Patients who have gastric bypass surgery are at greater risk for developing _________.

Since that is the case they are often offered elective _____ at the same time.

If the deny the elective procedure they should receive ______ in the period after bypass surgery.

A

Gall stones

Cholecystectomy

Ursodeoxycholic acid

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46
Q

Describe how secondary hyperparathyroidism manifests itself

A

ESRD leads to hypocalcemia from failed activation of vitamin D and phosphate retention.

This produces a stimulus for PTH release and subsequent PTH gland hyperplasia

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47
Q

Is peritonitis considered somatic or visceral pain?

A

Somatic

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48
Q

What is used as prophylaxis to prevent esophageal variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis or ascites?

A

B-blockers

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49
Q

Do neoplasms of the gallbladder typically cause jaundice?

What should lead a differential when painless jaundice is the major complaint? What findings would you expect with labs?

A

No

Pancreatic cancer; elevated ALP, Tbili, mild elevations of LFTs

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50
Q

The CXR of a smoker has a unilateral upper lobe infiltrate with cavitation and hilar lymphadenopathy. What is this classic for?

A

Tuberculosis

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51
Q

At what age range do patients with CLL usually present?
What cell type predominates?
How can you explain anemia and thrombocytopenia in these patients?
What is a monoclonal Ab treatment?

A

60s to 70s
Lymphocytes
CLL pts often have concomitant autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Rituximab (anti-CD20)

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52
Q

What bacteria are sickle cell patients particularly susceptible to?
What are the common pathogens responsible for the following diseases in sickle cell patients:
Pneumonia
Osteomyelitis/Septic arthritis
Sepsis
Meningitis

A
Encapsulated organisms: Strep, Neisseria
PNA: Strep pneumoniae
Osteomyelitis/septic arthritis: Staph aureus, Salmonella
Sepsis: Strep pneumoniae
Meningitis: Strep pneumoniae
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53
Q

Dilation of small bowel greater than ___ cm on radiograph and absence of air in colon suggests small bowel obstruction

A

3 cm

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54
Q

What is the procedure or treatment of choice in relieving intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis, respectively?

A

Extrahepatic cholestasis: place endoscopic stent in common bile duct

Intrahepatic cholestasis: Ursodeoxycholic acid

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55
Q

Multiple myeloma is likely to lead to renal failure. Does it generally do this by affecting renal tubular or glomerular function and how?

A

Renal tubules are usually damaged by light chains

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56
Q

Hemoglobin A is the main Hb in human blood. What chains make it up?

How many alpha globin genes and beta globin genes are there within the human genome?

What are the types of alpha thalassemia based on number of alpha globin genes?

A

4 alpha globin genes (two on each chromosome 16) and 2 beta globin genes (one on each chromosome 11)

If all 4 alphas are mutated: hydrops fetalis
If 3 alphas are mutated: hemoglobin H (four beta chains) forms
If 2 alphas are mutated: heterozygous alpha thalassemia minor

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57
Q

In the presence of pre-existing joint abnormality (e.g. RA), what is more likely as the cause of fever and a monoarticular arthritis: septic arthritis or RA?

A

Septic arthritis

Do an arthrocentesis promptly before considering the use of antibiotics

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58
Q

A neonate presents with bilious vomiting and on upper GI series there is a corkscre-shaped duodenum. What should this raise concern for?

A

Intestinal malrotation or volvulus

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59
Q

What are the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in adults up to 60 years of age? What is empiric therapy?

When older than 60 and also immunocompromised what other pathogen must be accounted for? What drug should be added on?

A

S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae. Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin

Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin

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60
Q

What and where is the murmur of aortic regurgitation heard?

A

Decrescendo diastolic murmur over the left sternal border

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61
Q

In the pediatric population what pharyngitis symptoms generally indicate a viral pharyngitis?

What symptoms are concerning for bacterial pharyngitis warranted a rapid strep test and possible culture?

A

Viral pharyngitis: Cough, rhinorhea, oral ulcers

Bacterial pharyngitis: Exudates, palatal petechiae, absence of viral symptoms

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62
Q

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is often seen following certain group A Strep infections. Which ones are more likely to precede it?

A

Impetigo

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63
Q

Describe the mechanism of urge incontinence vs overflow incontinence.

What is the first line treatment for urge incontinence?

A

Urge incontinence: detrusor instability leads to uninhibited contractions which lead to a sensation of voiding and leakage, often en route to the bathroom.

Overflow incontinence: Often neurogenic, but inability to sense need to void leads to intrabladder pressures that surpass urethral pressures leading to leakage

Urge Incontinence: first line is timed voids and creating a void schedule

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64
Q

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Takayasu’s arteritis
Wegener’s
Churg-Strauss Syndrome

Which is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis and which are granulomatous?

