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Anatomy and Physio Final > Uvea > Flashcards

Uvea Flashcards

1
Q

the uvea contains 3 structures…..

A
  1. ciliary body
  2. iris
  3. choroid
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2
Q

the main function of the choroid is to…

A

provide nutrition to the retina

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3
Q

the main function of the ciliary body are…TRIPLE A

A
  1. accommodation
  2. aqueous humor formation
  3. absorption of light
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4
Q

the main function of the iris is to

A

control the retinal illumination and the image quality

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5
Q

uveal properties

  1. highly ____
  2. richly ____
  3. _____ specilization
A
  1. vascular
  2. innervated
  3. regional
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6
Q

the regions of the ciliary body are…

A

pars plana and pars plicata

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7
Q

post. region of the ciliary body that is continuous w/ the retina and choroid

A

pars plana

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8
Q

the junction btwn the ciliary body and retina

A

ora serrata

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9
Q

anterior, ridged and elevated portion region of the ciliary processes that produce aqueous from the blood supply

A

pars plicata

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10
Q

ciliary body structure

  1. forms ____ ring
  2. triangular ____mm wide
  3. firmly attached to _______
  4. extends to _____
A
  1. complete
  2. 6mm
  3. scleral spur
  4. ora serrata
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11
Q

the vessels in the pars plicata have a high _______ and are _____

A

internal pressure

fenestrated

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12
Q

the non-pigmented inner layer of the ciliary epithelium …

  1. produces ______
  2. continuous w/ the _____ retina
  3. continous w/ _______ epithelium of iris
A
  1. aqueous humor
  2. neural retina
  3. pigment
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13
Q

the pigemented outer layer..

  1. continuous w/ ____
  2. continuous w/ ______ muscle of iris
A
  1. RPE

2. dilator

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14
Q

the layers of the ciliary body are….(3)

A
  1. 2 layers of epithelium: pigmented/non
  2. stroma
  3. muscle
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15
Q

what kind of muscle is the ciliary body muscle
attached to _____
controls the shape of the _____

A

highly vascularized smooth muscle
scleral spur
lens

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16
Q

the ciliary muscle is densely _______

A

innervated.

a diffuse innervation system allows a single nerve to innervate many fibers

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17
Q

contraction of the ciliary muscle moves the ciliary body _______

  • _____ relax
  • ____ increases in power: accomodation
  • no _____
A

anteriorly
zonules
lens
antagonist

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18
Q

no antagonist so why does the lens move back to the original position

A

because of the elastic membrane of the choroid which acts as a spring

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19
Q

parasympathetic innervation is done by CN ___ and _____

A

3

ciliary ganglion

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20
Q

sympathetic innervation is ____% of terminals and is done by the _______

A

1%

superior cervical ganglion

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21
Q

sensory innervatoin is done by CN ____ and the ant ______

A

5-opthalmic portion

ant. stroma possibly baroreceptor

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22
Q
  • during development of the eye, the neural tube invaginates until it forms a _______ cup
  • the outer layer of the cup is _____
  • the inner layer is ______
A
  • a double layered cup
  • pigmented
  • unpigmented (until it reaches the iris where it becomes pigmented)
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23
Q

the inner layer of the ciliary epithelium is _______

the outer layer is ________

A

transparent

highly pigmented

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24
Q

by the time the embryo is 4mm in length, the primary optic vesicle has moved ____ toward the neural tube

  • lens ______ begins
  • _________ collapses onto itself
  • inner ________ becomes neural retina
  • outer part becomes ______
A

outward

  • lens induction
  • optic vessel
  • invagination
  • RPE
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25
Q

embryonic invagination of the optic cup leads to the _______ of the photorecptor outer segment and the RPE

A

appositoin (apex to apex)

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26
Q

the invaginating inner wall gives rise to the ________ which includes the photoceptors, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal, and amacrine cells

A

neural retina

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27
Q

the obliterated space btwn the POS and the PE is a residuum of the ventricular cavity. this is a potential space called the ….

A

ocular ventricle

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28
Q

basement membrane of the RPE is the….

A

bruch’s membrane

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29
Q

the basement of the neural retina becomes the ….

