Tears

Question 1

How much tears are produced per 16 hours of wakefulness

Answer 1

0.5-1.25g of tears

Question 2

what is the salt composition of tears

Answer 2

Na, K, Cl, HCO3

Question 3

Tears are _____ at low secretion rates and _____ at higher secretion rates

Answer 3

hyperonic

isotonic

Question 4

what kind of secretory cells are in the lacrimal gland

Answer 4

acinar cells

Question 5

what divides the lacrimal gland into the palpebral and orbital portion

Answer 5

aponeurosis of the levator muscle

Question 6

how many ducts does the orbital portion drain via into the palpebral portion

Answer 6

12

Question 7

what does the palpebral portion open into

Answer 7

the superior fornix

Question 8

what are the acini made up of

Answer 8

basal myoepithelial cell layer w/ inner columnar secretory cells

Question 9

how do the myoepithelial cells force secretions into the tubular drainage system

Answer 9

contractions

Question 10

when do the lacrimal glands develop completely

Answer 10

the 3rd month post-natal

Question 11

what type of secretions come from the lacrimal gland

Answer 11

mainly serous, some mucous but they are slow producing

-sero-mucous secretion

Question 12

the lacrimal gland is a __________ that secretes the major portion of _______ into the tear film

Answer 12

tubloacinar exocrine gland

protein, electrolytes, and water

Question 13

what kind of glands are meibomian glands

Answer 13

sebaceous

Question 14

where are the meibomian glands located

Answer 14

tarsal plate (30-40 upper, 20-130 lower lid)

Question 15

what do the meibomian glands secrete sebum via

Answer 15

holocrine secretion

Question 16

how are meibomian glands regulated by

Answer 16

control of holocrin secretoin or lipid synthesis

Question 17

what do the sebaceous glands of zeis secrete? into what?

Answer 17

sebum into hair follicle

Question 18

what prevents the eyelash shaft from becoming brittle

Answer 18

sebaceous gland of zeis

Question 19

what are the glands of moll? where do they empty intO?

Answer 19

modified sweat glands

follicle, zeis gland duct, or lid margin

Question 20

where are the accessory lacrimal glands of krause found

Answer 20

stroma of the conjunctival fornix. 20-40 upper/6-8 in lower

Question 21

where are the accessory glands of wolfring found

Answer 21

orbital border of the tarsal plate. less numerous

Question 22

what kind of secretion do the accessory lacrimal glands of krause and wolfing do

Answer 22

sero-mucous secretion, much less than lacrimal gland

Question 23

what kind of cells are conjuctival glands?

Answer 23

goblet cells

Question 24

what cells contribute mucuous to the layer of tears nearest the surface of the eye

Answer 24

conjuctival glands. mucous aids in wetting the surface so the tears spread evenly

Question 25

what is a minor producer of aqueous layer and secretes electrolytes and water

Answer 25

corneal and conjunctival epithelia

Question 26

what kind of cells are corneal and conjunctival epithelia

Answer 26

stratified squamous cells that produce mucin

Question 27

what is the carbohydrate chain attached to the microvillae that is a dense membrane bound mucin layer with numerous microvillous processes

Answer 27

glyocalyx

Question 28

what are the layers of the tear film (3)

Answer 28

superficial oily layer, tear fluid layer, mucoid layer

Question 29

which tear film layer decreases the evaporation of the underlying aqueous layer

Answer 29

superficial oily layer

Question 30

which tear film layer is contains and supplies the cornea with oxygen

Answer 30

tear fluid layer

Question 31

which tear film layer do contact lenses interfere w/

Answer 31

tear fluid layer

Question 32

which tear film layer allows for wetting of the cornea

Answer 32

mucoid layer

Question 33

which tear film layer permits the hydration fluid (aqueous layer) to be evenly spread over the cornea

Answer 33

mucoid layer

Question 34

in afferent innervation of the tear glands, which nerve causes corneal sensation to cuase tearing

Answer 34

long ciliary nerve (CN V1)

Question 35

which cranial nerve is responsible for the main secretion of the tear film in the parasympathetic efferent innervation of the tear gland

Answer 35

facial nerve-greater petrosal nerve

Question 36

what kind of tearing occurs under normal conditions

Answer 36

basal tearing

Question 37

reflex secretion involves the emptying of the

Answer 37

large lacrimal glands

Question 38

this type of tearing is always bilateral

Answer 38

central

Question 39

reflex tears are from lacrimal gland, basal tears are from accessory glands. what theory

Answer 39

classical theory

Question 40

what do the conjunctival vessels do during lid closure

Answer 40

dilate

Question 41

the immune response realeases... | and blocks the release of....

Answer 41

cytokines | neurotransmitters (Ach and NE)

Question 42

what do uncommon dry eyes have

Answer 42

decreased spreadin

Question 43

what do common dry eyes have

Answer 43

decreased secretion OR increased evap

Question 44

which type of dry eye worsens during the day, have thick and viscous tears, and low schirmer

Answer 44

keratitis sicca

Question 45

which type of dry eye worsens in the morning with watery tears and a high schirmer test

Answer 45

meibomianitis

Question 46

why do people with sjogrens syndrome have dry eye

Answer 46

inflammatory response