(PPT) CONTEMPORARY WORLD 3RD EXAMINATION Flashcards
1
Q
According to the Sociologists _____ _______ popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s.
A
Saskia Sassen
2
Q
According to the Sociologists Saskia Sassen popularized the term “_____ ______” in the 1990s.
A
global city
3
Q
According to the Sociologists Saskia Sakia popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s. Her criteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily economic. In her work, she initially identified three global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo, all of which are hubs of ________ and _______. They are the homes, for instance, of the world’s top stock exchanges where investors buy and sell shares in major corporations.
A
global finance and capitalism
4
Q
According to the Sociologists Saskia Sakia popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s. Her criteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily _______-. In her work, she initially identified three global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo, all of which are hubs of global finance and capitalism. They are the homes, for instance, of the world’s top stock exchanges where investors buy and sell shares in major corporations.
A
economic
4
Q
According to the Sociologists Saskia Sassen popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s. Her criteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily economic. In her work, she initially identified three global cities: ______, _______, and _______. all of which are hubs of global finance and capitalism. They are the homes, for instance, of the world’s top stock exchanges where investors buy and sell shares in major corporations.
A
New York, London, and Tokyo
5
Q
WHY DO WE STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?
1. __________ IS SPATIAL BECAUSE IT OCCURS IN PHYSICAL SPACES.
(IT ATTRACTS OTHERS)
EXAMPLES:
DUBAI BUILD BUILDINGS, PEOPLE LIVE THEIR.
TOKYO CREATE BUSINESSES, PEOPLE GO THERE.
A
GLOBALIZATION
6
Q
WHY DO WE STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?
2. ________ IS SPATIAL BECAUSE IT IS BASED IN SPACES.
(IT IS PERMANENT)
EXAMPLES:
LOS ANGELES IS HOME OF HOLLYWOOD ENTERTAIMENT
A
GLOBALIZATION
7
Q
WHY DO WE STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?
2. GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL BECAUSE IT IS BASED IN SPACES.
(__ ___ _____ )
EXAMPLES:
LOS ANGELES IS HOME OF HOLLYWOOD ENTERTAIMENT
A
IT IS PERMANENT
8
Q
WHY DO WE STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?
1. GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL BECAUSE IT OCCURS IN PHYSICAL SPACES.
(___ _____ ______)
EXAMPLES:
DUBAI BUILD BUILDINGS, PEOPLE LIVE THEIR.
TOKYO CREATE BUSINESSES, PEOPLE GO THERE.
A
IT ATTRACTS OTHERS
9
Q
HOW DO WE SEE GLOBALIZATION IN THE GLOBAL CITIES?
In the years to come, more and more people will experience globalization through cities.
In 1950, only _____ percent of the world lived in urban areas.
By 2014, the number increased to 54 percent.
And by 2050, it is expected to reach 66 percent.
A
30
10
Q
HOW DO WE SEE GLOBALIZATION IN THE GLOBAL CITIES?
In the years to come, more and more people will experience globalization through cities.
In 1950, only 30 percent of the world lived in urban areas.
By 2014, the number increased to _____ percent.
And by 2050, it is expected to reach 66 percent.
A
54
10
Q
HOW DO WE SEE GLOBALIZATION IN THE GLOBAL CITIES?
In the years to come, more and more people will experience globalization through cities.
In 1950, only 30 percent of the world lived in urban areas.
By 2014, the number increased to 54 percent.
And by 2050, it is expected to reach ____ percent.
A
66
11
Q
How many indicators are there in global city?
A
Two: MAJOR INDICATOR and MINOR INDICATORS
11
Q
Minor indicators of global city
A
Minor indicators of global city
*ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
*ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
*CENTER OF AUTHORITY
*CENTER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE
*CENTER OF LEARNING
*CENTER OF CULTURE
12
Q
ECONOMIC POWER
A
Major indicator of Global City
13
Q
THIS REFERS TO THOSE CITIES WHOSE MAIN PRIORITY IS RUNNING THE ECONOMY OF THE REGION OR THE WORLD THROUGH STOCK MARKETS AND MANUFACTURING.
