UTS 2

Question 1

__________ are concerned with questions about the person in the community. For example, they ask questions, like: “How does society influence you?” “How do you affect society?” More importantly, “Who are you as a person in the community?”

Answer 1

Sociologists

Question 2

_________ posits that socially formed norms, beliefs, and values come to exist within the person to a degree where these become natural and normal (Elwell, 2003), thus, developing the person’s self-identity.

Answer 2

Sociology

Question 3

Sociology posits that socially formed norms, beliefs, and values come to exist within the person to a degree where these become natural and normal (Elwell, 2003), thus, developing the person’s ___-____.

Answer 3

self-identity.

Question 4

_________ has significantly changed society, and this has affected how an individual builds and develops his or her self-identity.

Answer 4

Modernization

Question 5

Modernization has significantly changed society, and this has affected how an individual builds and develops his or her ________.

Answer 5

self-identity

Question 6

_________ society was centered on survival. People behaved according to social rules and traditions while the family and the immediate environment provided supervision on how to get through life. Choosing where to live, what line of work to do, and even who to marry was very limited

Answer 6

Pre-modern

Question 7

_________, however, has improved people’s living conditions.

Answer 7

Modernization

Question 8

A person in the ________ _______ is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with. However, stability has also decreased as traditions and traditional support systems, such as the family, have decreased in importance.

Answer 8

modern society

Question 9

A person in the modern society is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with. However, _______ has also decreased as traditions and traditional support systems, such as the family, have decreased in importance.

Answer 9

stability

Question 10

A person in the modern society is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with. However, stability has also decreased as traditions and traditional support systems, such as the family, have _________ in importance.

Answer 10

decreased

Question 11

In modern societies, _______ is dominant, and developing one’s self-identity is central (Giddens, 1991).

Answer 11

individualism

Question 12

In modern societies, individualism is dominant, and developing one’s ___________ is central (Giddens, 1991).

Answer 12

self-identity

Question 13

Key characteristics of modernity
- According to Giddens (1991), the most patent, major characteristics of modernity are:

Answer 13

1. Industrialism
2. Capitalism
3. Institutions of surveillance
4. Dynamism

Question 14

the social relations implied in the extensive use of material
power and machinery in all processes of production;

Answer 14

1. Industrialism

Question 15

a production system involving both competitive product markets
and the commodification (putting a price tag) of labor power

Answer 15

2. Capitalism

Question 16

the massive increase of power and reach by
institutions, especially in government, and

Answer 16

3. Institutions of surveillance

Question 17

the most evident characteristic of a modern society. _______- is
characterized as having vigorous activity and progress. In a modern society, life
is not a predetermined path with limited options based on location, family, or
gender, it is a society full of possibilities. Everything is subject to change, and
changes happen much more rapidly than ever before in human history.

Answer 17

4. Dynamism

Question 18

_________ is characterized as having vigorous activity and progress.

Answer 18

Dynamism

Question 19

Sociologist ______ _______ expressed that people create social networks by joining social groups.

Answer 19

George Simmel

Question 20

Sociologist George Simmel expressed that people create social networks by joining ________ _______

Answer 20

social groups.

Question 21

A ______ ______ is described as having two or more people interacting with one another, sharing similar characteristics, and whose members identify themselves as part of the group. An example of a social group is your family, your barkada, your classmates.

Answer 21

social group

Question 22

A social group is described as having two or more people interacting with one another, sharing _______ characteristics, and whose members identify themselves as part of the group. An example of a social group is your family, your barkada, your classmates.

Answer 22

similar

Question 23

____ _____ refers to the ties or connections that link you to your social group (Khan Academy, WEB). The connection you have with your family is your blood relation; the connection you have with your barkada is your friendship; and the connection you have with your classmates is the common interest to learn.

Answer 23

social network

Question 24

A _______ ______ is either organic or rational. An organic group is naturally occurring, and it is highly influenced by your family. This is usually formed in traditional societies because there is little diversity in these communities.

Answer 24

social group

Question 25

A social group is either ________ or rational.

Answer 25

organic

Question 26

A social group is either organic or ______.

Answer 26

rational

Question 27

An _________ group is naturally occurring, and it is highly influenced by your family. This is usually formed in traditional societies because there is little diversity in these communities.

Answer 27

organic

Question 28

Sociologist _______ _____ stated that you join these groups because your family is also a part of it, in the first place. He called it organic motivation. (organic group)

Answer 28

George Simmel

Question 29

Sociologist George Simmel stated that you join these groups because your family is also a part of it, in the first place. He called it ______ ______ (organic group)

Answer 29

organic motivation.

Question 30

Simmel noted that the positive effect of _____ ______ is rootedness, this means the foundation of the social network runs deep, thus, giving the person a sense of belongingness.

Answer 30

organic groups

Question 31

________ noted that the positive effect of organic groups is rootedness, this means the foundation of the social network runs deep, thus, giving the person a sense of belongingness.

Answer 31

Simmel

Question 32

Simmel noted that the positive effect of organic groups is _________-, this means the foundation of the social network runs deep, thus, giving the person a sense of belongingness.

Answer 32

rootedness

Question 33

The downside, however, is that ________ _______ imply less freedom and greater social conformity. You are expected to act and behave according to your community’s standards (Allan, 2012).

Answer 33

organic groups

Question 34

_______ _______ occur in modern societies.

Answer 34

Rational groups

Question 35

________ _______ are made up of different people coming from different places. The family in modern societies is not the main motivation when joining rational social groups.

Answer 35

Modern societies

Question 36

Modern societies are made up of different people coming from different places. The family in modern societies is not the main motivation when joining ______ ______ groups.

Answer 36

rational social

Question 37

________ ______ are formed as a matter of shared self-interests, moreover, people join these groups out of their own freewill. Simmel called this rational motivation.

Answer 37

Rational groups

Question 38

• Rational groups are formed as a matter of shared self-interests, moreover, people join these groups out of their own freewill. Simmel called this ________ ________/

Answer 38

rational motivation.

Question 39

__________ groups imply greater freedom, especially the freedom of movement.

Answer 39

• Rational groups

Question 40

Relationships based on ______ ______ are not as embedded as organic relationships. Interests change and when they do, group members change. (rational groups)

Answer 40

self-interest

Question 41

-Relationships based on self-interest are not as embedded as ______ _______. Interests change and when they do, group members change.

Answer 41

organic relationships

Question 42

The relationship between ________ ______ _______ is tenuous, and the person feels no meaningful connection with the others (Allan, 2012).

Answer 42

rational social networks

Question 43

The relationship between rational social networks is _______, and the person feels no meaningful connection with the others (Allan, 2012).

