UvA examen Flashcards
Where are the receptors for taste found?
On specialized taste receptor cells, not directly on the sensory neurons
How many receptor cells contains each taste bud?
Between 50 and 100 receptor cells
How can we taste something?
A chemical substance dissolves in salvia and come into contact with the sensitive ends of appropriate taste receptor cells- those trigger electrial changes that result in acton potentials- first in the taste receptor cells and then, by the synaptic transmission, in sensory neurons that run to the brain.
Which connections does the taste sensory neurons have?
To the limbic system, and cerebral cortex
What is the primary taste area
the cortex
What is sensation
The basic processes by which sensory organs and the nervous system respond to stimuli in the environment and to the elementary psychological experiences that result from those processes
The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors
What is perception
The interpretation of what is sensed
The process of sensation
Physical stimulus– physiological response– sensory experience
Stimulus for smell
Molecules dissolved in fluid on mucous membranes in the nose
The receptors for smell
Sensitive ends of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium in the nose
Stimulus for taste
Molecules disolved in fluid on the tongue
Receptors for the tongue
Taste cells in taste buds on the tongue
Stimulus for pain
Wide variety of potentially harmful stimuli
Receptors for pain
Sensitive ends of pain neurons in skin and other tissues
Stimulus for hearing
Sounds waves
Stimulus for vision
Light waves
Receptors for hearing
Pressure sensitive hair cells in cochlea of inner ear
Receptors for vision
Light sensitive rods and cones in retina of eye
What are sensory receptors?
Specialized structures that respond to physical stimuli by producing electrical changes that van initiate neural impulses in sensory neurons
WHat are sensory neurens?
Specialize neurons that carry information from sensory receptors into the central nervous system
What is transduction?
The process by which a receptor cell produces an electrical change in response to physical stimulation
What is receptor potential?
The membrane of the receptor cell becomes more permenable to certain electrically charged particles, such as sodium, when the appropriate type of stimulus energy acts on the receptor cell. These charged particles then flow through the membrane, either from outside the cell to inside or vica versa, and change the electrical charge across the membrane.
What is sensory coding?
Preservation of information
quantitave variation (dimension)
the amount or intensity of energy
qualitative variation
the precise kind of energy
Sensory adaptation
The change in sensitivity that occurs when a given set of sensory receptors and neurons is either strongly stimulated or relatively unstimulated for a length of time
How do we smell?
Molecules of odorants enter the nose through the nostrils, become dissolved in the mucous fluid covering the olfactory epithelium and bind to receptor sites on the sensitive tips of olfactory sensory neurons, where they initiate action potentials. The sensory neurons sens their axons through the cribriform plate to from synapses on second-order olfactory neurons in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb
The glomeruli in the olfactory bulb send output to various parts of the brain, most goes to xxx
Structures in the limbic system and the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is involved in
basic drives and emotions
How can we smell foods that are in our mouth?
An opening, the nasal pharynx, connects the back of the mouth cavity with the nasal cavity
What is a pheromone
a chemical substance that is released by an animal and acts on other members of its species to promote some specific behavioral or physiological response
What is a pheromone
a chemical substance that is released by an animal and acts on other members of its species to promote some specific behavioral or physiological response
What is the neural pathway for pain?
The receptor cells are the sensory neurons themselces. These neurons have receptive endings in the skin and long axons that enter the central nervous system. Pain neurons are thinner than other neurons form the skin, and their sensitive terminals, called free nerve endings, are not encased in special capsules or end organs
What are c fibers?
Thin, unmyelinated, slow-conducting neurons. Respond to all sorts of stimuli that produce pain
What are A-delta fibers
.Slightlu thicker, myelinated, faster-conducting neurons. Respond to strong pressure or extreme temperature
How do we feel pain?
- First pain: higly localized. A-delta fibers
- after that a dull, burning, more diffuse, longer-lasting second pain. C fibers
- Pain neurons enter the spinal cord or the brainstem and terminate there on interneurons. some interneurons might give an reflexive responses, others send their axons to the thalamus.
What are three different components of pain experience?
- The sensory component depends on the somatosensory cortex, the area of the parietal lobe.
- The primary emotional and motivational component of pain depends on portions of the limbic system referred to as the cingulate cortex and insular cortect in the frontal lobe.
- Secondary emotional and motivational component is in the prefrontal lobe.
Gate-control theory
The experience of pain depends on the degree to which input from pain sensory neurons can pass through a neural ‘gate’ and reach higher pain centers in the brain.
What does the body produce what looks like morphine?
Endorphins
Stress-induces analgesia
The decreased pain sensitivity that accompanies highly stressful sitiations
Amplitude
The height of the wave indicating the total pressure exerted by the molecules of air
What does amplitude corresponds to?
its loudness
Frequency of a sound
is the rate at which the molecules of air or another medium move back and fort
In what is the frequency measured?
Herts
How does the ear works?
Sounds waves entering the outer ear, the auditory canal, cause the eardrum to vibrate, which causes the ossicles to vibrate, which causes the oval window to vibrate, setting waves of motion in the fluis inside the cochlea
What do the semicircular canals do?
They are for balance
Function of the outer ear
Consist the pinna and auditory canal, a funnel for receiving sound waves and transporting them inward
Function of the middle ear?
Eardrum, ossicles, oval window. Is to increase the amount of pressure that sound waves exert upon the inner ear so that transduction can occur
Function of the inner ear?
Cochlea, containing a fluid-filled outer duct. Also the basilar membrane, on which the hair cells are located. They have auditory neurons whoxe axons form the auditory nerve which runs the brain
Conduction deafness
When the ossicles of the middle ear become rigid and can’t carry sounds inward from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea.
Conventional hearing aid might helpt because it magnifies the sound pressure sufficiently for vibrations to be conducted by other bones of the face into the cochlea.
Sensorineural deafness
Damage to the hair cells of the cochlea or damage to the auditory neurons
Congenital deadness
Deafness present at birth may involve damage to either the hair cells or the autitory neurons. Cochlear implant might help
