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Anatomy and Physio Final > Tears > Flashcards

Tears Flashcards

1
Q

How much tears are produced per 16 hours of wakefulness

A

0.5-1.25g of tears

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2
Q

what is the salt composition of tears

A

Na, K, Cl, HCO3

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3
Q

Tears are _____ at low secretion rates and _____ at higher secretion rates

A

hyperonic

isotonic

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4
Q

what kind of secretory cells are in the lacrimal gland

A

acinar cells

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5
Q

what divides the lacrimal gland into the palpebral and orbital portion

A

aponeurosis of the levator muscle

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6
Q

how many ducts does the orbital portion drain via into the palpebral portion

A

12

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7
Q

what does the palpebral portion open into

A

the superior fornix

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8
Q

what are the acini made up of

A

basal myoepithelial cell layer w/ inner columnar secretory cells

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9
Q

how do the myoepithelial cells force secretions into the tubular drainage system

A

contractions

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10
Q

when do the lacrimal glands develop completely

A

the 3rd month post-natal

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11
Q

what type of secretions come from the lacrimal gland

A

mainly serous, some mucous but they are slow producing

-sero-mucous secretion

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12
Q

the lacrimal gland is a __________ that secretes the major portion of _______ into the tear film

A

tubloacinar exocrine gland

protein, electrolytes, and water

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13
Q

what kind of glands are meibomian glands

A

sebaceous

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14
Q

where are the meibomian glands located

A

tarsal plate (30-40 upper, 20-130 lower lid)

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15
Q

what do the meibomian glands secrete sebum via

A

holocrine secretion

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16
Q

how are meibomian glands regulated by

A

control of holocrin secretoin or lipid synthesis

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17
Q

what do the sebaceous glands of zeis secrete? into what?

A

sebum into hair follicle

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18
Q

what prevents the eyelash shaft from becoming brittle

A

sebaceous gland of zeis

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19
Q

what are the glands of moll? where do they empty intO?

A

modified sweat glands

follicle, zeis gland duct, or lid margin

20
Q

where are the accessory lacrimal glands of krause found

A

stroma of the conjunctival fornix. 20-40 upper/6-8 in lower

21
Q

where are the accessory glands of wolfring found

A

orbital border of the tarsal plate. less numerous

22
Q

what kind of secretion do the accessory lacrimal glands of krause and wolfing do

A

sero-mucous secretion, much less than lacrimal gland

23
Q

what kind of cells are conjuctival glands?

A

goblet cells

24
Q

what cells contribute mucuous to the layer of tears nearest the surface of the eye

A

conjuctival glands. mucous aids in wetting the surface so the tears spread evenly

25
Q

what is a minor producer of aqueous layer and secretes electrolytes and water

A

corneal and conjunctival epithelia

26
Q

what kind of cells are corneal and conjunctival epithelia

A

stratified squamous cells that produce mucin

27
Q

what is the carbohydrate chain attached to the microvillae that is a dense membrane bound mucin layer with numerous microvillous processes

A

glyocalyx

28
Q

what are the layers of the tear film (3)

A

superficial oily layer, tear fluid layer, mucoid layer

29
Q

which tear film layer decreases the evaporation of the underlying aqueous layer

A

superficial oily layer

30
Q

which tear film layer is contains and supplies the cornea with oxygen

A

tear fluid layer

31
Q

which tear film layer do contact lenses interfere w/

A

tear fluid layer

32
Q

which tear film layer allows for wetting of the cornea

A

mucoid layer

33
Q

which tear film layer permits the hydration fluid (aqueous layer) to be evenly spread over the cornea

A

mucoid layer

34
Q

in afferent innervation of the tear glands, which nerve causes corneal sensation to cuase tearing

A

long ciliary nerve (CN V1)

35
Q

which cranial nerve is responsible for the main secretion of the tear film in the parasympathetic efferent innervation of the tear gland

A

facial nerve-greater petrosal nerve

36
Q

what kind of tearing occurs under normal conditions

A

basal tearing

37
Q

reflex secretion involves the emptying of the

A

large lacrimal glands

38
Q

this type of tearing is always bilateral

A

central

39
Q

reflex tears are from lacrimal gland, basal tears are from accessory glands. what theory

A

classical theory

40
Q

what do the conjunctival vessels do during lid closure

A

dilate

41
Q

the immune response realeases…

and blocks the release of….

A

cytokines

neurotransmitters (Ach and NE)

42
Q

what do uncommon dry eyes have

A

decreased spreadin

43
Q

what do common dry eyes have

A

decreased secretion OR increased evap

44
Q

which type of dry eye worsens during the day, have thick and viscous tears, and low schirmer

A

keratitis sicca

45
Q

which type of dry eye worsens in the morning with watery tears and a high schirmer test

A

meibomianitis

46
Q

why do people with sjogrens syndrome have dry eye

A

inflammatory response

Anatomy and Physio Final (9 decks)

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