A
MAJOR INDICATOR: ECONOMIC POWER
14
Q
Where does the Shanghai Stock Market / Shanghai Container Port located?
A
SHANGHAI
14
Q
Examples of MAJOR INDICATOR: ECONOMIC POWER
A
NEW YORK = The New York Stocks Exchange (NYSE)
LONDON = The Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)
TOKYO = The Nikkei
SHANGHAI = Shanghai Stock Market / Shanghai Container Port
15
Q
NYSE
A
The New York Stocks Exchange
16
Q
FTSE
A
The Financial Times Stock Exchange
17
Q
Where does the The Nikkei located?
A
TOKYO
18
Q
The Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) Location
A
LONDON
19
Q
In short, the Cities who have the _____ _______ controls the flow of money and economy of other cities and other countries. They are so powerful that after the World War I New York Stock Exchange fell we experienced the Great Depression.
A
economic power
20
Q
Dream destination of top programmers and engineers from Asia and home of Silicon Valley’s Technology boom
A
San Francisco (USA) (MINOR INDICATOR: Economic opportunities)
20
______ ________ in a global city make it attractive to talents from across the world.
Economic opportunities
20
Favorite and preferred destinations of Filipino Nurses
London (England) (MINOR INDICATOR: Economic opportunities)
20
MINOR INDICATOR: ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
The ________ _________ _________ has added other criteria like market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth.
Economist Intelligence Unit
21
The Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth.
MINOR INDICATOR: ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
22
considered Asia’s most competitive city because of its strong market, efficient and incorruptible governments, and livability. It also houses the regional offices of many major global corporations.
Singapore (MINOR INDICATOR: ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS)
23
It is a city where the countries set of Authority is located. Meaning, it is the city where the leaders of the country resides, create laws and implement and execute laws.
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF AUTHORITY
23
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF AUTHORITY
It is a city where the countries set of _______ is located. Meaning, it is the city where the leaders of the country resides, create laws and implement and execute laws.
Authority
24
the seat of American state power where people around the world know its major landmarks: the White House, the Capitol Building (Congress), the Supreme Court, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument.
Washington D.C. (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF AUTHORITY)
25
Australia’s political capital, it is home to the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors.
Canberra (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF AUTHORITY)
26
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE
These are the cities that house major international organizations.
New York= headquarters of the United Nations (UN)
Brussels= the headquarters of the European Union (EU)
Jakarta= the headquarters of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Frankfurt= The Home of the European Central Bank
27
headquarters of the United Nations (UN)
New York (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE)
28
the headquarters of the European Union (EU)
Brussels (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE)
29
the headquarters of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Jakarta (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE)
30
The Home of the European Central Bank
Frankfurt (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE)
31
The home of Harvard University–the world’s top university.
Boston (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF LEARNING)
31
A city’s intellectual influence is seen through the influence of its publishing industry.
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF LEARNING
32
Home of the New York Time and far from being a local newspaper it is generally international.
New York (MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF LEARNING)
33
What indicator is this?
Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from across the world.
MINOR INDICATOR: ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
34
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF CULTURE
These are the cities that embraces the center of world culture when it comes to food, entertainment and other industries.
Copenhagen = now considered one of the culinary capitals of the world and the birthplace of “New Nordic” cuisine.
Manchester, England = prominent post-punk and New Wave bands–Joy Division, the Smiths, the Happy Mondays–hailed from this city.
Singapore = the cultural hub for the region (Southeast Asia).
35
What indicator is this?
These are the cities that house major international organizations.
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE
35
What indicator is this?
It is a city where the countries set of Authority is located. Meaning, it is the city where the leaders of the country resides, create laws and implement and execute laws.
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF AUTHORITY
36
What indicator is this?
The Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth.
MINOR INDICATOR: ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
37
What indicator is this?
A city’s intellectual influence is seen through the influence of its publishing industry.
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF LEARNING
38
What indicator is this?
These are the cities that embraces the center of world culture when it comes to food, entertainment and other industries.
MINOR INDICATOR: CENTER OF CULTURE
39
______ ________ conjure up images of fast-paced, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles. But such descriptions are lacking. _______ ______ also have their undersides. They can be sites of great inequality and poverty as well as tremendous violence. Like the broader processes of globalization, global cities create winners and losers.
