UTS 2 Flashcards
UTS SECOND EXAMINATION
1
Q
__________ are concerned with questions about the person in the community. For example, they ask questions, like: “How does society influence you?” “How do you affect society?” More importantly, “Who are you as a person in the community?”
A
Sociologists
2
Q
_________ posits that socially formed norms, beliefs, and values come to exist within the person to a degree where these become natural and normal (Elwell, 2003), thus, developing the person’s self-identity.
A
Sociology
3
Q
Sociology posits that socially formed norms, beliefs, and values come to exist within the person to a degree where these become natural and normal (Elwell, 2003), thus, developing the person’s ___-____.
A
self-identity.
4
Q
_________ has significantly changed society, and this has affected how an individual builds and develops his or her self-identity.
A
Modernization
5
Q
Modernization has significantly changed society, and this has affected how an individual builds and develops his or her ________.
A
self-identity
6
Q
_________ society was centered on survival. People behaved according to social rules and traditions while the family and the immediate environment provided supervision on how to get through life. Choosing where to live, what line of work to do, and even who to marry was very limited
A
Pre-modern
7
Q
_________, however, has improved people’s living conditions.
A
Modernization
8
Q
A person in the ________ _______ is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with. However, stability has also decreased as traditions and traditional support systems, such as the family, have decreased in importance.
A
modern society
9
Q
A person in the modern society is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with. However, _______ has also decreased as traditions and traditional support systems, such as the family, have decreased in importance.
A
stability
10
Q
A person in the modern society is free to choose where to live, what to do, and who to be with. However, stability has also decreased as traditions and traditional support systems, such as the family, have _________ in importance.
A
decreased
11
Q
In modern societies, _______ is dominant, and developing one’s self-identity is central (Giddens, 1991).
A
individualism
12
Q
In modern societies, individualism is dominant, and developing one’s ___________ is central (Giddens, 1991).
A
self-identity
13
Q
Key characteristics of modernity
- According to Giddens (1991), the most patent, major characteristics of modernity are:
A
- Industrialism
- Capitalism
- Institutions of surveillance
- Dynamism
14
Q
the social relations implied in the extensive use of material
power and machinery in all processes of production;
A
- Industrialism
15
Q
a production system involving both competitive product markets
and the commodification (putting a price tag) of labor power
A
- Capitalism
16
Q
the massive increase of power and reach by
institutions, especially in government, and
A
- Institutions of surveillance
17
Q
the most evident characteristic of a modern society. _______- is
characterized as having vigorous activity and progress. In a modern society, life
is not a predetermined path with limited options based on location, family, or
gender, it is a society full of possibilities. Everything is subject to change, and
changes happen much more rapidly than ever before in human history.
A
- Dynamism
18
Q
_________ is characterized as having vigorous activity and progress.
A
Dynamism
19
Q
Sociologist ______ _______ expressed that people create social networks by joining social groups.
A
George Simmel
20
Q
Sociologist George Simmel expressed that people create social networks by joining ________ _______
A
social groups.
21
Q
A ______ ______ is described as having two or more people interacting with one another, sharing similar characteristics, and whose members identify themselves as part of the group. An example of a social group is your family, your barkada, your classmates.
A
social group
22
Q
A social group is described as having two or more people interacting with one another, sharing _______ characteristics, and whose members identify themselves as part of the group. An example of a social group is your family, your barkada, your classmates.
A
similar
23
Q
____ _____ refers to the ties or connections that link you to your social group (Khan Academy, WEB). The connection you have with your family is your blood relation; the connection you have with your barkada is your friendship; and the connection you have with your classmates is the common interest to learn.
A
social network
24
Q
A _______ ______ is either organic or rational. An organic group is naturally occurring, and it is highly influenced by your family. This is usually formed in traditional societies because there is little diversity in these communities.
A
social group
25
A social group is either ________ or rational.
organic
26
A social group is either organic or ______.
rational
27
An _________ group is naturally occurring, and it is highly influenced by your family. This is usually formed in traditional societies because there is little diversity in these communities.
organic
28
Sociologist _______ _____ stated that you join these groups because your family is also a part of it, in the first place. He called it organic motivation. (organic group)
George Simmel
29
Sociologist George Simmel stated that you join these groups because your family is also a part of it, in the first place. He called it ______ ______ (organic group)
organic motivation.
30
Simmel noted that the positive effect of _____ ______ is rootedness, this means the foundation of the social network runs deep, thus, giving the person a sense of belongingness.
organic groups
31
________ noted that the positive effect of organic groups is rootedness, this means the foundation of the social network runs deep, thus, giving the person a sense of belongingness.
Simmel
32
Simmel noted that the positive effect of organic groups is _________-, this means the foundation of the social network runs deep, thus, giving the person a sense of belongingness.
rootedness
33
The downside, however, is that ________ _______ imply less freedom and greater social conformity. You are expected to act and behave according to your community's standards (Allan, 2012).
organic groups
34
_______ _______ occur in modern societies.
Rational groups
35
________ _______ are made up of different people coming from different places. The family in modern societies is not the main motivation when joining rational social groups.
Modern societies
36
Modern societies are made up of different people coming from different places. The family in modern societies is not the main motivation when joining ______ ______ groups.
rational social
37
________ ______ are formed as a matter of shared self-interests, moreover, people join these groups out of their own freewill. Simmel called this rational motivation.
Rational groups
38
- Rational groups are formed as a matter of shared self-interests, moreover, people join these groups out of their own freewill. Simmel called this ________ ________/
rational motivation.