Answer 43

tenuous

Question 44

• “A multiple personality is in a certain sense normal” –

Answer 44

George Herbert Mead

Question 45

______ _____ _____ was a sociologist from the late 1800s.

Answer 45

George Herbert Mead

Question 46

He is well known for his “theory of the Social Self” which focused on how the “self” is developed. His theory is based on the perspective that the self is a product of social interactions and internalizing the external (i.e., other people’s) views along with one’s personal view about oneself. he believed the “self” is not present at birth, rather it develops over time through social experiences and activities.

Answer 46

• George Herbert Mead

Question 47

Theory that is based on the perspective that the self is a product of social interactions and internalizing the external (i.e., other people’s) views along with one’s personal view about oneself.

Answer 47

“theory of the Social Self”

Question 48

________ believed the “self” is not present at birth, rather it develops over time through social experiences and activities.

Answer 48

Mead

Question 49

_____ developed a concept that proposed different stages of self-development.

Answer 49

Mead

Question 50

Mead developed a concept that proposed different stages of self-development. Enumerate

Answer 50

These stages are language, play, and game. (George Herbert Mead)

Question 51

According to ______, self-development and language are intimately tied. Through shared understanding of symbols, gestures, and sound, language gives the individual the capacity to express himself or herself while at the same time comprehending what

Answer 51

Mead

Question 52

_______ sets the stage for self-development. (Stages of Development)

Answer 52

Language

Question 53

The second stage for self-development is _______. At this level, individuals role-play or assume the perspective of others. Role-playing enables the person to internalize some other people’s perspectives, hence, he or she develops an understanding of how the other people feel about themselves (and about others, too) in a variety of situations.

Answer 53

play

Question 54

the _______ stage is the level where the individual not only internalizes the other people’s perspectives, he or she is also able to take into account societal rules and adheres to it. (GEORGE HERBERT MEAD)

Answer 54

game

Question 55

-According to _______, the self is developed by understanding the rule, and one must abide by it to win the game or be successful at an activity. (game stage)

Answer 55

Mead

Question 56

According to Mead, the self is developed- Mead sees the person as an active process, not just a mere reflection of society. He further proposed two interactive facets of the self: the “_” and “____-“

Answer 56

I and me

Question 57

The “me” and the “I” have a ______ relationship, which is like a system of checks and balances.

Answer 57

didactic

Question 58

According to _____, me” is the product of what the person has learned while interacting with others and with the environment. Learned behaviors, attitudes, and even expectations comprise the “me.”

Answer 58

Mead

Question 59

According to Mead, “___” is the product of what the person has learned while interacting with others and with the environment. Learned behaviors, attitudes, and even expectations comprise the “___.”

Answer 59

me

Question 60

The “____” exercises social control over the self. It sees to it that rules are not broken.

Answer 60

me

Question 61

the “___” is that part of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous.

Answer 61

I

Question 62

It is the individual’s response to the community’s attitude toward the person. The “___” presents impulses and drives. It enables him or her to express individualism and creativity.

Answer 62

I

Question 63

The “____” does not blindly follow rules. It understands when to possibly bend or stretch the rules that govern social interactions.

Answer 63

I

Question 64

• It constructs a response based on what has been learned by the “me.”

Answer 64

“I”

Question 65

“Indeed, much of the self is learned by making new memories out of old ones.”

Answer 65

– Joseph E. Ledoux

Question 66

________ is the study of people, past and present. It focuses on understanding the human condition in its cultural aspect.

Answer 66

Anthropology

Question 67

______ is concerned with understanding how humans evolved and how they differ from one another.

Answer 67

Anthropology

Question 68

_________ is a very dynamic field, and _______ literature offers several different definitions of “self.” This discussion, however, will tackle the widely acceptable definitions of “self” in modern _______.

Answer 68

anthropology

Question 69

One definition of “self” in _______ _____ characterizes the term in its most general, ordinary, and everyday use.

Answer 69

modern anthropology

Question 70

Anthropologist and professor, _______ _____ (1990), described the self as encompassing the physical organism, possessing psychological functioning and social attributes “This definition portrays the “self” as implicitly and explicitly existing in the mind comprised of psychological, biological, and cultural processes.

Answer 70

Katherine Ewing

Question 71

Neuroscientist ______ _____ _____(2002) conceptualized the implicit and explicit aspects of the self (Kemp, 2012).

Answer 71

Joseph LeDoux

Question 72

• Neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux (2002) conceptualized the ______ and _______ aspects of the self (Kemp, 2012).

Answer 72

implicit and explicit

Question 73

The aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of is the ______ self while the one that is not immediately available to the consciousness is the implicit aspect. This concept can be traced to the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud’s “level of consciousness, (Joseph Le Doux)

Answer 73

explicit

Question 74

The aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of is the explicit self while the one that is not immediately available to the consciousness is the _______ aspect. This concept can be traced to the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud’s “level of consciousness, (Joseph Le Doux)

Answer 74

implicit

Question 75

The aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of is the explicit self while the one that is not immediately available to the consciousness is the implicit aspect. This concept can be traced to the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud’s ______ ____ _____ (Joseph Le Doux)

Answer 75

“level of consciousness,

Question 76

_________ view on how the “self” was developed asserted that it is framed, maintained, and affected biologically, mentally, and socially.

Answer 76

LaDoux’s

Question 77

According to _______ (2002), “the self is not static; it is added to and subtracted from by genetic maturation, learning, forgetting, stress, ageing, and disease.” This is true of both the implicit and explicit aspects of the self.

Answer 77

LeDoux

Question 78

According to LeDoux (2002), “the self is not static; it is added to and subtracted from by genetic maturation, learning, forgetting, stress, ageing, and disease.” This is true of both the _______ and _____- aspects of the self.

Answer 78

implicit and explicit

Question 79

______ (1989) asserted that a “self” is illusory. “People construct a series of self-representations that are based on selected cultural concepts of person and selected
‘chains’ of personal memories. Each self-concept is experienced as whole and continuous, with its own history and memories that emerge in a specific context to be replaced by another self-representation when the context changes.”

Answer 79

Ewing

Question 80

Ewing (1989) asserted that a “self” is _______. “People construct a series of self-representations that are based on selected cultural concepts of person and selected
‘chains’ of personal memories. Each self-concept is experienced as whole and continuous, with its own history and memories that emerge in a specific context to be replaced by another self-representation when the context changes.”