A

internal limiting membrane

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30
Q

the inner limiting membrane is made by the…

A

muller cells and their feet

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31
Q

in a young eye, the ciliary epithelium:

unpigmented:
1. _____ and _____ interdigitations
2. ____ junctional complexes

pigmented:
_____ granules

A
  1. infolding and lateral
  2. apical

-melanin

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32
Q

infolding and later interdigitations are important for…

A

generating aqueous humor

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33
Q

apical junctional complexes hold_______ when under stress from muscles and zonules

A

cells together

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34
Q

in an older eye, the ciliary epithelium:

unpigmented:
1. ______ basal ends
2. ____ of basement membranes
3. _____ pull apart and the ILM protrudes
pigmented:
1. ________ basal ends

A
  1. irregular
  2. thickening
  3. cells
  4. irregular
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35
Q

the interdigitating surfaces of the pigmented and nonpig epithelium are joined together by ______ that form a _________ barrier to molec such as proteins

A

tight junctions

blood/aqueous barrier

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36
Q

what happens to the blood barrier w/ inflammation, trauma, and vasucalr disease
-aqueous then becomes _____

A

breakdown

-cloudy and flare is seen bc of large molec inside

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37
Q

the presence of gap junctions btwn the cells allows _______ of ions w/in the epithelial layers

A

free movement

38
Q

in this iris, the tight junctions are found on the …

what type

A

vascular endothelial cells as the capillaries

-non-fenestrated impermeable type

39
Q

aqueous humorformation is formed by:

  1. _____ of ions and molecules
  2. ______ of plasma in _____
  3. _________ of Na into ______ chamber by the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium
A
  1. diffusion
  2. ultrafiltration, stroma
  3. active secretion, posterior
40
Q

is ultrafiltration active or passive?

A

passive bitch.

describes the bulk fucking flow of plasma across the fenestrated ciliary capillary endothelia into the ciliary stroma

41
Q

secretion of aqueous humor:

  1. _______ diffusion and ______ of water and ions into the stroma
  2. ________ of Na into post. chamber depends on _______ exchange
  3. formation of _____ ions and _____ ions
  4. exchange
  5. _____ follows he ion gradient created by the ______ pump
  6. ______ follows ions
A
  1. passive, ultrafiltration
  2. ultrafiltration, Na/H
  3. H+, HCO3-
  4. bicarbonate, Na+/K+
  5. water
42
Q

what enzyme provides the energy for the metabolic pump that transports Na into the post chamber by catalyzing the breakdown of ATP into ADP

A

Na+K+ ATPase

43
Q

what catalyzes the rxn of the combo of carbondioxide into carbonic acid and its subsequent breakdown into H and bicarbonate

A

carbonic anhydrase

44
Q

what enzyme affects production of cAMP

A

adenylate cyclase

45
Q

adrenergic receptors affect smooth muscle tone and vascular tone in …(3 things)

A
  1. iris
  2. ciliary body
  3. endothelial linings of outflow pathways
46
Q

the increased OUTFLOW facility is mediated by …

A

adenylate cyclase cAMP pathway
also…
PROBABLY, but just PROBABLY as a result of prostaglandin production -___-

47
Q

waht reduce aqueous humor production through an adenylate cyclase cAMP pathway (inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity)

A

adrenergic alpha2 agonists

beta2 antagonists

48
Q

cholinergic receptors are located in…

A

the ciliary body and iris

49
Q

stimulation of cholinergic receptors cuases:

  1. ______ of the ciliary muscle and iris sphincter that may _____ outflow resistance
  2. _______, which reduces IOP
  3. _______ in aqueous humor formation
A
  1. contraction, reduce
  2. pilocarpine (parasympathomimetic)
  3. no significant role
50
Q

aqueous humor is mainly made of…(3 thigns)

A
  1. electrolytes
  2. low molecular weight compounds
  3. some protein (very low-200x less than blood)
51
Q

theres also a shit ton more shit in the aqueous…..

  • ___ hormones
  • _______ (carbonic anhydrase, lysozyme, cytokines)
  • _______ (norepinephrine, dopamine)
  • prosta….
  • _____ acid (from GAG renewal in vitreous or ant segment
A
  • sex
  • enzymes
  • catecholamines
  • prostaglandins
  • hyaluronic
52
Q

why is the content different in plasma and aqueous?

A

bc of the tight junctions btwn non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells that form a bloood/aqueous barrier

53
Q

where are the source of metabolites in aqueous humor

A 
ciliary processes (main) 
and also corneal endothelium, lens, and iris
54
Q

iris structure contains…

  1. ____ limiting layer
  3. _____ epithelium
  4. _______ epithelium
A
  1. anterior
  2. stroma
  3. dilator epithelium
  4. pigment ep
55
Q

what has the largest mass of smooth muscle (longitudinal fibers, radial fibers, circular fibers

A

ciliary muscle

56
Q

contraction of the ciliary muscle leads to…

A

accommodation

57
Q

the ciliary muscle attaches to _______, adjacent _______ tissue, or _______ sheets