39
__________ groups imply greater freedom, especially the freedom of movement.
- Rational groups
40
Relationships based on ______ ______ are not as embedded as organic relationships. Interests change and when they do, group members change. (rational groups)
self-interest
41
-Relationships based on self-interest are not as embedded as ______ _______. Interests change and when they do, group members change.
organic relationships
42
The relationship between ________ ______ _______ is tenuous, and the person feels no meaningful connection with the others (Allan, 2012).
rational social networks
43
The relationship between rational social networks is _______, and the person feels no meaningful connection with the others (Allan, 2012).
tenuous
44
- “A multiple personality is in a certain sense normal” –
George Herbert Mead
45
______ _____ _____ was a sociologist from the late 1800s.
George Herbert Mead
46
He is well known for his "theory of the Social Self" which focused on how the "self" is developed. His theory is based on the perspective that the self is a product of social interactions and internalizing the external (i.e., other people's) views along with one's personal view about oneself. he believed the "self" is not present at birth, rather it develops over time through social experiences and activities.
- George Herbert Mead
47
Theory that is based on the perspective that the self is a product of social interactions and internalizing the external (i.e., other people's) views along with one's personal view about oneself.
"theory of the Social Self"
48
________ believed the "self" is not present at birth, rather it develops over time through social experiences and activities.
Mead
49
_____ developed a concept that proposed different stages of self-development.
Mead
50
Mead developed a concept that proposed different stages of self-development. Enumerate
These stages are language, play, and game. (George Herbert Mead)
51
According to ______, self-development and language are intimately tied. Through shared understanding of symbols, gestures, and sound, language gives the individual the capacity to express himself or herself while at the same time comprehending what
Mead
52
_______ sets the stage for self-development. (Stages of Development)
Language
53
The second stage for self-development is _______. At this level, individuals role-play or assume the perspective of others. Role-playing enables the person to internalize some other people's perspectives, hence, he or she develops an understanding of how the other people feel about themselves (and about others, too) in a variety of situations.
play
54
the _______ stage is the level where the individual not only internalizes the other people's perspectives, he or she is also able to take into account societal rules and adheres to it. (GEORGE HERBERT MEAD)
game
55
-According to _______, the self is developed by understanding the rule, and one must abide by it to win the game or be successful at an activity. (game stage)
Mead
56
According to Mead, the self is developed- Mead sees the person as an active process, not just a mere reflection of society. He further proposed two interactive facets of the self: the "_" and "____-"
I and me
57
The "me" and the "I" have a ______ relationship, which is like a system of checks and balances.
didactic
58
According to _____, me" is the product of what the person has learned while interacting with others and with the environment. Learned behaviors, attitudes, and even expectations comprise the "me."
Mead
59
According to Mead, "___" is the product of what the person has learned while interacting with others and with the environment. Learned behaviors, attitudes, and even expectations comprise the "___."
me
60
The "____" exercises social control over the self. It sees to it that rules are not broken.
me
61
the "___" is that part of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous.
I
62
It is the individual's response to the community's attitude toward the person. The "___" presents impulses and drives. It enables him or her to express individualism and creativity.
I
63
The "____" does not blindly follow rules. It understands when to possibly bend or stretch the rules that govern social interactions.
I
64
- It constructs a response based on what has been learned by the "me."
"I"
65
“Indeed, much of the self is learned by making new memories out of old ones.”
– Joseph E. Ledoux
66
________ is the study of people, past and present. It focuses on understanding the human condition in its cultural aspect.
Anthropology
67
______ is concerned with understanding how humans evolved and how they differ from one another.
Anthropology
68
_________ is a very dynamic field, and _______ literature offers several different definitions of "self." This discussion, however, will tackle the widely acceptable definitions of "self" in modern _______.
anthropology
69
One definition of "self" in _______ _____ characterizes the term in its most general, ordinary, and everyday use.
modern anthropology
70
Anthropologist and professor, _______ _____ (1990), described the self as encompassing the physical organism, possessing psychological functioning and social attributes "This definition portrays the "self" as implicitly and explicitly existing in the mind comprised of psychological, biological, and cultural processes.
Katherine Ewing
71
Neuroscientist ______ _____ _____(2002) conceptualized the implicit and explicit aspects of the self (Kemp, 2012).
Joseph LeDoux
72
- Neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux (2002) conceptualized the ______ and _______ aspects of the self (Kemp, 2012).
implicit and explicit
73
The aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of is the ______ self while the one that is not immediately available to the consciousness is the implicit aspect. This concept can be traced to the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud's "level of consciousness, (Joseph Le Doux)
explicit
74
The aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of is the explicit self while the one that is not immediately available to the consciousness is the _______ aspect. This concept can be traced to the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud's "level of consciousness, (Joseph Le Doux)
implicit
75
The aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of is the explicit self while the one that is not immediately available to the consciousness is the implicit aspect. This concept can be traced to the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud's ______ ____ _____ (Joseph Le Doux)
"level of consciousness,
76
_________ view on how the "self" was developed asserted that it is framed, maintained, and affected biologically, mentally, and socially.
LaDoux's
77
According to _______ (2002), "the self is not static; it is added to and subtracted from by genetic maturation, learning, forgetting, stress, ageing, and disease." This is true of both the implicit and explicit aspects of the self.
LeDoux
78
According to LeDoux (2002), "the self is not static; it is added to and subtracted from by genetic maturation, learning, forgetting, stress, ageing, and disease." This is true of both the _______ and _____- aspects of the self.
implicit and explicit
79
______ (1989) asserted that a "self" is illusory. "People construct a series of self-representations that are based on selected cultural concepts of person and selected
'chains' of personal memories. Each self-concept is experienced as whole and continuous, with its own history and memories that emerge in a specific context to be replaced by another self-representation when the context changes.”
Ewing
80
Ewing (1989) asserted that a "self" is _______. "People construct a series of self-representations that are based on selected cultural concepts of person and selected
'chains' of personal memories. Each self-concept is experienced as whole and continuous, with its own history and memories that emerge in a specific context to be replaced by another self-representation when the context changes.”
illusory
81
By self-representation, ______ meant culturally shaped "self" concepts that one applies to oneself (Quinn, 2014); "it is the mental entities that are supposed to represent the self"
Ewing
82
According to _____ (1990), people from all cultures have been observed to be able to rapidly project different self-representations, depending on the context of the situation. The person is unaware of these shifts; however, he/she will still experience wholeness and continuity despite these shifts.