Global cities
40
Here are the list of some “__________” of the global city, based on the research of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs:
1. Population Density
2. Food Supply
3. Terrorism
4. The middle class is also thinning out.
pathologies
41
many foods products travel many miles before they get to major city centers. Shipping this food through trains, buses, and even planes increases carbon emission. Solutions like so–called “vertical farms” built in abandoned buildings (as is increasingly being done in New York) may lead the way towards more environmentally sustainable cities. If more food can be grown with less water in denser spaces, cities will begin to be greener.
2. Food Supply
(THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES)
42
it can give positive and negative effects to a Global City. Denser settlement patterns yield energy savings; apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to heat and cool than detached suburban houses. Hence, a lack of public transportation and their governments’ inability to regulate their car industries can make them extremely polluted.
1. Population Density
(THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES)
43
The major terror attacks of recent years have also targeted cities. Cities, especially those with global influence, are obvious targets for terrorists due to their high populations and their role as symbols of globalization that many terrorists despise.
3. Terrorism
(THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES)
44
Globalization creates high-income jobs that are concentrated in global cities. These high earners, in turn, generate demand for an unskilled labor force (hotel cleaners, nannies, maids, waitresses, etc.) that will attend to their increasing needs. Meanwhile, many middle-income jobs in manufacturing and business process outsourcing (call centers, for example) are moving to other countries. This hallowing out of the middle class in global cities has heightened the inequality within them. In places like New York, there are high-rolling American investment bankers whose children are raised by Filipina maids. A large global city may thus be a paradise for some, but a purgatory for others.
4. The middle class is also thinning out.
(THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES)
45
We have consistently noted that economic globalization has paved the way for massive _______. This phenomenon is thus very pronounced in cities. Some large cities, particularly those in Scandinavia, have found ways to mitigate ________ through state-led social redistribution programs. Yet many cities, particularly those in the developing countries, are sites of contradictions. In places like Mumbai, Jakarta, and Manila, it is common to find gleaming buildings alongside massive shantytowns. This duality may even be seen in rich, urban cities.
inequality
46
We have consistently noted that economic globalization has paved the way for massive inequality. This phenomenon is thus very pronounced in cities. Some large cities, particularly those in Scandinavia, have found ways to mitigate inequality through state-led social redistribution programs. Yet many cities, particularly those in the developing countries, are sites of contradictions. In places like _____, _______, and _____, it is common to find gleaming buildings alongside massive shantytowns. This duality may even be seen in rich, urban cities.
Mumbai, Jakarta, and Manila
47
In the outskirts of New York and San Francisco are poor urban enclaves occupied by African-Americans and immigrant families who are often denied opportunities at a better life. Slowly, they are being forced to move farther away from the economic centers of their cities. As a city attracts more capital and richer residents, real estate prices go up and poor residents are forced to relocate to far away but cheaper areas. This phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents is called ________.
gentrification.
48
In the outskirts of New York and San Francisco are poor urban enclaves occupied by African-Americans and immigrant families who are often denied opportunities at a better life. Slowly, they are being forced to move farther away from the economic centers of their cities. As a city attracts more capital and richer residents, real estate prices go up and poor residents are forced to _________ to far away but cheaper areas. This phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents is called gentrification.
relocate
49
In Australian cities, poor aboriginal Australians have been most acutely affected by this process. Once living in public urban housing, they were forced to move farther away from city centers that offer more jobs, more government services, and better transportation due to gentrification. In France, poor Muslim migrants are forced out of Paris and have clustered around ethnic enclaves known ______.
banlieue.
50
__________, as noted in this lesson, are sites and mediums of globalization. They are, therefore, material representations of the phenomenon. Through them, we see the best of globalization; they are places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas. They are also places that generate tremendous wealth. However, they remain sites of great inequality, where global servants serve global entrepreneurs. The question of how globalization can be made more just is partly a question of how people make their cities more just.
