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Step Rx incorrect answers > Uworld 1 > Flashcards

Uworld 1 Flashcards

1
Q

most common way to mess up your long thoracic nerve

A

mastectomy. or any trauma to your axilla

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2
Q

most common reason for a high AFP

A

underestimation of gestational age. do a fetal US

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3
Q

where is AFP made?

A

fetal liver, GI tract, and yolk sac (in early gestation)

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4
Q

Bad things increased AFP is associated with? (3)

A

neural tube defects, anterior abd wall defects, multiple gestations

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5
Q

Decreased aFP associated with?

A

downs

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6
Q

low estriol levels suggest what?

A

placental insufficiency

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7
Q

high bhCG assoc. with what?

A

multiple gestation, hydatidiform mole, chorioCA

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8
Q

Ulcers spare the antrum of the stomach

A

autoimmune

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9
Q

what part of the stomach is H pylori mostly in?

A

antrum!

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10
Q

ulcer in distal duodenum/ multiple ulcers/ ulcers refractory to therapy/ recurrence of ulcers after acid reducing surgery?

A

Z-E syndrome.

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11
Q

gastrinomas mostly found where?

A

pancreas, BUT some are in the duodenum, stomach, or other organs

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12
Q

Are gastrinomas malignant?

A

2/3 of the time, they are.

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13
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

stimulates gastric acid secretion by parietal cells, and increases parietal cell volume

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14
Q
  1. antibodies to parietal cells
  2. pernicious anemia
  3. achlorhydria
A

what triad is seen with autoimmune gastritis?

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15
Q

what do you get an increased risk of in type b chronic gastritis?

A

incr risk of MALToma, ulceration, gastric adenoCA

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16
Q

6 things that can cause an acute erosive gastritis

A
  1. NSAIDS
  2. Burns (curling ulcer)
  3. brain injury (cushing ulcer)
  4. etoh
  5. chemo (both 4 and 5, can’t regenerate cells fast enoguh)
  6. shock (because of decr blood flow)
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17
Q

difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

incidence- number of NEW cases

prevalence- number of TOTAL cases

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18
Q

3 common turner syndrom (X,0) abnormalities

A

lymphedema, coarctation of the aorta, horseshoe kidney

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19
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

trisomy 18, super common.

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20
Q

Patau syndrom

A

trisomy 13, 3rd most common, and sups severe.

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21
Q

small mouth, prominent occiput, low set/ malformed ears rocker-bottom feet.

A

edwards (18)

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22
Q

holoprosencephaly, microcephaly, polydactyly, rocker-bottom feet, cleft palate, absent or malformed nose, =[

A

pateu (13)

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23
Q

47, xXX

A

clinically silent. may have a lower IQ

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24
Q

tall male with gynecomastia, small testes, infertility. no incr risk of stillbirth

A

klinefelter’s

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25
Q

what is heteroplasmy?

A

the mixature of normal and abnormal mitochondria. because during mitosis, mitochondria are distributed randomly between the daughter cells.

26
Q

What is Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?

A

leads to bilateral vision loss. mitochondrial syndrome

27
Q

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers

A

myocloic seizures. exercise associated myopathy. mito syndrome

28
Q

mitochondrial encephalomyopahty with lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS)

A

seizures with several stroke like episodes, with residual neurological deficit. muscle weakness. incr. serum lactate (post exercise and at rest). MITO SYNDROME!

29
Q

what is genetic imprinting?

A

selective inactivation of maternal or paternal alleles. explains diffrences in presentation betwn prader-willi and angelman syndromes

30
Q

how does fragile X genetically propagate?

A

anticipation. increasing trinucleatide repeats. more repeats, worse the disease

31
Q

differences in severity of autosomal dominant dz?

A

variable expressivity

32
Q

seizures with several stroke like episodes, with residual neurological deficit. muscle weakness. incr. serum lactate (post exercise and at rest).

A

mitochondrial encephalomyopahty with lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS)

33
Q

leads to bilateral vision loss. mitochondrial syndrome

A

What is Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?

34
Q

myocloic seizures. exercise associated myopathy. mito syndrome

A

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers

35
Q

spirnolactone mechanism?

A

aldo receptor antagonist.

36
Q

why do indirect inguinal hernias happen?

A

failure of the processus vaginalis to obliterate.

37
Q

hypertensive crisis and renal problems? what do you want to use?

A

fendolopam! because it causes vasodilation in all the big arterial beds. like mesenteric, coronary, and esp. renal (which incr blood flow, incr gfr, incr sodium and water excretion)

38
Q

how does fendolopam work?

A

pure dopamine 1 receptor agonist!
–> receptor activates adenylyl cyclase —> incr cAMP –> vasodilation!!

unlike dopamine, which also activates alpha and beta receptors)

39
Q

1 drug for hypertensive crisis?

A

nitroprusside! direct arteriole and venous dilator! super fast. has a slight reflex symp activation –> some tachy, and sodium/water retention

40
Q

nitroprusside side effects?

A

cyanide tox with prolonged use, renal insufficiency.

41
Q

what anti-hypertensive crisis drug can you give to preggers?

A

hydralazine!

arteriolar vasodilator. doesn’t improve renal perfusion

42
Q

drug induced liver injury is from?

A

inhaled anesthetic use (likely halothane)

43
Q

histo: widespread centrilobular necrosis and inflamm of the protal tracts and parenchyma.

A

fulminant viral or fulminant drug induced hetatitis.

44
Q

why don’t you see low albumin in acute hepatic injury?

A

half life of albumin is 20 days.

seen in chronic, end stage liver dz as remaining hepatocytes have reduced functionality…

45
Q

protection against influenza A

A

humoral abs agianst hemagglutinin

46
Q

most important local factors influencing coronary blood flow

A

adenosine, and nitric oxide (endothemium derived relaxation factor)

47
Q

nitric oxide mechanism

A

released in response to pulsatile stretch and flow stress. soluable guanylate cuclase enzyme is used to increase cGMP and cause SM relaxation.

48
Q

UC associated with what?

A

Primary SCLEROSING cholangitis

49
Q

dont have CD 55 / 59

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

50
Q

what is nissl substance?

A

neuron’s RER

51
Q

what is rheumatic fever associated with?

A

strep throat infec

52
Q

what is post strep GN assoc. with?

A

either impetigo or strep pharngitis

53
Q

what is statistical power

A

1-B

54
Q

what does power depend on?

A

sample size and difference between outcome of groups

55
Q

what is B (beta, stats)?

A

the probability of committing a type 2 error. (when you fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is truely false)

56
Q

heart problem from SLE?

A

pericarditis!!

57
Q

how do beta blockers affect the heart?

A

slow AV conduction, so the delayed conduction through the AV node causes PR interval prolongation

58
Q

side effects of Lithium

A

hypothyroidism, nephrogenic DI, and can accumulate in pts with renal insufficiency

59
Q

renal failure and toe gangrene/ livedo reticularis after an invasive vascular procedure

A

atheroemblic renal disease!

the debri get pushed from larger arteries into smaller ones causing ischemia

60
Q

what infection can vit A help with?

A

measles?! whaaaa

Step Rx incorrect answers (10 decks)

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