A

scleral spur, cxt, corneal scleral

58
Q

iris function

  1. _____ control
  2. ______ control for focus
  3. _____reduction
A

illumination
aperture
aberratoin

59
Q

a meshwork of collagen fibers w/ many crypts and holes and is therefore very permeable

A

anterior limiting layer

60
Q

the 3 ciliary muscles are

A

sphincter
dilator epithelium
radial contraction folds

61
Q

what muscle has parasympathetic innervation w/ completely differentiated cells and it just smooth muscle

A

sphincter

62
Q

what ciliary muscle does sympathetic innervation w/ only cells derived from neuroectoderm. incompletley differentiated. basal ends of these cells form the muscle process

A

dilator epithelium

63
Q

what ciliary muscle gets deeper as the pupil gets smaller

A

radial contraction folds

64
Q

what ciliary muscle gets deeper as the pupil gets wider

A

circular contraction folds

65
Q

all the ciliary muscles secure very firmly to the epithelial layer at the….

A

pupillary margin

66
Q

when the eyes are blue there is no….

A

melanin

67
Q

what innervate the sphicter muscle? via what?

A

post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from CN3 via short ciliary nerves
-constriction hell yeah

68
Q

what innervates the dilator muscle of the iris? via what?

A

sympathetic fibers via long ciliary nerves

-dilation bitches

69
Q 
choroid function: 
1. 
2. \_\_\_\_ product removal 
3. passage of \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
4. \_\_\_\_\_ of stray light
5.
A
  1. nutrition
  2. waste
  3. nerves and vessels
  4. absorption
  5. emmetropization
70
Q

the suprachoroid:

  1. lines the ____ and is very thin
  2. ______ contain pigment granules
A
  1. sclera

2. melanocytes

71
Q

in hyperopic defocus there is a ___ choroid and ______ growth

A

thin, increased

72
Q

in myopic defocs, there is a ____ chroid and ____ growth

A

thick, decreased

73
Q

in the vascular layer of the choroid

  1. among the _____ capillaries in the body
  2. _____ permeable
  3. blood vessels maintain ________ pressure to resist IOP
A
  1. largest
  2. highly
  3. high
74
Q

what are the 3 parts of the anatomy of the choriod

A
  1. suprachoroid
  2. vascular layer
  3. bruch’s membrane
75
Q

blood supply to the choroid

  1. long posterior ciliary-how many?
  2. short post ciliary-how many?
  3. choriocapillaries
  4. ant ciliary arteries-how many?
  5. how many vortex veins?
A
  1. 2
  2. 8-20
  3. 7
  4. 4
76
Q

long and short ciliary nerves travel ______ and supply the ________.
-they also carry _____ nerve supply

A

anteriorly, choroidal vasculature

-sympathetic

77
Q

the short ciliary nerves also carry the ______ nerve supply from CN 3

A

parasympathetic

78
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the choroid is from the …..

A

pterygopalatine ganglion

79
Q

the post-ganglionic fibers are predominantly _____

A

cholinergic

80
Q

sympathetic innervation arises from the….

A

superior cervical ganglion

81
Q

innervation of the ______ restricts the blood flow in the choroid

A

sympathetic

82
Q

what innervation increases blood flow in the choroid

A

parasympathetic

83
Q

stimulation of sensory fibers from the trigeminal nerve elicits _____

A

vasodilation

84
Q

from the nutritional standpoint, the retinal circulation only supplies the …

A

inner half of the retina

85
Q

the choroid supplies the necessary metabolites to the….

A

posterior half of the retina

86
Q
  • large choroidal blood vessels fill the …….

- progressively smaller vessels are closer to the ______ forming the choriocapillaris

A
  • choroidal layer

- retina

87
Q

what decreases retinal illumination, reduces aberrations, and increases depth of focus

A

pupil constiction

88
Q

eye accommodates
iris constricts
outflow increases

what contracts to allow these things to happen

A

ciliary muscle

89
Q

what does the unpigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium make?

A

aqueous humor

90
Q

where does the aqueous humor drain into

  • from there, where can it drain into the venous system? (2 things)
  • and then eventually it leaves the eye via….
A

trabecular meshwork

  • schlemm’s canal via vacuoles or through the uveoscleral outflow
  • VORTEXVEINSMEOW
91
Q

chicks are weird, the choroid will adjust to its thickness to partially compensate for the defocus.

  • if the img is focused in front of the retina the chroid layer willl……
  • if the img is focused behind the photoreceptors then the choroid layer…
A

thickens to bring the retina closer to the focal plane

-thins, again brining the img closwer to the focal plane

Anatomy and Physio Final (9 decks)

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