Ewing
83
According to Ewing (1990), people from all cultures have been observed to be able to rapidly project different _______-______, depending on the context of the situation. The person is unaware of these shifts; however, he/she will still experience wholeness and continuity despite these shifts.
self-representations
84
If one finds the view that the "_____" is a product of society, then it is plausible that the ways of how the self is developed are bound to cultural differences as well. (culture)
self
85
How individuals see themselves, how they relate to other people, and how they relate to the environment are deeply defined by _____.
culture
86
_________ ________s have argued that the self is culturally shaped and infinitely variable. "Cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, and transform the human psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self, and emotion"
Cultural anthropologist
87
The basic idea is that the principles of how the mind works cannot be conceived of as ________, but that it is as varied as the culture and traditions that people practice all over the world.
universal
88
_____ _____ distinguished two ways of how the self is constructed. These are the independent and interdependent constructs.
Cultural psychologists
89
Cultural psychologists distinguished two ways of how the self is constructed. These are the ________ and _______ constructs.
independent and interdependent
90
These self-construals are also imbedded in culture. _______ is an interpretation of the meaning of something: hence, in this sense, the meaning of "self."
Construal
91
The ________ _______- is characteristic of individualistic culture, such as in North America and Europe.
independent construct
92
The independent construct is characteristic of ________ culture, such as in North America and Europe.
individualistic
93
__________ culture represents the self as separate, distinct, with emphasis on internal attributes or traits, skills, and values.
Individualistic
94
The interdependent construct is typical of the ________ culture in East Asia stressing the essential connection between the individual to other people.
collectivist
95
Developmental psychologist _______ ______(2010), believed that culture can influence how you view, relationships, personality traits, achievement, and expressing emotions.
Catherine Raeff
96
Developmental psychologist Catherine Raeff (2010), believed that _____- can influence how you view, relationships, personality traits, achievement, and expressing emotions.
culture
97
_______ influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. In Western societies, it is essential for a person to choose whom to marry while some Eastern societies still practice arranged marriage.
Culture (relationships)
98
Culture influences how you enter into and maintain _________. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. In Western societies, it is essential for a person to choose whom to marry while some Eastern societies still practice arranged marriage.
relationships
99
Culture influences whether (and how) you value _____, like humility, self-esteem, politeness, assertiveness, and so on, as well as how you perceive hardship or how you about relying on others
traits (Personality Traits)
100
_________ influences whether (and how) you value traits, like humility, self-esteem, politeness, assertiveness, and so on, as well as how you perceive hardship or how you about relying on others
Culture (Personal Traits)
101
________ influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group achievements.
Culture (Achievement)
102
Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group _______
achievements.
103
_________ influences what will affect you emotionally, as well as how you express yourself, such as showing your feelings in public or keeping it private.
Culture (Expressing Emotions)
104
Culture influences what will affect you _______, as well as how you express yourself, such as showing your feelings in public or keeping it private.
emotionally (Expressing Emotions)
105
_______ is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel.
Psychology
106
It includes topics, such as how the brain works, how our memory is organized, how people interact in groups, and how children learn about the world. In fact, everything that concerns the human being is a concern of ________. From the basic workings of the human brain to consciousness, memory, reasoning and language, to personality and mental health, and everything about the human experience –
psychology
107
__________ will scrutinize it so that you as a human being will understand how it is to be "you."
Psychology
108
Online dictionaries define the term ______ as "of, relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity, such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering" (WEB).
cognitive
109
_______-_____ argue that it is natural for humans to form theories about themselves, both as a single entity and as a group, to make meaning of one's existence and experience.
Self-theorists
110
Psychologist _______ _____ was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development.
Jean Piaget
111
Jean Piaget pioneered the "_____ ___ ___ _______", a comprehensive theory about the development of human intelligence. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself; and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it (Torres & Ash, 2007).
theory of cognitive development
112
He pioneered the "theory of cognitive development, a comprehensive theory about the development of human intelligence. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself; and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it (Torres & Ash, 2007).
Jean Piaget
113
According to Piaget, _____ ______ is a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believes that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience inconsistencies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, and then adjust their ideas accordingly
cognitive development
114
Moreover, Piaget claims that _________ _______is at the center of the human organism. For example, language is dependent on knowledge and understanding, and the capacity to speak and express oneself through language can only be acquired through the development of intelligence, conscious thought, and problem- solving ability that begins in infancy (Baldwin, 2005).
cognitive development
115
Moreover, ______ claims that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism. For example, language is dependent on knowledge and understanding, and the capacity to speak and express oneself through language can only be acquired through the development of intelligence, conscious thought, and problem- solving ability that begins in infancy (Baldwin, 2005).
Piaget
116
_______(1952) observed how children processed and made sense of the world around them and eventually developed a four-stage model of how the mind processes new information encountered.
Piaget
117
There are three basic components to Piaget's cognitive theory. These are:
1. Schemas/schemes
2. Adaptation
3. Stages of Cognitive Development
118
These are the building blocks of knowledge. _______ are
mental organizations that individuals use to understand their environments and
designate action.
Schemes (Piaget's Cognitive Theory)
119
It involves the child's learning processes to meet situational
demands.
2. Adaptation
120
They reflect the increasing sophistication
of the child's thought process.
3. Stages of Cognitive Development
121
According to Piaget, the knowledge children acquire is organized into _______ (_______) or groupings of similar actions or thoughts. Over time, these _______ may change, but they provide an important base level of information about particular events, objects, and information.
schemas (scheme)
122
Jean Piaget describes two processes used by the individual in his/her attempt to adapt - _______ and ______
assimilation and accommodation.