Global cities
51
Global cities, as noted in this lesson, are sites and mediums of _________. They are, therefore, material representations of the phenomenon. Through them, we see the best of globalization; they are places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas. They are also places that generate tremendous wealth. However, they remain sites of great inequality, where global servants serve global entrepreneurs. The question of how globalization can be made more just is partly a question of how people make their cities more just.
globalization
52
______ ________ is an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not very many people.
rural community
53
have a low population density and small settlements.
rural community
53
_____ _______ view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments.
Rural famalies
54
________ _________ often welcome an extra hand to help in crop cultivation, particularly during the planting and harvesting seasons. The poorer districts of urban centers also tend to have families with more children because the success of their “small family business” depends on how many of their members can be hawking their wares on the streets. Hence, the more children the better it will be for the farms or the small by-the-street corner enterprises.
Rural communities
55
Rural communities often welcome an extra hand to help in crop cultivation, particularly during the planting and harvesting seasons. The poorer districts of urban centers also tend to have families with ______ _________ because the success of their “small family business” depends on how many of their members can be hawking their wares on the streets. Hence, the more children the better it will be for the farms or the small by-the-street corner enterprises.
more children
56
An _____ ________ is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.
urban area
57
_____ _______ are created through urbanization and are categorize by urban monophology as cities, town, cunorbations.
Urban areas
58
______ ________ may not have the same kinship network anymore because couple lives on their own.
Urban families
59
Urban families may not have the same _______ network anymore because couple lives on their own.
kinship
60
Urbanized, educated, and professional families with two incomes, however, desire just one or two ________. With each partner tied down, or committed to his/her respective professions, neither has the time to devote to having a kid, much more to savings plans. They set aside significant parts of their incomes for their retirement, health care, and the future education of their child/children.
progenies
61
Urbanized, educated, and professional families with two incomes, however, desire just one or two progenies. With each partner tied down, or committed to his/her respective professions, neither has the time to devote to having a ______, much more to savings plans. They set aside significant parts of their incomes for their retirement, health care, and the future education of their child/children.
kid
62
_______ ____________ view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments. Children, for example, can take over the agricultural work. Their houses can also become the “retirement homes” of their parents, who will then proceed to take care of their grandchildren. Urban families, however, may not have the same kinship network anymore because couples live on their own, or because they move out of the farmlands. Thus, it is usually the basic family unit that is left to deal with life’s challenges on its own.
Rural families
63
Rural families view multiple children and large kinship networks as ______ _________. Children, for example, can take over the agricultural work. Their houses can also become the “retirement homes” of their parents, who will then proceed to take care of their grandchildren. Urban families, however, may not have the same kinship network anymore because couples live on their own, or because they move out of the farmlands. Thus, it is usually the basic family unit that is left to deal with life’s challenges on its own.
critical investments
64
_____ _______ view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments. Children, for example, can take over the agricultural work. Their houses can also become the “retirement homes” of their parents, who will then proceed to take care of their grandchildren. ______ ________, however, may not have the same kinship network anymore because couples live on their own, or because they move out of the farmlands. Thus, it is usually the basic family unit that is left to deal with life’s challenges on its own.
Rural and Urban Families
65
Rural families view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments. Children, for example, can take over the agricultural work. Their houses can also become the “retirement homes” of their parents, who will then proceed to take care of their grandchildren. Urban families, however, may not have the same ________ network anymore because couples live on their own, or because they move out of the farmlands. Thus, it is usually the basic family unit that is left to deal with life’s challenges on its own.
kinship
66
________ _________ have growth, but not necessarily, because families are having more children. It is rather the combination of the natural outcome of significant migration to the cities by people seeking work in the “more modern” sectors of society.
Urban populations
67
Urban populations have growth, but not necessarily, because families are having more children. It is rather the combination of the natural outcome of significant migration to the cities by people seeking work in the “______ ________” sectors of society.
more modern
68
This movement of people is especially manifest ion the developing countries where industries and businesses in the cities are attracting people from the rural areas. This trend has been noticeable since the _______s, with the pace accelerating in the next half-a-century. By the start of the 21st century, the world had become “44 percent urban, while the corresponding figures for developed countries are 52 percent to 75 percent.”
