uWorld 44 Flashcards
production of what cytokine correlates with severity of giant cell arteritis
IL-6
why is TOCILIZUMAB
monoclonal antibody to Il-6 that is effective in treating Giant Cell arteritis
what is the measure associated with case-control studies
exposure ODDs RATIO
what is the MOA of NITROGLYCERINE
VENOdilator (large veins in particular)
cardiac workload is decreased b/c blood collects in the venous system (redistribution) thereby decreasing PRELOAD
decreased preload decreased ventricular wall stress thereby decreased O2 demand
what is Osler-Weber-Rendu
hereditary hemorrhages telangiectasia
AD
congenital telangiectasis to the skin and mucous membranes
mucosal involvement may affect the lips, oronasopharynx, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract
rupture can cause: EPIStAXIS, GI BLEEDS, HEMATURIA
what is Surge-Weber
neurocutaneous disorder
cutaneous facial angiomas (leptomeningeal angiomas)
mental retardation
seizure
hemiplegia
skull radiopacitites
“tram track” calcifications on skull radiograph
what is seen in Tuberous sclerosis
kidney, lover, pancreatic cysts
CNS cortical and subependymal hamartomas
AD disorder
cutaneous angiofibromas (adenoma sebaceum), visceral cysts, and a variety of other hamartomas
renal angiomyolipomas
cardiac rhabdomyolipomas
seizure is major complication
when taking sexual history do you ask if they are straight, gay, bi or male/female/both
ask male, female, both b/c its less judgmental
what do you use in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (if haloperidol and risperidone have been tried and failed)
try CLOZAPINE
what is the order of the adenoma carcinoma sequence
APC (progression for normal mucosa to small polyp) then KRAS (increase in size) then p53 and DCC (malignant transformation)
what is injured in fracture of the neck of the fibula
common peroneal (fibular) nerve (most commonly injured nerve of the leg)- courses laterally around the neck of the fibula
FOOT DROP
- loss of DORSIFLEXION (anterior compartment- deep peroneal)
- loss of EVERSION (lateral compartment- superficial peroneal)
LOSS OF SENSATION of DORSUM of FOOT
- superficial peroneal does forum
- deep peroneal does area b/w 1st and 2nd toes
where does the common peroneal come from
branches off the sciatic (with he tibial were) posteriorly in the thigh just proximal to the popliteal fossa
what innervates the medial aspect of the leg
saphenous nerve (largest pure sensory branch of the femoral nerve)
what does the tibial nerve do
TIP
INVERSION and PLANTAR flex (gastroc, soles, tibialis posterior)
toe flexion
sensation to the sole of the foot, posterior calf, lateral foot
TISSUES of KNEE JOINT
dorsiflexion and/or eversion of the ankle can cause what kind of sprain
HIGH ANKLE sprain affecting the syndesmotic structures (interosseous membrane and anterior, posterior, and transverse tibiofibular ligaments)
these structures connect the tibia and fibula
unstable ankle joint with tenderness at the distal tibiofibular joint, but no significant swelling
what injury typically causes hemiballismus
LACUNAR STROKE (long standing htn or dm) of the SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
what are the stool findings in watery diarrhea (noninflammaroty-ENTEROTOXIN)
NO FECAL LEUKOCYTES
NO RED CELLS
MUCUS and some SLOUGHED EPITHELIAL CELLS
vibrio, ETEC, bacillus cereus, staph aureus, some viruses, Giardia, Crypto, Cyclospora, microsporidia
what are the stool findings in dysentery or inflammatory diarrhea (inflammatory- invasion or cytotoxin)
fecal PMNs
with or without red cells
Shigella, Salmonella, Campy, EIEC, Yersinia enterocolitica, C diff, entamoeba histolytica
what are the stool findings in enteric fever (penetration and possible disseminate)
fecal MONONUCLEAR leukocytes
Salmonella TYPHI
what drugs can cause hyperkalemia
nonselective beta blockers (mess w/ beta-2 mediated intracellular uptake)
ACEI
ARBs
potassium sparing diuretics
DIGOXIN
NSAIDS (impaired PGs reduced renin and aldosterone secretion)