123
he describes two processes used by the individual in his/her attempt to adapt assimilation and accommodation.
Jean Piaget
124
__________ is the application of previous concepts to new concepts. For example, a child who was just learned the word "fish," shouts "fish!" upon seeing one.
Assimilation (Jean Piaget)
125
__________ happens when people encounter completely new information or when existing ideas are challenged. For example, a child knows dogs and cats. At school, he/she learns the word "animals." The child will then adjust her understanding that dogs and cats are both animals. People often have to form a new schema or alter existing mental categories to accommodate new information.
accommodation
126
In the "Stages of Cognitive Development," Piaget theorized that children progress through 4 stages and that they all do so in the same order. Enumerate
- Sensorimotor - 0-2
- Preoperational - 2-7
- Concrete Operations - 7-11
- Formal Operations - 12+
127
The child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. The child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and- effect relationships. Object permanence appears around 9 months.
- Sensorimotor - 0-2
128
The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete operations.
- Preoperational - 2-7
129
The child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-and- effect relationship. Thinking at this stage is still concrete.
- Concrete Operations - 7-11
130
The individual demonstrates abstract thinking at this stage is still concrete.
- Formal Operations - 12+
131
Psychologist, author, and professor, _______ ________ (1999) detailed the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the broad developmental changes observed across early childhood, later childhood, and adolescence could be interpreted within Piagetian framework.
Dr. Susan Harter
132
- Psychologist, author, and professor, Dr. Susan Harter (1999) detailed the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the broad developmental changes observed across early childhood, later childhood, and adolescence could be interpreted within _____ _____-
Piagetian framework.
133
Harter expanded her self-development concept until adulthood. The development of self-concept according to Harter is as follows:
1. Early childhood
2. Middle to later childhood
3. Adolescence
4. Emerging adults
134
The child describes the "self" in terms of concrete, observable characteristics, such as physical attributes ("I'm pretty/ugly/strong"), material possessions ("I have lots of toys"), behaviors ("I love playing with my toys"), and preferences ("I like candies").
1. Early childhood
135
The self is described in terms of trait like constructs (e.g., smart, honest, friendly, shy) that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills characteristic of logical thought development.
2. Middle to later childhood
136
According to Harter, this is the emergence of more abstract self- definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives. For example, one 15-year-old girl in a study on self- conceptions described herself as follows: "What am I like as a person? Complicated! I'm sensitive, friendly, outgoing, popular, and tolerant though I can also be shy, self-conscious, even obnoxious... I'm a pretty cheerful person, especially with my friends.... At home, I'm more likely to be anxious around my parents" (Harter, 1990b, p. 352). The use of the abstract words sensitive, outgoing, cheerful, and anxious as self-portrait is consistent with Piaget's findings on the adolescent's ability to construct higher-order abstractions and the capacity for introspection (Harter, 1999).
3. Adolescence
137
The marked characteristic of "self" for emerging adults is having a vision of a "possible self." It is the "age of possibilities" (Amett, 2004a). In one Australian study (Whitty, 2002), early emerging adulthood (ages 17-22) was found to be a time of "grand dreams," of being wealthy and having a glamorous occupation, but beyond emerging adulthood (ages 28-33) the visions of a possible-self became more realistic, if still optimistic.
4. Emerging adults
138
- “The art of being wise is knowing what to overlook," cited by ______ _______ in his groundbreaking masterpiece, The Principles of Psychology, written in 1890.
William James
139
A figure commonly known as "the father of American psychology, philosopher, psychologist, and university professor, _______ _______ gave one of the earliest self-theory psychological analyses.
William James
140
- According to James (1950), the "self" has two elements: the _______ and ______
I-self and the Me-self.
141
_________ is the pure ego. It is the subjective self. It is the "self" that is aware of its own actions.
I-self
142
The I-self characteristically has four features. These are:
1. A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior
2. A sense of being unique
3. A sense of continuity
4. A sense of awareness about being aware
143
I believe my actions have an impact; that I cause an effect in my environment.
1. A sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior
144
This is how I am different from everything in my environment; I perceive there is only one Me.
2. A sense of being unique
145
I am the same person from day to day.
3. A sense of continuity
146
I understand what is going on in me and around me; and I know I understand it.
4. A sense of awareness about being aware
147
The __________ is the self that is the object. It is the "self" that you can describe, such as your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings (Newman, 2017; James, 1950; Pomerleau, ©2017). James called it the empirical self.
me-self
148
The me-self is the self that is the object. It is the "self" that you can describe, such as your physical characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings (Newman, 2017; James, 1950; Pomerleau, ©2017). James called it the ________ _____
empirical self.
149
__________ is defined as "based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic" (WEB).
Empirical
150
The dimensions of the me-self include:
1. Material
2. Social
3. Spiritual
151
physical appearance and extensions of it such as clothing, immediate
1. Material
152
social skills and significant interpersonal relationships; (me self)
2. Social
153
personality, character, defining values. (Me self)
3. Spiritual
154
______ ______ ______ was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology (Capuzzi, 2016).
Carl Ransom Rogers
155
Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist and among the founders of the _________ approach to psychology (Capuzzi, 2016).
humanistic
156
_______ _______ is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century. This approach highlighted the individual's innate drive toward self-actualization and the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities and creativity (Hansen, 2014).
Humanistic psychology
157
_________ __________ emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds.
Humanistic psychology
158
___________ stressed that a person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and who thinks, feels, and responds to his or her environment. He coined the term actualizing tendency, which refers to a person's basic instinct to succeed at his or her highest possible capacity.