Answer 80

illusory

Question 81

By self-representation, ______ meant culturally shaped “self” concepts that one applies to oneself (Quinn, 2014); “it is the mental entities that are supposed to represent the self”

Answer 81

Ewing

Question 82

According to _____ (1990), people from all cultures have been observed to be able to rapidly project different self-representations, depending on the context of the situation. The person is unaware of these shifts; however, he/she will still experience wholeness and continuity despite these shifts.

Answer 82

Ewing

Question 83

According to Ewing (1990), people from all cultures have been observed to be able to rapidly project different _______-______, depending on the context of the situation. The person is unaware of these shifts; however, he/she will still experience wholeness and continuity despite these shifts.

Answer 83

self-representations

Question 84

If one finds the view that the “_____” is a product of society, then it is plausible that the ways of how the self is developed are bound to cultural differences as well. (culture)

Answer 84

self

Question 85

How individuals see themselves, how they relate to other people, and how they relate to the environment are deeply defined by _____.

Answer 85

culture

Question 86

_________ ________s have argued that the self is culturally shaped and infinitely variable. “Cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, and transform the human psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self, and emotion”

Answer 86

Cultural anthropologist

Question 87

The basic idea is that the principles of how the mind works cannot be conceived of as ________, but that it is as varied as the culture and traditions that people practice all over the world.

Answer 87

universal

Question 88

_____ _____ distinguished two ways of how the self is constructed. These are the independent and interdependent constructs.

Answer 88

Cultural psychologists

Question 89

Cultural psychologists distinguished two ways of how the self is constructed. These are the ________ and _______ constructs.

Answer 89

independent and interdependent

Question 90

These self-construals are also imbedded in culture. _______ is an interpretation of the meaning of something: hence, in this sense, the meaning of “self.”

Answer 90

Construal

Question 91

The ________ _______- is characteristic of individualistic culture, such as in North America and Europe.

Answer 91

independent construct

Question 92

The independent construct is characteristic of ________ culture, such as in North America and Europe.

Answer 92

individualistic

Question 93

__________ culture represents the self as separate, distinct, with emphasis on internal attributes or traits, skills, and values.

Answer 93

Individualistic

Question 94

The interdependent construct is typical of the ________ culture in East Asia stressing the essential connection between the individual to other people.

Answer 94

collectivist

Question 95

Developmental psychologist _______ ______(2010), believed that culture can influence how you view, relationships, personality traits, achievement, and expressing emotions.

Answer 95

Catherine Raeff

Question 96

Developmental psychologist Catherine Raeff (2010), believed that _____- can influence how you view, relationships, personality traits, achievement, and expressing emotions.

Answer 96

culture

Question 97

_______ influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. In Western societies, it is essential for a person to choose whom to marry while some Eastern societies still practice arranged marriage.

Answer 97

Culture (relationships)

Question 98

Culture influences how you enter into and maintain _________. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. In Western societies, it is essential for a person to choose whom to marry while some Eastern societies still practice arranged marriage.

Answer 98

relationships

Question 99

Culture influences whether (and how) you value _____, like humility, self-esteem, politeness, assertiveness, and so on, as well as how you perceive hardship or how you about relying on others

Answer 99

traits (Personality Traits)

Question 100

_________ influences whether (and how) you value traits, like humility, self-esteem, politeness, assertiveness, and so on, as well as how you perceive hardship or how you about relying on others

Answer 100

Culture (Personal Traits)

Question 101

________ influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group achievements.

Answer 101

Culture (Achievement)

Question 102

Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group _______

Answer 102

achievements.

Question 103

_________ influences what will affect you emotionally, as well as how you express yourself, such as showing your feelings in public or keeping it private.

Answer 103

Culture (Expressing Emotions)

Question 104

Culture influences what will affect you _______, as well as how you express yourself, such as showing your feelings in public or keeping it private.

Answer 104

emotionally (Expressing Emotions)

Question 105

_______ is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel.

Answer 105

Psychology

Question 106

It includes topics, such as how the brain works, how our memory is organized, how people interact in groups, and how children learn about the world. In fact, everything that concerns the human being is a concern of ________. From the basic workings of the human brain to consciousness, memory, reasoning and language, to personality and mental health, and everything about the human experience –

Answer 106

psychology

Question 107

__________ will scrutinize it so that you as a human being will understand how it is to be “you.”

Answer 107

Psychology

Question 108

Online dictionaries define the term ______ as “of, relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity, such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering” (WEB).

Answer 108

cognitive

Question 109

_______-_____ argue that it is natural for humans to form theories about themselves, both as a single entity and as a group, to make meaning of one’s existence and experience.

Answer 109

Self-theorists

Question 110

Psychologist _______ _____ was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development.

Answer 110

Jean Piaget

Question 111

Jean Piaget pioneered the “_____ ___ ___ _______”, a comprehensive theory about the development of human intelligence. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself; and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it (Torres & Ash, 2007).

Answer 111

theory of cognitive development

Question 112

He pioneered the “theory of cognitive development, a comprehensive theory about the development of human intelligence. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself; and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it (Torres & Ash, 2007).

Answer 112

Jean Piaget

Question 113

According to Piaget, _____ ______ is a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believes that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience inconsistencies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, and then adjust their ideas accordingly

Answer 113

cognitive development

Question 114

Moreover, Piaget claims that _________ _______is at the center of the human organism. For example, language is dependent on knowledge and understanding, and the capacity to speak and express oneself through language can only be acquired through the development of intelligence, conscious thought, and problem- solving ability that begins in infancy (Baldwin, 2005).

Answer 114

cognitive development

Question 115

Moreover, ______ claims that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism. For example, language is dependent on knowledge and understanding, and the capacity to speak and express oneself through language can only be acquired through the development of intelligence, conscious thought, and problem- solving ability that begins in infancy (Baldwin, 2005).

Answer 115

Piaget

Question 116

_______(1952) observed how children processed and made sense of the world around them and eventually developed a four-stage model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Answer 116

Piaget

Question 117

There are three basic components to Piaget’s cognitive theory. These are:

Answer 117

1. Schemas/schemes
2. Adaptation
3. Stages of Cognitive Development

Question 118

These are the building blocks of knowledge. _______ are
mental organizations that individuals use to understand their environments and
designate action.

Answer 118

Schemes (Piaget’s Cognitive Theory)

Question 119

It involves the child’s learning processes to meet situational
demands.

Answer 119

2. Adaptation

Question 120

They reflect the increasing sophistication
of the child’s thought process.

Answer 120

3. Stages of Cognitive Development

Question 121

According to Piaget, the knowledge children acquire is organized into _______ (_______) or groupings of similar actions or thoughts. Over time, these _______ may change, but they provide an important base level of information about particular events, objects, and information.