A

HSP is leukocytoclastic

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65
Q

A 55 yo male with a history of atherosclerosis, smoking, and HTN presents with new low back pain. On exam you hear a right carotid bruit. What emergent condition on your differential should you rule out first?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

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66
Q

A patient presents after blunt chest trauma with a widened mediastinum on CXR. What is the next appropriate imaging modality to use for diagnosis confirmation?

A

CT scan of chest

Trans-esophageal echocardiogram

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67
Q

Where are Bartholin glands located?

How do cysts or abscesses at this location present and what is the appropriate treatment?

A

4 and 8 o’clock positions of labia majora

Obstruction of the ducts can lead to cyst or abscess formation. Will present as a tender, fluctuant mass that is very painful, especially during intercourse, sitting, or even walking.

Incision and drainage is recommended

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68
Q

What is appropriate therapy or management for patients with long-term cocaine use and addiction?

A

Psychotherapy and 12-step groups

*Chronic cocaine addiction may cause a “cocaine crash” the following days presenting as depresssion

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69
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the following migraine abortive medications?

Triptans
Ergots (e.g. dihydroergotamine)

A

Both are 5HT agonists which cause vasoconstriction and decrease neurogenic inflammation

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70
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease (5 items)?

What serious complication are they at risk for and what may be given to them to reduce the risk of this complication (2 items)?

A

Fever greater than 5 days and 4 of the following 5 items

(i) Cervical lymphadenopathy >1.5 cm
(ii) Bilateral conjunctivitis
(iii) Mucosal ulcers, cracked lips, “strawberry tongue”
(iv) Polymorphous rash
(v) Erythema of hands and feet

Coronary artery aneurysms; intravenous immune globulin and aspirin
(one of the few reasons to give aspirin to a child)

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71
Q

Your elderly patient presents with painless vision loss which is worse at night. She describes a “glare” in her visual field when looking at bright lights. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Cataracts (opacification of lens)

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72
Q

What medications have been shown to increase long-term survival in patients with decompensated CHF (e.g. LV systolic dysfunction)?

A

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Beta-blockers, Spironolactone, and a combination of hydralazine and nitrates in African-American patients

*Certain beta-blockers indicated: metoprolol succinate, carvedilol, bisoprolol

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73
Q

What is the mechanism by which pulmonary edema develops in patients with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia?

A

Generalized arterial vasospasm increases afterload on heart which leads to elevated pulmonary capillary pressures and development of pulmonary edema

Also contributing are increased capillary permeability, decreased renal function, and reduced serum albumin

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74
Q

What are the expected values for protein and LDH in exudative pleural fluid?

What is a normal pH of pleural fluid? What pH is often found in transudate vs exudate?

A

Pleural protein/serum protein > 0.5
Pleural LDH/serum LDH > 0.6
Pleural LDH > 2/3 upper limit normal serum LDH

7.60
Transudate 7.40-7.55
Exudate 7.30-7.45

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75
Q

An HIV patient presents with a bright red, friable, firm, exophytic nodule. What is the likely diagnosis? Causative agent? Tx?

A

Bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella
Erythromycin (macrolide)

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76
Q

Young male presents with mucopurulent urethritis but no organisms are isolated on gram stain or culture. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Chlamydial urethritis

Need to do a nucleic acid amplification test

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77
Q

What are you more likely to see a pleural effusion in Strep pneumo or Pneumocystis pneumonia?

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in HIV infected patients?

A

Pleural effusion more likely in Strep pneumoniae

Strep pneumoniae

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78
Q

Ectopic foci located where generally cause afib?

A

Pulmonic veins

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79
Q

Are fever and leukocytosis reliable signs in vertebral osteomyelitis?

What is the most reliable sign?

A

No, fever and WBC count aren’t reliable

Tenderness to percussion over the vertebra

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80
Q

What is the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia?

How does treatment differ in children and adults?

A

IV Ig or glucocorticoids

In children, spontaneous recovery is likely so they should be OBSERVED if they only have cutaneous signs w/o evidence of bleeding.

Adults should be observed if platelets > 30K but should be treated if platelets are lower than that

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81
Q

What is the stepwise approach to treating ascites (4 steps)?

A

1) Sodium and water restriction
2) Spironolactone
3) Loop diuretic (i.e. furosemide)
4) Frequent abdominal paracentesis

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82
Q

A young patient presents with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension. On radiograph you see dilation of the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum (“triple bubble” sign) with little air in the colon or rectum. Dx?

A

Jejunal atresia

83
Q

Cat bites place patients at increased risk for which infection?