Rogers or Carl Ransom Rogers
159
Rogers stressed that a person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and who thinks, feels, and responds to his or her environment. He coined the term __________ _________, which refers to a person's basic instinct to succeed at his or her highest possible capacity.
actualizing tendency
160
Through person-centered counseling and scientific therapy research, Rogers formed his ________ ___ ______ _______, which highlighted free will and the great reservoir of human potential for goodness (McLeod, S. A. 2014).
theory of personality development
161
___________ based his theories of personality development on humanistic psychology and theories of subjective experience.
Rogers or Carl Ransom Rogers
162
Rogers based his theories of personality development on ___________ _________ and theories of subjective experience.
humanistic psychology
163
Rogers based his theories of personality development on humanistic psychology and ______ ___ _______ ________.
theories of subjective experience.
164
According to ________, all behavior is motivated by self- actualizing tendencies and these tendencies drive you to reach your full potential. He believes that the world a person exists in is the center of constant changes, and the person reacts to these changes. As a result of this constant interaction with the environment and others, an individual forms a structure of the self or self-concept-an organized, fluid, conceptual pattern of concepts and values related to the self.
Rogers
165
- If the person holds a ___________ _______-________, he or she would tend to feel good about himself or herself, and would generally see the world as a safe and positive place. If the person holds a negative self-concept, then he or she may feel unhappy with who he/she is
positive self-concept
166
If the person holds a positive self-concept, he or she would tend to feel good about himself or herself, and would generally see the world as a safe and positive place. If the person holds a _____________ ________-_________, then he or she may feel unhappy with who he/she is
negative self-concept
167
- Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ________ ______ and the ______ _____.
the ideal self and the real self
168
The ________ ______ is the person that you would like yourself to be; it is your concept of the "Best me" who is worthy of admiration. It is an idealized image of self that the individual has developed based on what you have have learned and experienced. For example, your parents are medical doctors who are respected and admired in your community. Observing your parents, you conclude that to be happy, you need to be smart and have a high-paying job. Your ideal self may be someone who excels in science subjects, spends a lot of time studying, and does not get queasy easily.
ideal self
169
The ideal self could include:
1. Notions influenced by your parents;
2. What you admire in others;
3. What the society sees as acceptable; and
4. What you think is in your best interest.
170
The _________ ________ is the person you actually are. It is how you behave right at the moment of a situation. It is who you are in reality - how you think, feel, or act at present.
real self
171
He accentuated the need to achieve consistency between the ideal self and the real self. According to ________, "If the way that I am (the real self) is aligned with the way that I want to be (the ideal self), then I will feel a sense of mental well-being or peace of mind.
Rogers
172
In other words, when your ______ ______and ______ ______ are very similar you experience congruence. High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life"
real self and ideal self
173
In other words, when your real self and ideal self are very similar you experience __________. High _________ leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life"
congruence
174
When there is a great inconsistency between your ideal and real selves or if the way you are is not aligned with what you want to be, then you experience a state Rogers called _________.
incongruence.
175
Rogers added that _________ could lead to maladjustment. Maladjustment is defined as the inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demands of one's environment.
incongruence
176
Rogers added that incongruence could lead to __________. ____________ is defined as the inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demands of one's environment.
Maladjustment
177
________ ________ (1890) said, "Properly speaking, a man has as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their head."
William James
178
On the other hand, social psychologist ________ ________ (2010) said, "But the concept of the self loses its meaning if a person has multiple selves...the essence of self involves integration of diverse experiences into a unity. In short, unity is one of the defining features of selfhood and identity.
Roy Baumeister `
179
The ________ ___ ________ was a central topic for classical modern philosophers (from 1600s to 1900s). This idea was pushed by Descartes, Kant, and James to name a few.
unity of consciousness
180
According to _________ _________, the mind (that is the thinking, experiencing being) is not made up of parts; thus, it cannot be a physical substance because anything material has parts (Skirry, 2005). _________ claimed that this "being" is of unified consciousness and not composed of merged fragments
Rene Descartes
181
There is also Immanuel Kant's "__________ ____ _________" that can be described as "I am conscious not only of single experiences but of a great many experiences at the same time. The same is true of actions; I can do and be conscious of doing a number of actions at the same time" (Brook, 2016).
unity of consciousness
182
Contemporary psychological studies challenged the notion of a single, distinct, "_______ ______" notion of self. Several major personality theorists proposed that the mind is made up of several sub-selves.
only one
183
Contemporary psychological studies challenged the notion of a single, distinct, "only one" notion of self. Several major personality theorists proposed that the mind is made up of several ______-______
sub-selves.
184
Psychologist _______ ________ (1961) proposed his "personality trait" theory asserting that every person possesses "traits." According to ______, a "trait" is your essential characteristic that never, ever changes and sticks with you all your life. Moreover, these traits shape who you are (how you think, feel, or behave, etc.) in any given day.
Gordon Allport
185
Psychologist Gordon Allport (1961) proposed his "_______ _______" theory asserting that every person possesses "traits." According to Allport, a "trait" is your essential characteristic that never, ever changes and sticks with you all your life. Moreover, these traits shape who you are (how you think, feel, or behave, etc.) in any given day.
personality trait
186
In 1960 psychiatrist _____ ______- began to develop his transactional analysis model as basis for understanding behavior. Which is anchored on two notions.
Eric Berne
187
In 1960 psychiatrist Eric Berne began to develop his ______ ______ _______ as basis for understanding behavior. Which is anchored on two notions:
transactional analysis model
188
Transactional analysis is anchored on two notions:
1. Every person has three parts called "ego states" in his or her personality.
2. People communicate with one another assuming roles of any of these ego states.
189
Eric Berne presented the ego states as:
1. Parent
2. Adult
3. Child
190
The ________ ego state is the voice of authority. It could be a comforting "nurturing parent" voice or a "controlling/critical parent" voice that tells what you should or should not do.
parent
191
The ________ ego state is the rational person. It is the voice that speaks reasonably and knows how to assert himself or herself.