Answer 121

schemas (scheme)

Question 122

Jean Piaget describes two processes used by the individual in his/her attempt to adapt - _______ and ______

Answer 122

assimilation and accommodation.

Question 123

he describes two processes used by the individual in his/her attempt to adapt assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 123

Jean Piaget

Question 124

__________ is the application of previous concepts to new concepts. For example, a child who was just learned the word “fish,” shouts “fish!” upon seeing one.

Answer 124

Assimilation (Jean Piaget)

Question 125

__________ happens when people encounter completely new information or when existing ideas are challenged. For example, a child knows dogs and cats. At school, he/she learns the word “animals.” The child will then adjust her understanding that dogs and cats are both animals. People often have to form a new schema or alter existing mental categories to accommodate new information.

Answer 125

accommodation

Question 126

In the “Stages of Cognitive Development,” Piaget theorized that children progress through 4 stages and that they all do so in the same order. Enumerate

Answer 126

• Sensorimotor - 0-2
• Preoperational - 2-7
• Concrete Operations - 7-11
• Formal Operations - 12+

Question 127

The child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. The child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and- effect relationships. Object permanence appears around 9 months.

Answer 127

• Sensorimotor - 0-2

Question 128

The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete operations.

Answer 128

• Preoperational - 2-7

Question 129

The child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-and- effect relationship. Thinking at this stage is still concrete.

Answer 129

• Concrete Operations - 7-11

Question 130

The individual demonstrates abstract thinking at this stage is still concrete.

Answer 130

• Formal Operations - 12+

Question 131

Psychologist, author, and professor, _______ ________ (1999) detailed the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the broad developmental changes observed across early childhood, later childhood, and adolescence could be interpreted within Piagetian framework.

Answer 131

Dr. Susan Harter

Question 132

• Psychologist, author, and professor, Dr. Susan Harter (1999) detailed the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the broad developmental changes observed across early childhood, later childhood, and adolescence could be interpreted within _____ _____-

Answer 132

Piagetian framework.

Question 133

Harter expanded her self-development concept until adulthood. The development of self-concept according to Harter is as follows:

Answer 133

1. Early childhood
2. Middle to later childhood
3. Adolescence
4. Emerging adults

Question 134

The child describes the “self” in terms of concrete, observable characteristics, such as physical attributes (“I’m pretty/ugly/strong”), material possessions (“I have lots of toys”), behaviors (“I love playing with my toys”), and preferences (“I like candies”).

Answer 134

1. Early childhood

Question 135

The self is described in terms of trait like constructs (e.g., smart, honest, friendly, shy) that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills characteristic of logical thought development.

Answer 135

2. Middle to later childhood

Question 136

According to Harter, this is the emergence of more abstract self- definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives. For example, one 15-year-old girl in a study on self- conceptions described herself as follows: “What am I like as a person? Complicated! I’m sensitive, friendly, outgoing, popular, and tolerant though I can also be shy, self-conscious, even obnoxious… I’m a pretty cheerful person, especially with my friends…. At home, I’m more likely to be anxious around my parents” (Harter, 1990b, p. 352). The use of the abstract words sensitive, outgoing, cheerful, and anxious as self-portrait is consistent with Piaget’s findings on the adolescent’s ability to construct higher-order abstractions and the capacity for introspection (Harter, 1999).

Answer 136

3. Adolescence

Question 137

The marked characteristic of “self” for emerging adults is having a vision of a “possible self.” It is the “age of possibilities” (Amett, 2004a). In one Australian study (Whitty, 2002), early emerging adulthood (ages 17-22) was found to be a time of “grand dreams,” of being wealthy and having a glamorous occupation, but beyond emerging adulthood (ages 28-33) the visions of a possible-self became more realistic, if still optimistic.

Answer 137

4. Emerging adults

Question 138

• “The art of being wise is knowing what to overlook,” cited by ______ _______ in his groundbreaking masterpiece, The Principles of Psychology, written in 1890.

Answer 138

William James

Question 139

A figure commonly known as “the father of American psychology, philosopher, psychologist, and university professor, _______ _______ gave one of the earliest self-theory psychological analyses.

Answer 139

William James

Question 140

• According to James (1950), the “self” has two elements: the _______ and ______

Answer 140

I-self and the Me-self.

Question 141

_________ is the pure ego. It is the subjective self. It is the “self” that is aware of its own actions.

Answer 141

I-self

Question 142

The I-self characteristically has four features. These are:

Answer 142

1. A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior
2. A sense of being unique
3. A sense of continuity
4. A sense of awareness about being aware

Question 143

I believe my actions have an impact; that I cause an effect in my environment.

Answer 143

1. A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior

Question 144

This is how I am different from everything in my environment; I perceive there is only one Me.

Answer 144

2. A sense of being unique

Question 145

I am the same person from day to day.

Answer 145

3. A sense of continuity

Question 146

I understand what is going on in me and around me; and I know I understand it.

Answer 146

4. A sense of awareness about being aware

Question 147

The __________ is the self that is the object. It is the “self” that you can describe, such as your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings (Newman, 2017; James, 1950; Pomerleau, ©2017). James called it the empirical self.

Answer 147

me-self

Question 148

The me-self is the self that is the object. It is the “self” that you can describe, such as your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings (Newman, 2017; James, 1950; Pomerleau, ©2017). James called it the ________ _____

Answer 148

empirical self.

Question 149

__________ is defined as “based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic” (WEB).

Answer 149

Empirical

Question 150

The dimensions of the me-self include:

Answer 150

1. Material
2. Social
3. Spiritual

Question 151

physical appearance and extensions of it such as clothing, immediate

Answer 151

1. Material

Question 152

social skills and significant interpersonal relationships; (me self)

Answer 152

2. Social

Question 153

personality, character, defining values. (Me self)

Answer 153

3. Spiritual

Question 154

______ ______ ______ was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology (Capuzzi, 2016).

Answer 154

Carl Ransom Rogers

Question 155

Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist and among the founders of the _________ approach to psychology (Capuzzi, 2016).

Answer 155

humanistic

Question 156

_______ _______ is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century. This approach highlighted the individual’s innate drive toward self-actualization and the process of realizing and expressing one’s own capabilities and creativity (Hansen, 2014).

Answer 156

Humanistic psychology

Question 157

_________ __________ emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds.

Answer 157

Humanistic psychology

Question 158

___________ stressed that a person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and who thinks, feels, and responds to his or her environment. He coined the term actualizing tendency, which refers to a person’s basic instinct to succeed at his or her highest possible capacity.