What is the treatment of choice (prophylactic and therapeutic)?

A

Pasteurella multocida

Amoxicillin/calvulanate

84
Q

Tamoxifen has various effects throughout the body. List the effects at:

Breast
Endometrium
Bone

A

Breast: antagonist and used in treatment of ER positive breast cancers

Endometrium: agonist and increases the risk of endometrial carcinoma

Bone: agonist and decreases risk of osteoporosis

85
Q

Name as many antidepressants as you can in each of the following classes:

SSRI
SNRI
Tricyclic
MAOI
Atypicals

If a patient doesn’t improve on an antidepressant at first, then what should be your next drug of choice?

A

SSRI: sertraline, citalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine
SNRI: duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine
TCAs: amitryptiline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortryptiline
MAOI: phenelzine, tranylcypromine
Atypicals: mirtazapine, bupropion, trazodone

The second chosen antidepressant should be within the same class (usually SSRI) but if that one fails too then consider another class

86
Q

Describe how being hyperandrogenic in PCOS leads to increased risk of endometrial cancer in such patients.

A

Androgens will be converted to estrogens peripherally. Since PCOS patients are anovulatory they have reduce progesterone. The imbalance between estrogen and progesterone leads to endometrial hyperplasia and increased risk of endometrial cancer

87
Q

A patient with small, radiolucent gallstones denies an elective cholecystectomy. What is the next treatment you should recommend given surgery is not in the patient’s wishes?

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid if the gallbladder is functioning normally, but this is expensive.

88
Q

Most kidney stones are made of what?

A

Calcium oxalate

89
Q

Hepatocytes staining positive for PAS and resisting digestion by diastase are often indicative of what genetic disorder?

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

90
Q

How is schizoaffective disorder diagnosed and how is it different from schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia symptoms with prominent mood symptoms. There should be a 2 week period of psychotic symptoms in the absence of mood symptoms.

Schizophrenia generally does not have mood symptoms and if they are there they’re usually transient.

91
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of strangulation in a SBO?

What management is indicated?

A

Fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis

Surgical intervention to relieve the acute strangulation

92
Q

How does intussusception usually present?

Before the age of two, what is the most common cause?

After two (or recurrent intussusception) what causes should be considered?

A

Excruciating abdominal pain (pts may draw knees up to relieve), currant jelly stools, “target sign” on ultrasound

Viral causes (e.g. rotavirus) may cause. No lead point is noticed.

After two (or recurrent) there is usually a pathologic lead point e.g. Meckel’s diverticulum, HSP, Celiac disease, tumors, polyps

Tx: enema or surgical removal of lead point

93
Q

What are common causes of fetal growth restriction?

Separate based on symmetric and asymmetric FGR.

A

Symmetric (often first timester): chromosomal, congenital heart disease, intrauterine infections

Asymmetric: vascular (HTN, DM), autoimmune, substance abuse, APAS, cyanotic cardiac disease

94
Q

A healthy, sexually active, 17 yo girl presents to your office. She has no complaints and is doing well overall. What screening test should you offer her?

A

Screen for Chlamydia and Neisseria. Recommended to screen all sexually active women 24 or younger.

Can also offer an HPV vaccine

95
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital aplastic anemia?
How is it acquired?
Besides bone marrow abnormalities, what other features are seen (e.g. appearance, skin, eyes/ears)?

A

Fanconi Anemia
Autosomal recessive

Appearance: Hypogonadism, Abnormal thumbs, Microcephaly, Short
Skin: Hypopigmented cafe au lait, large freckles
Eyes/Ears: Strabismus, low set ears, middle ear abnormalities

96
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Duchenne, Becker, and Myotonic muscular dystrophies?

A

Duchenne: X-linked recessive
Becker: X-linked recessive

Myotonic: Autosomal dominant with a trinucleotide repeat expansion

97
Q

Precocious puberty happens to girls

A

Adrenal androgens from the adrenal glands

98
Q

What are Stanford type A and type B aortic dissection?

How does management differ for the two?

What is the anti-hypertensive med of choice?

A

Stanford type A: Ascending aortic dissection
Stanford type B: Descending aortic dissection

Type A require medication and surgery
Type B require medication only

Labetalol is the anti-hypertensive medication of choice

99
Q

What is emphysematous cholecystitis?

What is seen on radiographs and ultrasounds, respectively?

A

Gall bladder wall infection due to gas-forming bacteria infection (e.g. Clostridium, Escherichia, Staph, Strep, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella).

Occurs more often in elderly male diabetics

Radiograph: air-fluid level in GB
Ultrasound: curvilinear gas shadowing in GB

100
Q

What is vaginismus?