Adult
192
- There are Three child ego states.
The natural child
The little professor
The Adaptive Child
193
First is the ________ _______ who loves to play but is sensitive and vulnerable. (Child Ego State)
natural child
194
The ______ ________ is the curious child who wants to try everything. (Child Ego State)
little professor
195
The ________ __________ is the one who reacts to the world. He or she could be trying to fit in or is rebelling against authority (Berne, 2016 edition). (Child Ego State)
adaptive child
196
University professor and author ________ _______ proposed that the human self has three related, but separable, domains.
Gregg Henriques
197
- University professor and author Gregg Henriques proposed that the human self has three related, but separable, domains. These domains are:
1. Experiential self;
2. Private self-conscious.
3. Public self/persona.
198
Henriques (2014) described the "_______ ________" as the theater of consciousness because it is the first to experience its beingness (the state or fact of existing). He added that the ________ _______ is closely tied to memory.
experiential self
199
The "________ _______-________" can be described as the narrator or interpreter. It is the self that narrates the unfolding events and at the same time tries to make sense of the experience.
private self-conscious
200
The "________ ____ ____ _______" is the image you project to the public. This is the image that interacts with others and will influence how others see you.
public self or person
201
Imagine that people are like onions. The center of the onion needs to be protected by layers to be able to survive. At the center of the onion lies our _____ _____, surrounded by layers we have developed through our lives as protection. These layers are our false self. (D. W. Winnicott )
true self
202
Imagine that people are like onions. The center of the onion needs to be protected by layers to be able to survive. At the center of the onion lies our true self, surrounded by layers we have developed through our lives as protection. These layers are our ____ ____. (D. W. Winnicott )
false self
203
Winnicott also proposed that the healthy person's self is hidden from the outside world, uninfluenced by external (harsh) realities. The _____ _____ is put up to defend the core from these realities and prevent it from any changes.
false self
204
Winnicott expressed that the ______ ______ is the product of early experience. It is a failures defensive organization formed by the infant because of inadequate mothering or in empathy.
false self
205
Winnicott added that the _______ ________ is developed as the infant is repeatedly subjected to maternal care that intrudes upon, rejects, or abandons his or her experience (Daehnert, 1998).
false self
206
The _______ ______ is also based on being completely obedient to the parents' wishes. Winnicott asserted that when the child is constantly expected to follow rules, a ______ ______ develops.
false self
207
The _______ _______ is a mask or a persona. It is a form of defense that constantly seeks to anticipate others' demands and complying with them, as a way of protecting the true self from a world that is felt to be unsafe.
false self
208
when the person has false self but can still function both as an individual and in the society, then he or she has a ______ ______ ______(D. W. Winnicott )
healthy false self.
209
The _______ ______ feels that it is still connected with the true self. Thus, it can be compliant without feeling guilty that it abandoned its true self. (D.W. Winnicott) (False Self)
healthy false self
210
there is also the _______ ______ ______. An individual who may seem happy and comfortable in his or her environment but actually feels forced to fit in and constantly needs to adjust his or her behavior to adapt to the social situation is said to have an ______ _______ _________. (D.W. Winnicott) (False Self)
unhealthy false self
211
______ _______ flourishes in infancy if the mother is positively responsive to the child's spontaneous expressions (Winnicott, 1960; Jones-Smith, 2011).
True self
212
Winnicott described ________ _______ as a sense of "self" based on "spontaneous authentic experience." It is an awareness that bodily functions are working, such as the heart pumping, as well as simply breathing.
true self
213
________ _________, according to Winnicott (1960), is part of the infant that feels creative, spontaneous, and real. It has a sense of integrity, of connected wholeness.
True self
214
_________ ________ is a sense of being alive and real in one's mind and body, having feelings that are spontaneous and unforced. This experience of aliveness is what allows people to be genuinely close to others and to be creative.
True self
215
Who believed that people unconsciously repeat early relationships (particularly the mother-infant relationship) in one form or another. A child whose mother is positively responsive and supports the child's natural process of individuation will grow up as an adult with a stable self-image; views other people realistically; and accepts both the positive and negative side of every person including himself/herself (Jones-Smith, 2011
D.W. Winnicott
216
___________ have found that a person's cultural background can affect how a person sees himself or herself.
- Psychologists
217
Psychologists have found that a person's _________ ________ can affect how a person sees himself or herself.
cultural background
218
Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, and Nisbett (1998) reported that people are shaped by their __________, and their __________ is also shaped by them.
culture
219
One of the major proponents of cultural psychology, _________ ____________, wrote, "Cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, and transform the human psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self, and emotion" (1991).
Richard Shweder
220
An individual thinks, feels, and behaves similarly as that of the members of his or her community However, each community has its own standards, expectations, and rules that shape its members. These differences are the reason people are markedly _________. This divergence is evident in the eastern and western concepts of "self"
divergent
221
________ ________ philosophers see humans as the bearers of irreplaceable values.
Ancient Greek
222
In medieval times, the philosopher and saint, _________ __________, believed that the body constitutes individuality.
Thomas Aquinas
223
The individual was the focus of Renaissance thought, with Rene Descartes' famous "_ ____ _____ __ ______" as the epitome of the Western idea of self.
I think, therefore I am
224
- The _________ _________ is generally acknowledged to be "imbued with a style of thinking based on dichotomy and binary opposition"
western tradition
225
There is an essential distinction between the notion of the thinking subject (______ ________) that stands in natural opposition to observable reality (western concept of self)
an observer
226
The psychiatrist and professor, ________ ________(1985), outlined four categories on how the term "self" is used in contemporary western discussion.