International migration also plays a part.
1950s
69
This movement of people is especially manifest ion the developing countries where industries and businesses in the cities are attracting people from the rural areas. This trend has been noticeable since the 1950s, with the pace accelerating in the next half-a-century. By the start of the 21st century, the world had become “44 percent urban, while the corresponding figures for developed countries are 52 percent to 75 percent.”
______ _________ also plays a part.
International migration
70
Today, ______ million people live in countries other than their own, and the United Nations projects that over 2.2 million will more from the developing world to the First World countries.
Countries welcome immigrants as they offset the debilitating effects of an aging population, but they are also perceived as threats to the job market because they compete against citizen for jobs and often have the edge because they are open to receiving lower wages. Voters’ pressure has often constrained their governments to institute stricter immigration policies.
191
71
Today, 191 million people live in countries other than their own, and the United Nations projects that over 2.2 million will more from the developing world to the First World countries.
________ welcome immigrants as they offset the debilitating effects of an aging population, but they are also perceived as threats to the job market because they compete against citizen for jobs and often have the edge because they are open to receiving lower wages. Voters’ pressure has often constrained their governments to institute stricter immigration policies.
Countries
72
Today, 191 million people live in countries other than their own, and the United Nations projects that over 2.2 million will more from the developing world to the First World countries.
Countries welcome immigrants as they offset the debilitating effects of an _____ _________, but they are also perceived as threats to the job market because they compete against citizen for jobs and often have the edge because they are open to receiving lower wages. Voters’ pressure has often constrained their governments to institute stricter immigration policies.
aging population
73
Today, 191 million people live in countries other than their own, and the United Nations projects that over 2.2 million will more from the developing world to the First World countries.
Countries welcome immigrants as they offset the debilitating effects of an aging population, but they are also perceived as threats to the job market because they compete against citizen for jobs and often have the edge because they are open to receiving lower wages. ______ ________ has often constrained their governments to institute stricter immigration policies.
Voters’ pressure
74
Who said that Population growth will inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of the 19th century.
MALTHUSIAN THEORY
Thomas Malthus in his "Principle of Population"
75
Population growth will inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of the 19th century.
MALTHUSIAN THEORY
Thomas Malthus in his "Principle of Population"
76
"Principle of Population"
Thomas Malthus with his MALTHUSIAN THEORY
77
Argued that overpopulation in the 1970s and 1980s will bring about global environmental disasters that would, in turn, lead to food shortage and mass starvation.
NEO-MALTHUSIAN THEORY
Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich "The Population Bomb"
78
By limiting the population, vital resources could be used for economic progress and not be “diverted” and “wasted” to feeding more mouths. This argument became the basis for government “______ _________” programs worldwide. In the mid-20th century, the Philippines, China, and India sought to lower birth rates on the belief that unless controlled, the free expansion of family members would lead to a crisis in resources, which is turn may result in widespread poverty, mass hunger, and political instability.
population control
79
As early as 1958 American policy journal, foreign affairs, had already advocate "______ and ________" as the practical solutions to global economic, social, and political problems.
contraception and sterilization
80
In May 2009, a group of American billionaires warned of how a “nightmarish” explosion of people was “a potentially disastrous environmental, social, and industrial threat” to the world.
This worry is likewise at the core of the economist argument for the promotion of reproductive health. Advocates population control contend for universal access to __________ __________ (such as condoms, the pill, abortion, and vasectomy) and, more importantly, giving women the right to choose whether to have children or not.
reproductive technologies
81
In May 2009, a group of American billionaires warned of how a “_________” explosion of people was “a potentially disastrous environmental, social, and industrial threat” to the world.
This worry is likewise at the core of the economist argument for the promotion of reproductive health. Advocates population control contend for universal access to reproductive technologies (such as condoms, the pill, abortion, and vasectomy) and, more importantly, giving women the right to choose whether to have children or not.
nightmarish
82
They see these tools as crucial to their nation’s development. Thus, in Puerto Rico, reproductive health supporters regard their work as the task of transforming their “poor country” into a “_______ ________.”