What is tx?

A

Involuntary contraction of perineal muscles

Kegel exercises and gradual dilation

101
Q

How do you distinguish anovulation from premature ovarian failure by looking at the FSH and LH levels?

A

In anovulation (e.g. from morbid obesity) the FSH and LH levels will be low

In premature ovarian failure the LH and FSH levels will be elevated (negative feedback phenomenon)

102
Q

What is the mode of inheritance in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome?

What is the classic triad seen?

A

X-linked disorder

Thrombocytopenia, Eczema, Recurrent Infections (Mnemonic: WATER)

Thrombocytopenia is due to impaired platelet production and the platelets that are present are typically small

103
Q

Bedwetting is normal until what age?

After that age what therapies are recommended for persistent bedwetting?

A

Normal until 5 yo

Enuresis alarms, desmopression (make sure to do a urinalysis to r/o conditions like DM)

104
Q

Warts are caused by what infectious agent?

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

105
Q

What is the treatment of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A

IV Ig or plasmapharesis

106
Q

What type of adrenal insufficiency does chronic glucocorticoid use lead to, primary or central?

What findings would you expect for ACTH, cortisol, and aldosterone in primary and central, respectively?

A

Chronic glucocorticoid use leads to central adrenal insufficiency

Central: Low ACTH, Low cortisol, Normal aldosterone

Primary: High ACTH, Low cortisol, Low aldosterone

107
Q

Necrotic migratory erythema is a characteristic of what disorder?

NME: erythematous papules/plaques which may enlarge and coalesce. Central clearing, blistering, crusting, and scaling

A

Glucagonoma

*The hyperglycemia is often mild. There’s also usually an anemia present (normocytic, normochromic). May also present with diarrhea, anorexia, and neuropsych symptoms.

108
Q

Muffled voice or tonsillar deviation should make you concerned about what infection in patients with suspected pharyngitis or tonsilitis?

What is appropriate management?

A

Peritonsillar abscess

Needle aspiration with IV antibiotics

109
Q

What are the most common side effects of EPO use?

Hint: there are 3

A

Hypertension
Headache
Flu-like symptoms

110
Q

What is the APGAR score out of?
What are the five categories?
Scores less than what value are concerning and require evaluation?
What receives a “full score” in each category?

A
10
Appearance, Pulse, Grimaces, Activity, Respirations
100
Grimace: Cough/Sneeze/Cry
Activity: Active/Spontaneous
Respiratory effort: Regular, good cry
111
Q

What is the time point women Rh (-) women should receive anti-D immune globulin during pregnancy if there is the possibility their child is Rh (+)?

At what gestational age should women be tested for Group B Streptococci during pregnancy?

Can you vaccinate a pregnant woman with the MMR vaccine?

A

Anti-D immune globulin: 28-32 weeks and then w/in 72 hrs of delivery

Testing for GBS: 35-37 weeks

MMR?: No. Nonimmunized patients should receive the vaccine postpartum

112
Q

Where is osteoid osteoma typically found?
How does it appear on plain x-ray films?
What is the appropriate management?

A

Proximal long bones
Small radiolucency
NSAIDs relieve pain and most regress spontaneously. Surgical management for refractory lesions

113
Q

What are common causes of primary adrenal insufficiency?

4; think generally

A

Autoimmune (e.g. Addison’s disease)
Infectious (e.g. TB, HIV, disseminated fungal disease)
Hemorrhagic infarction (e.g. meningococcemia, anticoagulants)
Metastatic cancer (e.g. lung)

114
Q

Distinguish Dubin-Johnson syndrome from Rotor syndrome.

How are they similar (e.g. lab-wise) and different (e.g. histologically).

A

Both lead to elevations in conjugated bilirubin

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome: Normal histologic features but a dense pigment of epinephrine metabolites is present in lysosomes

Rotor Syndrome: Defect in conjugated bilirubin storage which leads to hyperbilirubinemia of both direct and indirect. Pigmented granules are NOT seen in hepatocytes.

115
Q

Distinguish schizoid from schizotypal personality disorder

A

Schizoid: Odd, eccentric behavior in individuals. Prefer isolation.

Schizotypal: Odd, eccentric behavior often accompanied by magical thinking (e.g. paranoid ideations, bizarre fantasies)

116
Q

During the acute phase of an MI what heart sound may be heard. Explain.

A

S4. The lack of oxygen to myocardium leads to dysfunction and stiffening of the LV causing an S4

S4 = atrial gallop

117
Q

What is the drug of choice for treating poor appetite in a patient with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia?