1. Analytical
2. Monotheistic
3. Individualistic
4. Materialistic/rationalistic
Frank Johnson
227
The psychiatrist and professor, Frank Johnson (1985), outlined four categories on how the term "self" is used in contemporary western discussion. Enumerate
1. Analytical
2. Monotheistic
3. Individualistic
4. Materialistic/rationalistic
228
- By _________, Johnson meant the "tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts." The "self" is an observer separate and distinct from external objects (Me versus Other). Frank Johnson (1985)
analytic (Analytical)
229
___________, according to Johnson, involved the tendency toward unitary explanations of phenomena and a closed-system view of "self" as modeled after a unitary, omnipotent power ("Man was created by God, in His image). Frank Johnson (1985)
Monotheism
230
______________ on the other hand, is a quality of western thinking where self-expression and self-actualization are important ways of establishing who one is, as well as in finding satisfaction in the world. Frank Johnson (1985)
Individualism
231
_____________/__________ western thinking tends to discredit explanations that do not use analytic-deductive modes of thinking (Johnson, 1985, Goldin, 2000). Frank Johnson (1985)
materialistic/rationalistic
232
The earliest religious writings in the East are the _________. It formed the Hindu philosophy and dharma (the principle of cosmic order). The chants and hymns in the ___________ illustrate the eastern mindset of a nondual universe but rather a creation that is completely unified with the creator, with no distinction (Watts, 1965, Wolter, 2013).
Vedas
233
The earliest religious writings in the East are the Vedas. It formed the ________ _______ and dharma (the principle of cosmic order). The chants and hymns in the Vedas illustrate the eastern mindset of a nondual universe but rather a creation that is completely unified with the creator, with no distinction (Watts, 1965, Wolter, 2013).
Hindu philosophy
234
According to these sacred Hindu texts, the true nature of humans is described as "_________" which is the divine universal consciousness encompassing the universe.
Brahman
235
The ____________ is the Self that is all within us (Watts, 1965; Wolter; 2013). Thus, one of the main points of Hinduism is "change your perception of the world to perceive the Brahman in oneself and in others"
Brahman
236
___________ is composed of the teachings of Buddha.
Buddhism
237
In _________ traditions, the "self" is not an entity, a substance, or essence. Rather, the "self" is a dynamic process. It is interdependent and ever changing.
Buddhist
238
The Buddha taught a doctrine called ________, which is often defined as "no-self or no-soul."
annata
239
_________- is a concept that the sense of being a permanent, autonomous "self" is an illusion. It is the teaching that there is no eternal, unchanging "self/soul" inhabiting our bodies or living our lives. (Buddhism)
Annata
240
______ _______ holds that the human being's inborn erroneous view of "self" as an enduring entity is the cause of his/her suffering because he/she tries to hold on to that which is in constant flux (constantly flowing or constantly changing) and has existence outside of shifting contexts (Galin, 2003). Thus, a new corrective experience of the "self" is needed.
Buddhist tradition
241
____________ takes a great interest in how people experience their "self" rather than just their abstract idea of it because ________ practices are designed to lead to a new (correct) experience of self. It takes arduous training to modify or overcome the natural state of experiencing the "self" as persisting and unchanging.
Buddhism , Buddhist
242
In __________, the quest for the "self" in terms of substance, of spirit, of body, or of essence does not exist.
Confucianism
243
The form that ____________ wrote about the concept of "self" is that of personality. The qualities that form a person's character are not something that exists inherently. Rather, in Confucian thought it is something that is formed through upbringing and the environment.
Confucius
244
The form that Confucius wrote about the concept of "self" is that of personality. The qualities that form a person's character are not something that exists inherently. Rather, in ____________ thought it is something that is formed through upbringing and the environment.
Confucian
245
__________ ___________ presented the idea that every person is born with four beginnings. However, these do not yet comprise the concept of "self" but when perceived together, it could be explained in Western terms as a "pre-self" or a "potential self."
Confucian philosophy
246
Confucian philosophy presented the idea that every person is born with four beginnings. However, these do not yet comprise the concept of "self" but when perceived together, it could be explained in Western terms as a ______-_____ or a _______ ______
"pre-self" or a "potential self."
247
- Confucian philosophy presented the idea that every person is born with four beginnings. However, these do not yet comprise the concept of "self" but when perceived together, it could be explained in Western terms as a "pre-self" or a "potential self." Enumerate
These four beginnings are:
1. Heart of compassion that leads to Jen;
2. Heart of righteousness that leads to Yi;
3. Heart of propriety that leads to Li; and
4. Heart of wisdom that leads to Chih.
248
1. Heart of __________ that leads to Jen; (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
compassion
249
2. Heart of ____________ that leads to Yi; (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
righteousness
250
3. Heart of ___________ that leads to Li; and (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
propriety
251
4. Heart of __________ that leads to Chih. (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
wisdom
252
____.-_____.-____.-__ and ______ are the perfection of the virtues that at the start were mere potentials.(Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
Jen, Yi, Li, and Chih
253
______ means goodwill, sympathy toward others, politeness, and generosity (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
Jen
254
_____ means rightness and the respect of duty (you must respect your position as a guardian toward nature and humanity). (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
- Yi
255
___ means having the right to practice propriety in all that you do. (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
Li
256
_________ involves demonstrating your inner attitude in your outer expression. (Li)
Propriety
257
_______ means wisdom, this wisdom is expressed by putting jen, yi, and li into practice. (Confucian philosophy) (four beginnings)
Chih
258
_________ (in the Confucian perception) is an achieved state of moral excellence rather than a given human condition. However, such achieved personality, or self, is not to be understood as primarily an individual entity.
Personality
259
The __________ concept of self is deeply embedded within the family and society, and it is only in that context that the self comes to be what it is.
Confucian
260
________ rejects a hierarchical view of the self, society, or cosmos.
Taoism
261
Unlike Confucianism, _________ does not regard the "self" as an extension of (or defined by) social relationships. Rather, the "self" is but one of the countless manifestations of the Tao. It is an extension of the cosmos (or the universe seen as a well-ordered whole).