Finally, politics determine these “birth control” programs. Developed countries justify their support for population control in developing countries by depicting the latter as conservative societies. For instance, population experts blamed the “irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians for that nation’s run-on population growth, and the Iranian peasant’s “natural” libidinal tendencies for the same rise in population.
modern nation
83
They see these tools as crucial to their nation’s development. Thus, in Puerto Rico, reproductive health supporters regard their work as the task of transforming their “poor country” into a “modern nation.”
Finally, politics determine these “_______ _________” programs. Developed countries justify their support for population control in developing countries by depicting the latter as conservative societies. For instance, population experts blamed the “irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians for that nation’s run-on population growth, and the Iranian peasant’s “natural” libidinal tendencies for the same rise in population.
birth control
84
They see these tools as crucial to their nation’s development. Thus, in Puerto Rico, reproductive health supporters regard their work as the task of transforming their “poor country” into a “modern nation.”
Finally, politics determine these “birth control” programs. Developed countries justify their support for population control in developing countries by depicting the latter as conservative societies. For instance, population experts blamed the “irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians for that nation’s run-on population growth, and the Iranian peasant’s “natural” _______ _________ for the same rise in population.
libidinal tendencies
85
From 1920 onwards, the Indian government “marked lower castes, working poor, and Muslims as hypersexual and hyper-fecund and hence a drain on national resources. These policy formulations lead to extreme policies like the forced sterilization of twenty million “violators” of the Chinese government’s _____-_______ ________-. Vietnam and Mexico also conducted coercive mass sterilization.
one-child policy
86
The use of population control to prevent economic crisis .
neo-Malthusian theory (ANTI-NEO-MANTHUSIAN THEORY)
87
Disagrees with the advocate of neo-Malthusian theory and accused governments of using population control.
Besty Hartmann
88
“As a country’s baby-boom generation gets older, for a time it constitutes a large cohort group of working-age individuals and, later a large cohort of elderly people…In all circumstances, there are reasons to think that this very dynamic age structure will have economic consequences. A historically high proportion of working -age individuals in a population means that, potentially, there are more workers per dependent than previously. Production can therefore increase relative to consumption, and _____ ______ can receive a boost.”
GDP capita (Besty Hartmann)
89
MAJOR PROBLEMS
Transportation
Air Pollution
Waste management
90
Others pointed out that the population did grow fast in many countries in the 1960s, and this growth “aided economic development by spurring technological and institutional innovation and increasing the supply of human ingenuity. They acknowledged the shift in population from the rural to the urban areas (__ percent to ___ percent in the developing world since the 1950s).
They likewise noted that while these “megacities” are now clusters in which income disparities along with “transportation, housing, air pollution and, waste management” are major problems, they also have become, and continue to be, “centers of economic growth and activity.”
52 to 75 percent
90
Others pointed out that the population did grow fast in many countries in the 1960s, and this growth “aided economic development by spurring technological and institutional innovation and increasing the supply of human ingenuity. They acknowledged the shift in population from the rural to the urban areas (52percent to 75 percent in the developing world since the 1950s).
They likewise noted that while these “________” are now clusters in which income disparities along with “transportation, housing, air pollution and, waste management” are major problems, they also have become, and continue to be, “centers of economic growth and activity.”
megacities
91
_____ ________ has, in fact, spurred “technological and institutional innovation” and increased “the supply of human ingenuity.” Advances in agricultural production have shown that the Malthusian nightmare can be prevented. The “Green Revolution” created high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals and, along with the development of new methods of cultivation, increased yields globally, but more particularly in the developing world.
Population growth
92
Population growth has, in fact, spurred “technological and institutional innovation” and increased “the supply of human ingenuity.” Advances in agricultural production have shown that the ________ ________ can be prevented. The “Green Revolution” created high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals and, along with the development of new methods of cultivation, increased yields globally, but more particularly in the developing world.
Malthusian nightmare
93
Population growth has, in fact, spurred “technological and institutional innovation” and increased “the supply of human ingenuity.” Advances in agricultural production have shown that the Malthusian nightmare can be prevented. The “________ __________” created high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals and, along with the development of new methods of cultivation, increased yields globally, but more particularly in the developing world.