A

Progesterone analogs (e.g. megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate)

118
Q

What antibiotics are the drugs of choice for cellulitis with systemic signs?

A

IV nafcillin or cefazolin

119
Q

What should the physician do if parents are trying to refuse life-saving medical treatment for their child?

A

If it is a non-emergent condition the physician should obtain a court order mandating treatment

120
Q

Most of estrogen produced during child-bearing years comes from the conversion of what precursor and by what enzyme?

Where is this enzyme located in females?

During menopause which location continues to be active with the enzyme?

A

Conversion of androgens by aromatase

Aromatase is in ovaries and adipose tissue

During menopause, ovary tissue regresses and adipose aromatase remains

121
Q

The process of ectopic tissue being placed in the body which then responds to cyclical hormonal changes leading to bleeding, rebleeding, and eventual fibrotic adhesion development.

What disease does the above describe?
What are some risk factors?
What is needed for definitive diagnosis?

A

Endometriosis
Nulliparity, early menarche, short menstrual cycles, menstrual outflow obstruction
Direct visualization with laparoscopy and/or biopsy

122
Q

What are two ways to change ventilation settings so that there is an increase in oxygenation?

Which is the preferred method in ARDS and why?

A

Increase the FiO2
Add/increase PEEP

In ARDS there is a risk of oxygen toxicity so it’s preferred to keep FiO2

123
Q

Are sunscreens with SPF > 50 useful? Why?

A

Not really. There is a negligible amount of UV radiation which is blocked above SPF 50.

SPF 15: blocks 93%
SPF 30: blocks 97%
SPF 50: blocks 98%

124
Q

What is the most likely pathogenic agent for infective endocarditis in each of the given situations?

IV drug user
Dental procedure/procedure involving respiratory tract
Nosocomial UTI
Prosthetic valve
Colon cancer
Immunocompromised/chronic indwelling catheter/prolonged antibx

A
IV: S. aureus
Dental: Viridans
UTI: Enterococci
Colon cancer: S. bovis
Prosthetic: Staph aureus or epidermidis
Immunocompromised: fungal
125
Q

What are the two types of breath-holding spells?

At what age do they generally occur?
What are they associated with which should be tested for?

A

Cyanotic: crying and breath-holding leading to forced expiration, apnea, limpness, and LOC

Pallid: minor trauma followed by breath-holding, LOC, pallor, and diaphoresis

6 months - 2 years

Iron deficiency anemia

126
Q

Why don’t epidural hematomas cross suture lines?

A

There are dural attachments at the sites of the sutures

127
Q

What are the presenting features of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome?

What are two major complications?

What lab and imaging test should be checked regularly in these patients?

A

Macroglossia, Fetal macrosomia, Hemihyperplasia, Omphalocele/Umbilical hernia

Wilms tumor, Hepatoblastoma

Check serum AFP and do abdominal ultrasound

128
Q

What are characteristic side effects and toxicities with tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

What is the best indicator for severity of intoxication?

What is used to treat the overdose?

A

Convulsions, Cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias, prolonged QRS), Hyperthermia, Hypotension, Anticholinergic effects

QRS prolongation

Bicarbonate

129
Q

What is a complication of late-term pregnancy, oligohydraminios or polyhydramnios?

Explain.

A

Oligohydramnios.

An aging fetus has a risk of decreased fetal perfusion which leads to reduced urine output and oligohydramnios

130
Q

Is there a role for antipyretic therapy in heat stroke? Why?

A

No, because there is no change to the set point of the hypothalamus

131
Q

Why is Afib a particularly dangerous complication of Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome (thinking about the pathophysiology)?

If a patient is hemodynamically unstable how should they be managed?
What is they were stbale, what drugs are preferred?

A

WPW has an accessory pathway and Afib can bypass the AV node and enter that pathway causing a rapid ventricular rate.

Unstable: Cardioversion

Stable: IV ibutilide or procainamide for the RVR

132
Q

Serum albumin to ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) >1.1 indicates ascites fluid due to what etiology?

A

Portal Hypertension

133
Q

Gastric outlet obstruction can be elicited on exam with what unique physical exam test?

Ingestion of acid can cause gastric outlet obstruction over time. Where is a common location for a blockage to be?

A

Succusion splash: stethoscope over abdomen and patient rocked at the hips will elicit some fluid out into a hollow viscus

Pyloric stricture

134
Q

What are the changes which occur to free T4, total T4, and TSH during the first trimester of pregnancy? Explain.

A

Free T4: Slight increase
Total T4: Large Increase
TSH: Decreases

B-hCG shares a subunit with TSH and stimulates slightly increased T4 and T3 production. However, estrogen increased thyroid hormone binding globulin concentration which binds more of it. So only a slight increase is seen despite a large increase in the total pool.