Answer 158

Rogers or Carl Ransom Rogers

Question 159

Rogers stressed that a person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and who thinks, feels, and responds to his or her environment. He coined the term __________ _________, which refers to a person’s basic instinct to succeed at his or her highest possible capacity.

Answer 159

actualizing tendency

Question 160

Through person-centered counseling and scientific therapy research, Rogers formed his ________ ___ ______ _______, which highlighted free will and the great reservoir of human potential for goodness (McLeod, S. A. 2014).

Answer 160

theory of personality development

Question 161

___________ based his theories of personality development on humanistic psychology and theories of subjective experience.

Answer 161

Rogers or Carl Ransom Rogers

Question 162

Rogers based his theories of personality development on ___________ _________ and theories of subjective experience.

Answer 162

humanistic psychology

Question 163

Rogers based his theories of personality development on humanistic psychology and ______ ___ _______ ________.

Answer 163

theories of subjective experience.

Question 164

According to ________, all behavior is motivated by self- actualizing tendencies and these tendencies drive you to reach your full potential. He believes that the world a person exists in is the center of constant changes, and the person reacts to these changes. As a result of this constant interaction with the environment and others, an individual forms a structure of the self or self-concept-an organized, fluid, conceptual pattern of concepts and values related to the self.

Answer 164

Rogers

Question 165

• If the person holds a ___________ _______-________, he or she would tend to feel good about himself or herself, and would generally see the world as a safe and positive place. If the person holds a negative self-concept, then he or she may feel unhappy with who he/she is

Answer 165

positive self-concept

Question 166

If the person holds a positive self-concept, he or she would tend to feel good about himself or herself, and would generally see the world as a safe and positive place. If the person holds a _____________ ________-_________, then he or she may feel unhappy with who he/she is

Answer 166

negative self-concept

Question 167

• Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ________ ______ and the ______ _____.

Answer 167

the ideal self and the real self

Question 168

The ________ ______ is the person that you would like yourself to be; it is your concept of the “Best me” who is worthy of admiration. It is an idealized image of self that the individual has developed based on what you have have learned and experienced. For example, your parents are medical doctors who are respected and admired in your community. Observing your parents, you conclude that to be happy, you need to be smart and have a high-paying job. Your ideal self may be someone who excels in science subjects, spends a lot of time studying, and does not get queasy easily.

Answer 168

ideal self

Question 169

The ideal self could include:

Answer 169

1. Notions influenced by your parents;
2. What you admire in others;
3. What the society sees as acceptable; and
4. What you think is in your best interest.

Question 170

The _________ ________ is the person you actually are. It is how you behave right at the moment of a situation. It is who you are in reality - how you think, feel, or act at present.

Answer 170

real self

Question 171

He accentuated the need to achieve consistency between the ideal self and the real self. According to ________, “If the way that I am (the real self) is aligned with the way that I want to be (the ideal self), then I will feel a sense of mental well-being or peace of mind.

Answer 171

Rogers

Question 172

In other words, when your ______ ______and ______ ______ are very similar you experience congruence. High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life”

Answer 172

real self and ideal self

Question 173

In other words, when your real self and ideal self are very similar you experience __________. High _________ leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life”

Answer 173

congruence

Question 174

When there is a great inconsistency between your ideal and real selves or if the way you are is not aligned with what you want to be, then you experience a state Rogers called _________.

Answer 174

incongruence.

Question 175

Rogers added that _________ could lead to maladjustment. Maladjustment is defined as the inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demands of one’s environment.

Answer 175

incongruence

Question 176

Rogers added that incongruence could lead to __________. ____________ is defined as the inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demands of one’s environment.

Answer 176

Maladjustment

Question 177

________ ________ (1890) said, “Properly speaking, a man has as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their head.”

Answer 177

William James

Question 178

On the other hand, social psychologist ________ ________ (2010) said, “But the concept of the self loses its meaning if a person has multiple selves…the essence of self involves integration of diverse experiences into a unity. In short, unity is one of the defining features of selfhood and identity.

Answer 178

Roy Baumeister `

Question 179

The ________ ___ ________ was a central topic for classical modern philosophers (from 1600s to 1900s). This idea was pushed by Descartes, Kant, and James to name a few.

Answer 179

unity of consciousness

Question 180

According to _________ _________, the mind (that is the thinking, experiencing being) is not made up of parts; thus, it cannot be a physical substance because anything material has parts (Skirry, 2005). _________ claimed that this “being” is of unified consciousness and not composed of merged fragments

Answer 180

Rene Descartes

Question 181

There is also Immanuel Kant’s “__________ ____ _________” that can be described as “I am conscious not only of single experiences but of a great many experiences at the same time. The same is true of actions; I can do and be conscious of doing a number of actions at the same time” (Brook, 2016).

Answer 181

unity of consciousness

Question 182

Contemporary psychological studies challenged the notion of a single, distinct, “_______ ______” notion of self. Several major personality theorists proposed that the mind is made up of several sub-selves.

Answer 182

only one

Question 183

Contemporary psychological studies challenged the notion of a single, distinct, “only one” notion of self. Several major personality theorists proposed that the mind is made up of several ______-______

Answer 183

sub-selves.

Question 184

Psychologist _______ ________ (1961) proposed his “personality trait” theory asserting that every person possesses “traits.” According to ______, a “trait” is your essential characteristic that never, ever changes and sticks with you all your life. Moreover, these traits shape who you are (how you think, feel, or behave, etc.) in any given day.

Answer 184

Gordon Allport

Question 185

Psychologist Gordon Allport (1961) proposed his “_______ _______” theory asserting that every person possesses “traits.” According to Allport, a “trait” is your essential characteristic that never, ever changes and sticks with you all your life. Moreover, these traits shape who you are (how you think, feel, or behave, etc.) in any given day.

Answer 185

personality trait

Question 186

In 1960 psychiatrist _____ ______- began to develop his transactional analysis model as basis for understanding behavior. Which is anchored on two notions.

Answer 186

Eric Berne

Question 187

In 1960 psychiatrist Eric Berne began to develop his ______ ______ _______ as basis for understanding behavior. Which is anchored on two notions:

Answer 187

transactional analysis model

Question 188

Transactional analysis is anchored on two notions:

Answer 188

1. Every person has three parts called “ego states” in his or her personality.
2. People communicate with one another assuming roles of any of these ego states.

Question 189

Eric Berne presented the ego states as:

Answer 189

1. Parent
2. Adult
3. Child

Question 190

The ________ ego state is the voice of authority. It could be a comforting “nurturing parent” voice or a “controlling/critical parent” voice that tells what you should or should not do.