Green Revolution
94
The global famine that ____-_______ predicted did not happen. Instead, between 1950 and 1984, global grain production increased by over 250 percent, allowing agriculture to keep pace with population growth, thereby keeping global famine under control.
Lately, a middle ground emerged between these two extremes. Scholars and policymakers agree with the neo-Malthusians but suggest that if governments pursue population control programs, they must include “more inclusive growth” and “greener economic growth.”
neo-Malthusians
95
The global famine that neo-Malthusians predicted did not happen. Instead, between 1950 and 1984, global grain production increased by over _____ percent, allowing agriculture to keep pace with population growth, thereby keeping global famine under control.
Lately, a middle ground emerged between these two extremes. Scholars and policymakers agree with the neo-Malthusians but suggest that if governments pursue population control programs, they must include “more inclusive growth” and “greener economic growth.”
250
96
The global famine that neo-Malthusians predicted did not happen. Instead, between 1950 and 1984, global grain production increased by over 250 percent, allowing agriculture to keep pace with population growth, thereby keeping global famine under control.
Lately, a middle ground emerged between these two extremes. Scholars and policymakers agree with the _____-_________ but suggest that if governments pursue population control programs, they must include “more inclusive growth” and “greener economic growth.”
neo-Malthusians
97
The character in the middle of these debates–________–is often the subject of these population measures. Reproductive rights supporters argue that if population control and economic development were to reach their goals, women must have control over whether they will have children or not and when they will have their progenies, if any. By giving women this power, they will be able to pursue their vocations–be they economic, social, or political–and contribute to economic growth.
women
98
The character in the middle of these debates–women–is often the subject of these population measures. Reproductive rights supporters argue that if population control and economic development were to reach their goals, women must have control over whether they will have children or not and when they will have their ________, if any. By giving women this power, they will be able to pursue their vocations–be they economic, social, or political–and contribute to economic growth.
progenies
99
Women's reproductive rights may include some or all of the following:
1. The right to legal and safe abortion.
2. The right to birth control; freedom from coerced sterilization and contraception.
3. The right to access good-quality reproductive healthcare.
4. The right to education and access in order to make free and informed reproductive choices.
5. Reproductive rights may also include the right to receive education about sexually transmitted infections and other aspects of sexuality.
6. Right to menstrual health and protection from practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM).
100
This serial correlation between fertility, family, and fortune has motivated countries with growing economies to introduce or strengthen their reproductive health laws, including ______. High-income First World nations and fast-developing countries were able to sustain growth in part because women were given the power of choice and easy access to reproductive technologies. In North America and Europe, 73 percent of governments allow abortion upon a mother’s request.
abortion
101
This serial correlation between fertility, family, and fortune has motivated countries with growing economies to introduce or strengthen their reproductive health laws, including abortion. High-income First World nations and fast-developing countries were able to sustain growth in part because women were given the power of choice and easy access to reproductive technologies. In North America and Europe, ___ percent of governments allow abortion upon a mother’s request.
73
102
Opponents regard reproductive rights as nothing but as false front for ______. They contend that this method of preventing conception endangers the life of the mother and must be banned. The religious wing of the anti-reproductive rights flank goes further abortion as a debauchery that sullies the name of God; it will send the mother to hell and prevents a new soul, the baby, to become human.
abortion
103
Opponents regard reproductive rights as nothing but as false front for abortion. They contend that this method of preventing conception endangers the life of the mother and must be banned. The religious wing of the ____-________ rights flank goes further abortion as a debauchery that sullies the name of God; it will send the mother to hell and prevents a new soul, the baby, to become human.
anti-reproductive
104
This position (PRO-ABORTION) was a politically powerful one partly because various parts of the developing world remain very _______. Unfailing pressure by Christian groups compelled the governments of Poland, Croatia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and even Russia to impose restrictive reproductive health programs, including making access to condoms and other technologies difficult.
conservative
105
Muslim countries do not condone abortion and limit wives to domestic chores and delivering babies. Senegal only allows abortion when the mother’s life is threatened. The Philippines, with a Catholic majority, now has a reproductive health law in place, but conservative politicians have enfeebled it through budget cuts and stalled its implementation by filing a case against the law in the ________ _________.