135
Q

In patients with a penicillin allergy what is the primary treatment for syphilis?

What if they are pregnant with a penicillin allergy?

A

Penicillin allergy: Doxycycline

Pregnant with penicillin allergy: Desensitization and treatment

136
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Transformation of an unwanted thought or feeling into its opposite

137
Q

In neonates, what generally presents earlier Gonorrhea or Chlamydial conjuncitvitis? What is the treatment for both?

A

Gonorrhea (2-5 days): IV/IM ceftriaxone

Chlamydia (5-14 days): Oral erythromycin

138
Q

What other carcinoma should you check patients with Lynch syndrome with?

A

Endometrial carcinoma

139
Q

What are common thephylline toxicities?

A

CNS disturbance
GI symptoms
Arrhythmia

140
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder controls which muscles to contract and relax, respectively?

What is the mechanism by which diabetic autonomic neuropathy leads to incontinence?

A

Parasympathetics cause contraction of detrusor and relaxation of internal sphincter.

Diabetic neuropathy damages nerves (including parasympathetics) and reduced ability to sense a full bladder leading to bladder distention and incomplete emptying. Retention eventually leads to bladder pressure > urethra pressure and overflow incontinence. This process is known as a neurogenic bladder.

141
Q

Which type of therapy aims at identifying maladaptive or negative thoughts and changing the emotions and behaviors coming from those thoughts?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy

142
Q

What type of therapy is centered around the belief that unconscious thoughts shape our experiences and focuses on exploring past experiences and potential transference as a cause of her behavior towards others?

A

Psychodynamic therapy

143
Q

What is the cause of variable decelerations?
What is the management for intermittent variable decelerations?
What is the management for recurrent variable declerations?

A

Umbilical cord compression
Intermittent: Observe
Recurrent: Change maternal positions and administer oxygen

144
Q

A woman develops a fever on hospital day 2 after giving birth. She has a tender uterus and foul-smelling lochia. What is the dx?
What is the common pathogenic source?
What is tx?

A

Endometritis
Polymicrobial
Broad spectrum: clindamycin and gentamicin

145
Q

Elastic pressure + PEEP = ?

Peak airway pressure = resistive pressure + ?

A

? = Plateau pressure

Plateau pressure is that measured during an inspiratory hold maneuver when the pulmonary airflow and resistive pressures are both 0

146
Q

Most cases of contact lens-associated keratitis are caused by what pathogenic organism?

A

Pseudomonas or Serratia

Topical broad-spectrum antibiotics are those of choice

147
Q

How quick is the onset of B. cereus nausea and vomiting?
Why?

What food is it commonly found from?

A

Rapid (1-6 hours) because spores are present

Rice

148
Q

Older males who present with trouble swallowing, foul-smelling breath, and a variable neck mass should be evaluated with what diagnostic imaging technique for what condition?

A

Zenker diverticulum

Barium esophagram

149
Q

What is the initial management of a patient presenting with severe, symptomatic hypercalcemia?

A

Normal saline infusion

Long-term management includes bisphosphonate use

150
Q

What ionic disturbance may cause hypocalcemia and how does it do this?

It’s often seen in alcoholics.

A

Hypomagnesia

Low Mg causes resistance to PTH secretion and thus reduced Ca release

151
Q

A lateral x-ray shows widening of the prevertebral space in a child presenting with fever, drooling, dysphagia, and a muffled voice. What is the likely dx?

A

Retropharyngeal abscess

152
Q

What steps must you take before withdrawing life-support on someone who is declared brain dead?

A

No additional steps need to be taken. Brain death is a legally acceptable form of death and permission does not need to be attained from next of kin, power-of-attorney, or from advanced directive.

153
Q

At CD4 counts

A

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
Azithromcyin

Fever, diarrhea, splenomegaly, cough, abdominal pain, night sweats

154
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice for a patient who had a human bite?

A

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

155
Q

A patient with colon cancer comes into the ED with sudden severe SOB and left chest pain. She is tachycardic and hypotensive with a JVD of 13cm and low oxygen saturation. Lungs are clear on exam however. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Massive pulmonary embolism

Cardiac tamponade is unlikely given sudden onset, it would more likely accumulate in the chronic setting

156
Q

After falling on an outstretched hand a patient presents with pain lifting his right arm above his shoulder. There is also pain to external rotation. Pain does NOT improve with lidocaine injection (why is this important). What is the likely dx and what test would you use to confirm your suspicion?