Answer 190

parent

Question 191

The ________ ego state is the rational person. It is the voice that speaks reasonably and knows how to assert himself or herself.

Answer 191

Adult

Question 192

• There are Three child ego states.

Answer 192

The natural child
The little professor
The Adaptive Child

Question 193

First is the ________ _______ who loves to play but is sensitive and vulnerable. (Child Ego State)

Answer 193

natural child

Question 194

The ______ ________ is the curious child who wants to try everything. (Child Ego State)

Answer 194

little professor

Question 195

The ________ __________ is the one who reacts to the world. He or she could be trying to fit in or is rebelling against authority (Berne, 2016 edition). (Child Ego State)

Answer 195

adaptive child

Question 196

University professor and author ________ _______ proposed that the human self has three related, but separable, domains.

Answer 196

Gregg Henriques

Question 197

• University professor and author Gregg Henriques proposed that the human self has three related, but separable, domains. These domains are:

Answer 197

1. Experiential self;
2. Private self-conscious.
3. Public self/persona.

Question 198

Henriques (2014) described the “_______ ________” as the theater of consciousness because it is the first to experience its beingness (the state or fact of existing). He added that the ________ _______ is closely tied to memory.

Answer 198

experiential self

Question 199

The “________ _______-________” can be described as the narrator or interpreter. It is the self that narrates the unfolding events and at the same time tries to make sense of the experience.

Answer 199

private self-conscious

Question 200

The “________ ____ ____ _______” is the image you project to the public. This is the image that interacts with others and will influence how others see you.

Answer 200

public self or person

Question 201

Imagine that people are like onions. The center of the onion needs to be protected by layers to be able to survive. At the center of the onion lies our _____ _____, surrounded by layers we have developed through our lives as protection. These layers are our false self. (D. W. Winnicott )

Answer 201

true self

Question 202

Imagine that people are like onions. The center of the onion needs to be protected by layers to be able to survive. At the center of the onion lies our true self, surrounded by layers we have developed through our lives as protection. These layers are our ____ ____. (D. W. Winnicott )

Answer 202

false self

Question 203

Winnicott also proposed that the healthy person’s self is hidden from the outside world, uninfluenced by external (harsh) realities. The _____ _____ is put up to defend the core from these realities and prevent it from any changes.

Answer 203

false self

Question 204

Winnicott expressed that the ______ ______ is the product of early experience. It is a failures defensive organization formed by the infant because of inadequate mothering or in empathy.

Answer 204

false self

Question 205

Winnicott added that the _______ ________ is developed as the infant is repeatedly subjected to maternal care that intrudes upon, rejects, or abandons his or her experience (Daehnert, 1998).

Answer 205

false self

Question 206

The _______ ______ is also based on being completely obedient to the parents’ wishes. Winnicott asserted that when the child is constantly expected to follow rules, a ______ ______ develops.

Answer 206

false self

Question 207

The _______ _______ is a mask or a persona. It is a form of defense that constantly seeks to anticipate others’ demands and complying with them, as a way of protecting the true self from a world that is felt to be unsafe.

Answer 207

false self

Question 208

when the person has false self but can still function both as an individual and in the society, then he or she has a ______ ______ ______(D. W. Winnicott )

Answer 208

healthy false self.

Question 209

The _______ ______ feels that it is still connected with the true self. Thus, it can be compliant without feeling guilty that it abandoned its true self. (D.W. Winnicott) (False Self)

Answer 209

healthy false self

Question 210

there is also the _______ ______ ______. An individual who may seem happy and comfortable in his or her environment but actually feels forced to fit in and constantly needs to adjust his or her behavior to adapt to the social situation is said to have an ______ _______ _________. (D.W. Winnicott) (False Self)

Answer 210

unhealthy false self

Question 211

______ _______ flourishes in infancy if the mother is positively responsive to the child’s spontaneous expressions (Winnicott, 1960; Jones-Smith, 2011).

Answer 211

True self

Question 212

Winnicott described ________ _______ as a sense of “self” based on “spontaneous authentic experience.” It is an awareness that bodily functions are working, such as the heart pumping, as well as simply breathing.

Answer 212

true self

Question 213

________ _________, according to Winnicott (1960), is part of the infant that feels creative, spontaneous, and real. It has a sense of integrity, of connected wholeness.

Answer 213

True self

Question 214

_________ ________ is a sense of being alive and real in one’s mind and body, having feelings that are spontaneous and unforced. This experience of aliveness is what allows people to be genuinely close to others and to be creative.

Answer 214

True self

Question 215

Who believed that people unconsciously repeat early relationships (particularly the mother-infant relationship) in one form or another. A child whose mother is positively responsive and supports the child’s natural process of individuation will grow up as an adult with a stable self-image; views other people realistically; and accepts both the positive and negative side of every person including himself/herself (Jones-Smith, 2011

Answer 215

D.W. Winnicott

Question 216

___________ have found that a person’s cultural background can affect how a person sees himself or herself.

Answer 216

• Psychologists

Question 217

Psychologists have found that a person’s _________ ________ can affect how a person sees himself or herself.

Answer 217

cultural background

Question 218

Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, and Nisbett (1998) reported that people are shaped by their __________, and their __________ is also shaped by them.

Answer 218

culture

Question 219

One of the major proponents of cultural psychology, _________ ____________, wrote, “Cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, and transform the human psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self, and emotion” (1991).

Answer 219

Richard Shweder

Question 220

An individual thinks, feels, and behaves similarly as that of the members of his or her community However, each community has its own standards, expectations, and rules that shape its members. These differences are the reason people are markedly _________. This divergence is evident in the eastern and western concepts of “self”

Answer 220

divergent

Question 221

________ ________ philosophers see humans as the bearers of irreplaceable values.

Answer 221

Ancient Greek

Question 222

In medieval times, the philosopher and saint, _________ __________, believed that the body constitutes individuality.

Answer 222

Thomas Aquinas

Question 223

The individual was the focus of Renaissance thought, with Rene Descartes’ famous “_ ____ _____ __ ______” as the epitome of the Western idea of self.

Answer 223

I think, therefore I am

Question 224

• The _________ _________ is generally acknowledged to be “imbued with a style of thinking based on dichotomy and binary opposition”

Answer 224

western tradition

Question 225

There is an essential distinction between the notion of the thinking subject (______ ________) that stands in natural opposition to observable reality (western concept of self)

Answer 225

an observer

Question 226

The psychiatrist and professor, ________ ________(1985), outlined four categories on how the term “self” is used in contemporary western discussion.