Taoism
262
________ _______, regarded as a mystic of unmatched brilliance in China, gave an explicit negation of the centrality of the "self."
Chuang-tzu
263
According to _________-_______, "The perfect man has no self; the spiritual man has no achievement; the true sage has no name." The ideal is, thus, selflessness.
Chuang-tzu
264
In sum, ______-_______ conception of selfhood entails conscious self-transformation leading to the attributes of a balanced life in harmony with both nature and society.
Chuang-tzu's
265
The Arabic word for the word "self" is ______ written in the Holy Qur'an. It pertains to the psyche (the totality of the conscious and unconscious human mind) or the soul
Nafs
266
The _________ does not ascribe any property of goodness or evil to the "nafs/self." Instead, the "nafs/self" is something, which has to be nurtured and self-regulated, so that it can progress into becoming "good" (or conversely, "evil") through its thoughts and actions.
Quran
267
- The Quran does not ascribe any property of goodness or evil to the "____________." Instead, the "_________" is something, which has to be nurtured and self-regulated, so that it can progress into becoming "good" (or conversely, "evil") through its thoughts and actions.
nafs/self
268
The "self" in __________ tradition is used both in the individualistic and collective sense
Islamic
269
__________ refers to the extent that we value our duty to groups to which we and to group harmony.
Collectivism
270
Highly ___________ people define themselves by their group membership and value harmonious relationships within those groups.
collectivist
271
________ plays a very significant role in the development of the self-concept. It embodies specific values, thoughts, or ideas that play a central role in determining a person's sense of "self."
Culture
272
The two dominant self-concepts are the______ ______ and the _______ _______
individualistic self and the collective self.
273
Americans are fond of saying "I am my own man." They believe that they should assert and stand up for themselves. One of their famous quotes is, "I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul" believing that it is the person who determines how he or she lives his/her life. What type of self concept is this?
Individualistic self
274
_______ ________ (such as in the USA, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, and New Zealand) emphasize the moral worth of the individual (Wood, 1972).
Individualistic cultures
275
_________ encourage asserting one's goals and desires; they highly value independence and self-reliance. They insist that the interests of the individual should take precedence over the state or a social group.
- Individualists
276
- They also strongly oppose external\interference by society or institutions (such as the government) upon one's own interests. What type of self-concept?
Individualistic self-concept
277
________ _______ are oriented around the individual: that a person should be independent instead of having the mentality of identifying with a group.
Individualistic cultures
278
- In interpersonal relationships, __________ see each other as only loosely linked, and they value personal goals over group interests (Hofstede, 2001). Moreover, it is characterized with emphasis on personal achievements and a rational assessment of both the beneficial and detrimental aspects of relationships with others (Rothwell, 2010).
Individualists
279
Societies that focus on the person create an __________ self-concept wherein the person sees the constellation of traits and characteristics that distinguish the individual within his or her social context (Constantine, Brewer, & Constantine, 2001).
individualistic
280
This form of self-representation relies on interpersonal comparison processes and is associated with the motive of protecting or enhancing the person psychologically.
Individualistic / Individualism
281
A study conducted by ________ ________, a Filipino psychologist and educator, determined that one of the strengths of the Filipino character is our deep love and concern for the family, which includes not simply the spouses and children, parents, and siblings, but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, godparents, and all other ceremonial relatives. To the Filipino, one's family is the source of personal identity, the source of emotional and material support, and the person's main commitment and all responsibility.
Patricia Licuanan
282
Eastern culture practiced by countries in Asia (i.e., the Philippines) base their values and self-concept in a _________ view. People in ____________ culture emphasize the interdependence and harmonious relatedness with one another (e.g., the family, co-workers, friends, etc.). It is of utmost importance to be part of and maintain social networks, maintain good relationships, and fulfill obligations.
collectivist
283
- Because of such difference in emphases, western self-concept has been challenged that it did not capture the significant relationship of interdependence in eastern collectivist cultures. Some contemporary self-concept theories attempted to close the gap between cultural concepts. Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:
1. Private
2. Public
3. Collective
284
which refers to the mental processes that perceive one's own traits or behaviors (e.g. I am honest);
1. Private - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:
285
which refers to the generalized view of self, such as the perception of how others view you (e.g., People think I'm honest); and
2. Public - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:
286
which refers to the view of self in a collective concept (e.g., My family expects me to be honest).
3. Collective - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:
287
in an ____________ _________, the person would predominantly show the private self and will behave according to personal beliefs, feelings, philosophy, etc.
individualistic culture - Baumeister (1986) proposed that self-concept could be organized in three aspects:
288
In a _________ _________, the person would present the "collective self" more; and is thus more inclined to behave according to rules, norms, and custom (Triandis, 1986; McInerney, 2003).
collectivist culture
289
The ________ ________ as a way of thinking and lifestyle is still an inspiration to many East Asian societies. Characteristic of __________ selfhood is the participation of others in the dynamic process of self and spiritual development.
Confucian tradition
290
The Confucian concept of _____ often rendered as "proper conduct" or "propriety" was originally denoted as court rites (rituals) performed to sustain social and cosmic order.
Li
291
The current context of ____ moved beyond mere politeness or convention. It has since been central to Confucian human-centered religiousness.
Li
292
In the _________ sense, self-development is a lifelong commitment to learning, However, _______ learning is not only about reading books or taking exams; it is also about ritual practice. It involves practicing discipline for the mind and body to love life not as an isolated individual but as an active participant in the living community.
Confucian
293
Perhaps the single most important concept of the self in _________ thought is the view that the "self" is the center of relationships. The idea is that it is only by continually opening the self to others that the "self" maintains its wholeness and identity.
Confucian
294
- Perhaps the single most important concept of the self in Confucian thought is the view that the "_____" is the center of relationships. The idea is that it is only by continually opening the self to others that the "self" maintains its wholeness and identity.
self