A

Rotator cuff tear (rotator cuff tendonitis would improve with lidocaine injection)

Shoulder MRI

157
Q

4 yo unvaccinated boy presents with SOB, drooling, and high fevers. He is sitting up and stooped forward. He appears toxic-looking. What is your initial step in managing this pt?

A

Take to OR for endotracheal intubation.

He has epiglottitis (likely Hib)

158
Q

What treatment is helpful in managing the bone pain in prostate cancer patients who underwent orchiectomy?

A

Radiation therapy

159
Q

How do uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) present?
How does the uterus feel on exam?
What imaging modality is best used on work-up?
What is tx?

A

Pelvic pressure/pain, constipation, urinary symptoms, heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding, pregnancy difficulties

Enlarged, irregular, firm

Ultrasound (best for pathology of pelvis and ovaries)

Observation if no symptoms
Contraceptive therapy, embolization, or surgery

160
Q

Why would you want to do a RUQ ultrasound in a patient with pancreatitis who already had a CT done to confirm the dx?

A

RUQ ultrasound is imaging modality of choice to detect gallstones. By understanding the etiology of the pancreatitis you can prevent recurrent bouts.

161
Q

All patients requiring epidural anesthesia after labor require what afterwards?

A

Indwelling urinary catheter for bladder emptying. They often have damage to some nerves or slow return of function of these nerves leading to overflow incontinence

162
Q

Can patients with anorexia nervosa present with parotid gland swelling and Russel spots on knuckles?

A

Yes, there is a purge type of anorexia nervosa

163
Q

Of the following types of murmurs which necessitate further work-up with transthoracic echo?

Continuous murmur
Midsystolic soft murmur
Diastolic murmur
Harsh murmur

A

All except the soft, midsystolic murmurs should be further evaluated

164
Q

What is the most sensitive test to confirm disseminated Histoplasmosis?

A

Urine or serum assay for Histoplasma antigen

165
Q

What is the preferred antifungal agent for Histoplasmosis?

A

Itraconazole

166
Q

What is a marjolin ulcer?

A

SCC within a burn wound

167
Q

What are medications with a mortality benefit in tx of CHF?

A

ACEi/ARB
Beta-blocker
Spironolactone

168
Q

The treatment of basal cell carcinoma differs based on location.

What methods and margins are employed for most BCCs?
What is used for BCC in cosmetically sensitive areas (e.g. face)?

A

Electrodessication or surgical excision with 3-5mm margins

Mohs surgery in cosmetically sensitive areas

169
Q

Patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome have what disturbances to oxygen and CO2 at baseline. Explain.

What effect does this have on bicarbonate and chloride levels?

A

Since they have global hypoventilation, hypoxia and hypercapnia

Hypercapnia leads to a respiratory acidosis which is compensated for by retaining HCO3- and eliminating Cl-

170
Q

What is the most common predisposing risk factor to the development of aortic dissection?

A

Hypertension

171
Q

Prolonged surgeries which are characterized by hypotension and multiple blood transfusions for extensive blood loss into tissues may present with what skin finding a few days postoperatively?

A

Jaundice secondary to postoperative cholestasis

The hypotension shocks liver and reduces bilirubin excretion by kidneys due to ATN. Transfusion offers increased pigment load.

172
Q

How many manic episodes must one have before they are considered for life-time maintenance therapy with lithium?

A

Two manic episodes

*If they have three then they are definitely getting it for life

173
Q

What is the immediate management of a patient with pulseless electrical activity or asystole?

A

CPR and vasopressor therapy

*There is no role for defibrillation or cardioversion in these patients

174
Q

A 27 yo female presents with symmetric arthritis involving small hand joints. She has a positive rheumatoid factor and weakly positive ANA. She gets better in 1 month and stops taking prescribed meds. What is her dx?

A

Viral arthritis.

May present with self-resolving symmetric arthritis and may be Rh + and even weakly ANA positive

175
Q

What STIs should be screened for in all pregnant woman as agreed by all recommendation-providing groups?

A

Syphilis, HIV, HBV

176
Q

Iron deficiency anemia can be separated from thalassemia based on what CBC finding?

A

Red cell distribution width

RDW > 20% is indicative of IDA (Think: there will be variation in red cell width because nutrient levels will vary each day)

177
Q

What warrants investigation of an asymptomatic cervical lymph node in a young adult or child?

A

> 2.0 cm and/or stigmata of malignancy (fixed, immobile, hard)

178
Q

Erysipelas is most commonly caused by?

A

Strep pyogenes

179
Q

A young boy presents with signs and symptoms of flu and urine dipstick shows 2+ proteinuria and no other symptoms. What should you do next for your evaluation?

A

Repeat urine dipstick on multiple occasions

Transient proteinuria is a common finding in children and young adults and can be related a number of things, including orthostasis.