1. Analytical
2. Monotheistic
3. Individualistic
4. Materialistic/rationalistic

Answer 226

Frank Johnson

Question 227

The psychiatrist and professor, Frank Johnson (1985), outlined four categories on how the term “self” is used in contemporary western discussion. Enumerate

Answer 227

1. Analytical
2. Monotheistic
3. Individualistic
4. Materialistic/rationalistic

Question 228

• By _________, Johnson meant the “tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts.” The “self” is an observer separate and distinct from external objects (Me versus Other). Frank Johnson (1985)

Answer 228

analytic (Analytical)

Question 229

___________, according to Johnson, involved the tendency toward unitary explanations of phenomena and a closed-system view of “self” as modeled after a unitary, omnipotent power (“Man was created by God, in His image). Frank Johnson (1985)

Answer 229

Monotheism

Question 230

______________ on the other hand, is a quality of western thinking where self-expression and self-actualization are important ways of establishing who one is, as well as in finding satisfaction in the world. Frank Johnson (1985)

Answer 230

Individualism

Question 231

_____________/__________ western thinking tends to discredit explanations that do not use analytic-deductive modes of thinking (Johnson, 1985, Goldin, 2000). Frank Johnson (1985)

Answer 231

materialistic/rationalistic

Question 232

The earliest religious writings in the East are the _________. It formed the Hindu philosophy and dharma (the principle of cosmic order). The chants and hymns in the ___________ illustrate the eastern mindset of a nondual universe but rather a creation that is completely unified with the creator, with no distinction (Watts, 1965, Wolter, 2013).

Answer 232

Vedas

Question 233

The earliest religious writings in the East are the Vedas. It formed the ________ _______ and dharma (the principle of cosmic order). The chants and hymns in the Vedas illustrate the eastern mindset of a nondual universe but rather a creation that is completely unified with the creator, with no distinction (Watts, 1965, Wolter, 2013).

Answer 233

Hindu philosophy

Question 234

According to these sacred Hindu texts, the true nature of humans is described as “_________” which is the divine universal consciousness encompassing the universe.

Answer 234

Brahman

Question 235

The ____________ is the Self that is all within us (Watts, 1965; Wolter; 2013). Thus, one of the main points of Hinduism is “change your perception of the world to perceive the Brahman in oneself and in others”

Answer 235

Brahman

Question 236

___________ is composed of the teachings of Buddha.

Answer 236

Buddhism

Question 237

In _________ traditions, the “self” is not an entity, a substance, or essence. Rather, the “self” is a dynamic process. It is interdependent and ever changing.

Answer 237

Buddhist

Question 238

The Buddha taught a doctrine called ________, which is often defined as “no-self or no-soul.”

Answer 238

annata

Question 239

_________- is a concept that the sense of being a permanent, autonomous “self” is an illusion. It is the teaching that there is no eternal, unchanging “self/soul” inhabiting our bodies or living our lives. (Buddhism)

Answer 239

Annata

Question 240

______ _______ holds that the human being’s inborn erroneous view of “self” as an enduring entity is the cause of his/her suffering because he/she tries to hold on to that which is in constant flux (constantly flowing or constantly changing) and has existence outside of shifting contexts (Galin, 2003). Thus, a new corrective experience of the “self” is needed.

Answer 240

Buddhist tradition

Question 241

____________ takes a great interest in how people experience their “self” rather than just their abstract idea of it because ________ practices are designed to lead to a new (correct) experience of self. It takes arduous training to modify or overcome the natural state of experiencing the “self” as persisting and unchanging.

Answer 241

Buddhism , Buddhist

Question 242

In __________, the quest for the “self” in terms of substance, of spirit, of body, or of essence does not exist.

Answer 242

Confucianism

Question 243

The form that ____________ wrote about the concept of “self” is that of personality. The qualities that form a person’s character are not something that exists inherently. Rather, in Confucian thought it is something that is formed through upbringing and the environment.

Answer 243

Confucius

Question 244

The form that Confucius wrote about the concept of “self” is that of personality. The qualities that form a person’s character are not something that exists inherently. Rather, in ____________ thought it is something that is formed through upbringing and the environment.

Answer 244

Confucian

Question 245

__________ ___________ presented the idea that every person is born with four beginnings. However, these do not yet comprise the concept of “self” but when perceived together, it could be explained in Western terms as a “pre-self” or a “potential self.”

Answer 245

Confucian philosophy

Question 246

Confucian philosophy presented the idea that every person is born with four beginnings. However, these do not yet comprise the concept of “self” but when perceived together, it could be explained in Western terms as a ______-_____ or a _______ ______

Answer 246

“pre-self” or a “potential self.”

Question 247

• Confucian philosophy presented the idea that every person is born with four beginnings. However, these do not yet comprise the concept of “self” but when perceived together, it could be explained in Western terms as a “pre-self” or a “potential self.” Enumerate

Answer 247

These four beginnings are:
1. Heart of compassion that leads to Jen;
2. Heart of righteousness that leads to Yi;
3. Heart of propriety that leads to Li; and
4. Heart of wisdom that leads to Chih.

Question 248

1. Heart of __________ that leads to Jen; (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 248

compassion

Question 249

2. Heart of ____________ that leads to Yi; (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 249

righteousness

Question 250

3. Heart of ___________ that leads to Li; and (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 250

propriety

Question 251

4. Heart of __________ that leads to Chih. (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 251

wisdom

Question 252

____.-_____.-____.-__ and ______ are the perfection of the virtues that at the start were mere potentials.(Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 252

Jen, Yi, Li, and Chih

Question 253

______ means goodwill, sympathy toward others, politeness, and generosity (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 253

Jen

Question 254

_____ means rightness and the respect of duty (you must respect your position as a guardian toward nature and humanity). (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 254

• Yi

Question 255

___ means having the right to practice propriety in all that you do. (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 255

Li

Question 256

_________ involves demonstrating your inner attitude in your outer expression. (Li)

Answer 256

Propriety

Question 257

_______ means wisdom, this wisdom is expressed by putting jen, yi, and li into practice. (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)

Answer 257

Chih

Question 258

_________ (in the Confucian perception) is an achieved state of moral excellence rather than a given human condition. However, such achieved personality, or self, is not to be understood as primarily an individual entity.

Answer 258

Personality

Question 259

The __________ concept of self is deeply embedded within the family and society, and it is only in that context that the self comes to be what it is.

Answer 259

Confucian

Question 260

________ rejects a hierarchical view of the self, society, or cosmos.

Answer 260

Taoism

Question 261

Unlike Confucianism, _________ does not regard the “self” as an extension of (or defined by) social relationships. Rather, the “self” is but one of the countless manifestations of the Tao. It is an extension of the cosmos (or the universe seen as a well-ordered whole).