180
Q

Non-tender, solitary lymph node in the head/neck of a smoker is concerning for _____.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

181
Q

What are common side effects of OCPs?

A

HTN
VTE
Hepatic adenomas

182
Q

Should dextrose be added to the initial fluid resuscitation?

A

No.

It can be in the maintenance fluids.

183
Q

After diagnosing lupus nephritis what is the next step in your management and why?

A

Do a renal biopsy because the severity of lupus nephritis may range from stage I to stage IV and treatment depends on severity.

184
Q

A patient presents with a lesion on their arm which is hyposensate. On closer examination of that arm you notice diffuse muscle atrophy and deformities of the hand. What is the likely dx and how is that dx made?

A

Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae)

Skin biopsy for acid-fast bacilli

185
Q

What are two acceptable methods for the rapid diagnosis of aortic dissection?

Which is better if the patient has kidney failure?

A

CT scan with contrast or TEE

TEE better in patients with renal failure

186
Q

Can acute bronchitis present with blood-tinged sputum?

A

Yes. It is not uncommon for persistent cough to lead to sloughing and damage of blood vessels leading to minor bleeding. In the absence of red flag symptoms this doesn’t need to be immediately addressed.

187
Q

What is trismus?

Trismus and limited cervical extension may be seen from what infection?

A

Trismus: inability to open mouth normally

May both be seen in retropharyngeal abscess

*Meningitis often has limited neck flexion

188
Q

What is the most common middle ear pathology in patients with AIDS/HIV?

A

Serous otitis media from HIV lymphadenopathy or obstructing lymphomas

189
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff) is commonly seen where in infants?

A

Eyebrows, nasolabial folds, bases of eyeids, and paranasal skin

190
Q

If a patient presents in preterm labor before 34 weeks gestation then what three agents should be given and why?

A

Tocolytics (reduce contractions)
Steroids (fetal lung maturity)
Magnesium sulfate (neuroprotection)

191
Q

How should you obtain a urinalysis and culture in a patient wearing diapers?

A

Straight cath.

192
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Rheumatic fever?

A

Jones criteria

Major: joints (migratory arthritis), carditis, nodules (SC), erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea

Minor: Fever, arthralgia, elevated ESR/CRP, prolonged PR interval

193
Q

What is a late sequela of rheumatic fever?

How is it prevented?

A

Mitral regurgitation and eventual stenosis

Penicillin for Group A strep pharyngitis

194
Q

Describe second degree heart block.

Which is benign?

A

Mobitz I (Wenckebach): progressive prolongation of PR before being dropped; benign

Mobitz II: Constant PR and then dropped. Needs treatment

195
Q

What is crampy lower abdominal pain during menses with a normal PE?

A

Primary dysmenorrhea

NSAIDs and hormonal contraception are treatment

196
Q

What is the major gluconeogenic amino acid and what is it produced into in the liver?

A

Alanine

Turned into lactate by alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

197
Q

Hydroxychloroquine can be used for SLE of isolated skin and joint involvement. What is a the most serious side effect?

A

Retinopathy

198
Q

How can Scarlet fever and Kawasaki disease be distinguished based on their rash?

A

Scarlet fever rash has a “sandpaper” like texture and SPARES the palms and soles

199
Q

What 4 drugs are part of the standard secondary prevention protocol after an MI?

What drug should be added in unstable angina, NSTEMI, or post-PCI?

A

1) Aspirin
2) Beta-blocker
3) ACEi/ARB
4) Statin

Clopidogrel

200
Q

What hormonal profile confirms a diagnosis of premature ovarian failure?

For women who want to become pregnant, what can be done?

A

Increased serum FSH and LH; Low estrogen

In vitro fertilization

201
Q

What is the MOA of clomiphene and what is it used for?

A

A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which inhibits estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus to upregulate the HPG axis and promote ovulation; used in PCOS patients desiring fertility

202
Q

What is the classic triad of renal cell carcinoma?

What unique unilateral presentation may also occur?

A

Flank pain, hematuria, and palpable abdominal mass

Left-sided varicocele

203
Q

Wide pulse pressure, brisk/strong pulses, a systolic flow murmur, tachycardia, LVH, and flushed extremities in the setting of trauma may indicate ________

A

Symptomatic arteriovenous fistula

These may form after trauma, bypass the capillary bed, and lead to increased cardiac preload

204
Q

What is first-line treatment of PCOS?

How does the pharmacologic approach work?

A

Weight loss and OCPs

OCPs reduce adrenal androgen secretion and LH secretion. Also increases expression of sex hormone binding globulin which binds and decreases free testosterone