Answer 261

Taoism

Question 262

________ _______, regarded as a mystic of unmatched brilliance in China, gave an explicit negation of the centrality of the “self.”

Answer 262

Chuang-tzu

Question 263

According to _________-_______, “The perfect man has no self; the spiritual man has no achievement; the true sage has no name.” The ideal is, thus, selflessness.

Answer 263

Chuang-tzu

Question 264

In sum, ______-_______ conception of selfhood entails conscious self-transformation leading to the attributes of a balanced life in harmony with both nature and society.

Answer 264

Chuang-tzu’s

Question 265

The Arabic word for the word “self” is ______ written in the Holy Qur’an. It pertains to the psyche (the totality of the conscious and unconscious human mind) or the soul

Answer 265

Nafs

Question 266

The _________ does not ascribe any property of goodness or evil to the “nafs/self.” Instead, the “nafs/self” is something, which has to be nurtured and self-regulated, so that it can progress into becoming “good” (or conversely, “evil”) through its thoughts and actions.

Answer 266

Quran

Question 267

• The Quran does not ascribe any property of goodness or evil to the “____________.” Instead, the “_________” is something, which has to be nurtured and self-regulated, so that it can progress into becoming “good” (or conversely, “evil”) through its thoughts and actions.

Answer 267

nafs/self

Question 268

The “self” in __________ tradition is used both in the individualistic and collective sense

Answer 268

Islamic

Question 269

__________ refers to the extent that we value our duty to groups to which we and to group harmony.

Answer 269

Collectivism

Question 270

Highly ___________ people define themselves by their group membership and value harmonious relationships within those groups.

Answer 270

collectivist

Question 271

________ plays a very significant role in the development of the self-concept. It embodies specific values, thoughts, or ideas that play a central role in determining a person’s sense of “self.”

Answer 271

Culture

Question 272

The two dominant self-concepts are the______ ______ and the _______ _______

Answer 272

individualistic self and the collective self.

Question 273

Americans are fond of saying “I am my own man.” They believe that they should assert and stand up for themselves. One of their famous quotes is, “I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul” believing that it is the person who determines how he or she lives his/her life. What type of self concept is this?

Answer 273

Individualistic self

Question 274

_______ ________ (such as in the USA, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, and New Zealand) emphasize the moral worth of the individual (Wood, 1972).

Answer 274

Individualistic cultures

Question 275

_________ encourage asserting one’s goals and desires; they highly value independence and self-reliance. They insist that the interests of the individual should take precedence over the state or a social group.

Answer 275

• Individualists

Question 276

• They also strongly oppose external\interference by society or institutions (such as the government) upon one’s own interests. What type of self-concept?

Answer 276

Individualistic self-concept

Question 277

________ _______ are oriented around the individual: that a person should be independent instead of having the mentality of identifying with a group.

Answer 277

Individualistic cultures

Question 278

• In interpersonal relationships, __________ see each other as only loosely linked, and they value personal goals over group interests (Hofstede, 2001). Moreover, it is characterized with emphasis on personal achievements and a rational assessment of both the beneficial and detrimental aspects of relationships with others (Rothwell, 2010).

Answer 278

Individualists

Question 279

Societies that focus on the person create an __________ self-concept wherein the person sees the constellation of traits and characteristics that distinguish the individual within his or her social context (Constantine, Brewer, & Constantine, 2001).

Answer 279

individualistic

Question 280

This form of self-representation relies on interpersonal comparison processes and is associated with the motive of protecting or enhancing the person psychologically.

Answer 280

Individualistic / Individualism

Question 281

A study conducted by ________ ________, a Filipino psychologist and educator, determined that one of the strengths of the Filipino character is our deep love and concern for the family, which includes not simply the spouses and children, parents, and siblings, but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, godparents, and all other ceremonial relatives. To the Filipino, one’s family is the source of personal identity, the source of emotional and material support, and the person’s main commitment and all responsibility.

Answer 281

Patricia Licuanan

Question 282

Eastern culture practiced by countries in Asia (i.e., the Philippines) base their values and self-concept in a _________ view. People in ____________ culture emphasize the interdependence and harmonious relatedness with one another (e.g., the family, co-workers, friends, etc.). It is of utmost importance to be part of and maintain social networks, maintain good relationships, and fulfill obligations.

Answer 282

collectivist

Question 283

• Because of such difference in emphases, western self-concept has been challenged that it did not capture the significant relationship of interdependence in eastern collectivist cultures. Some contemporary self-concept theories attempted to close the gap between cultural concepts. Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:

Answer 283

1. Private
2. Public
3. Collective

Question 284

which refers to the mental processes that perceive one’s own traits or behaviors (e.g. I am honest);

Answer 284

1. Private - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:

Question 285

which refers to the generalized view of self, such as the perception of how others view you (e.g., People think I’m honest); and

Answer 285

2. Public - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:

Question 286

which refers to the view of self in a collective concept (e.g., My family expects me to be honest).

Answer 286

3. Collective - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:

Question 287

in an ____________ _________, the person would predominantly show the private self and will behave according to personal beliefs, feelings, philosophy, etc.

Answer 287

individualistic culture - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:

Question 288

In a _________ _________, the person would present the “collective self” more; and is thus more inclined to behave according to rules, norms, and custom (Triandis, 1986; McInerney, 2003).

Answer 288

collectivist culture

Question 289

The ________ ________ as a way of thinking and lifestyle is still an inspiration to many East Asian societies. Characteristic of __________ selfhood is the participation of others in the dynamic process of self and spiritual development.

Answer 289

Confucian tradition

Question 290

The Confucian concept of _____ often rendered as “proper conduct” or “propriety” was originally denoted as court rites (rituals) performed to sustain social and cosmic order.

Answer 290

Li

Question 291

The current context of ____ moved beyond mere politeness or convention. It has since been central to Confucian human-centered religiousness.

Answer 291

Li

Question 292

In the _________ sense, self-development is a lifelong commitment to learning, However, _______ learning is not only about reading books or taking exams; it is also about ritual practice. It involves practicing discipline for the mind and body to love life not as an isolated individual but as an active participant in the living community.

Answer 292

Confucian

Question 293

Perhaps the single most important concept of the self in _________ thought is the view that the “self” is the center of relationships. The idea is that it is only by continually opening the self to others that the “self” maintains its wholeness and identity.

Answer 293

Confucian

Question 294

• Perhaps the single most important concept of the self in Confucian thought is the view that the “_____” is the center of relationships. The idea is that it is only by continually opening the self to others that the “self” maintains its wholeness and identity.

Answer 294

self