Supreme Court
106
They believe that the government assumptions that poverty and environmental degradation are caused by overpopulation are wrong.
The Feminist Perspective
107
________ approach the issue of reproductive rights from another angle. They are, foremost, against any form of population control because they are compulsory by nature, resorting to a carrot-and-stick approach (punitive mechanisms co-exist alongside benefits) that actually does not empower women. They believe that government assumptions that poverty and environmental degradation are caused by overpopulation are wrong.
Feminists
108
Feminists approach the issue of reproductive rights from another angle. They are, foremost, against any form of population control because they are compulsory by nature, resorting to a carrot-and-stick approach (punitive mechanisms co-exist alongside benefits) that actually does not empower women. They believe that government assumptions that poverty and environmental degradation are caused by ___________ are wrong.
overpopulation
109
These factors ignore other equally important causes like the unequal distribution of wealth, the lack of public safety nets like universal health care, education, and gender equality programs. _________ also point out that there is very little evidence that point to overpopulation as the culprit behind poverty and ecological devastation.
Feminists
110
Governments have not directly responded to these criticisms, but one of the _______ of 1994 United Nations International Conference of Population and Development suggests recognition of this issue. Country representatives to that conference agreed that women should receive family planning counseling on abortion, the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases, the nature of human sexuality, and the main elements of responsible parenthood
goals
111
However, the conference (1994 United Nations International Conference of Population and Development) also left it to the individual countries to determine how these recommendations can be turned into programs. Hence, globally, women’s and feminist arguments on reproductive rights and overpopulation are _________, but the struggle to turn them into policy is still fought at the national level. It is the dilemma that women and feminist movements face today.
acknowledged
112
However, the conference (1994 United Nations International Conference of Population and Development) also left it to the individual countries to determine how these recommendations can be turned into ________. Hence, globally, women’s and feminist arguments on reproductive rights and overpopulation are acknowledged, but the struggle to turn them into policy is still fought at the national level. It is the dilemma that women and feminist movements face today.
programs
113
The world's population is expected to increase by ____ ______ persons in the next 30 years, from 7.7 billion currently to 9.7 billion in 2050.
2.0 billion
113
The world's population is expected to increase by 2.0 billion persons in the next 30 years, from 7.7 billion currently to _______ _______ in 2050.
9.7 billion
114
Today’s global population has reached 7.4 billion, and it is estimated to increase to 9.5 billion in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100. The median age of this population is 30.1, with the make median age at 29.4 years and female, 30.9 years.
_____-_______ ______ of this population growth will happen in the
developing countries, with demographers predicting that by the middle
of this country, several countries will have tripled their population. The
opposite is happening in the developed world where populations remain
steady in general, but declining in some of the most advanced countries
(Japan and Singapore).
Ninety-five percent
114
However, this scenario (Population Growth and Food Security) is not a run-off that could get out of control. ________ predict that the world population will stabilize by 2050 to 9 billion, although they warn that feeling this population will be an immense challenge.
Demographers
114
The world's population is expected to increase by 2.0 billion persons in the next 30 years, from 7.7 billion currently to 9.7 billion in ______.
2050
115
Today’s global population has reached 7.4 billion, and it is estimated to increase to 9.5 billion in 2050, then 11.2 billion by 2100. The median age of this population is 30.1, with the make median age at 29.4 years and female, 30.9 years.
Ninety-five percent of this population growth will happen in the
developing countries, with demographers predicting that by the middle
of this country, several countries will have tripled their population. The
opposite is happening in the developed world where populations remain
steady in general, but declining in some of the most advanced countries
(______ and _______).
Japan and Singapore
116
However, this scenario (Population Growth and Food Security) is not a run-off that could get out of control. Demographers predict that the world population will stabilize by 2050 to ____ _______, although they warn that feeling this population will be an immense challenge.
9 billion
117
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not be enough to offset this concern over food security. The ____ _____ ______ ______ (___) warns that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must increase by 70 percent; annual cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1 billion; and yearly meat production must go up to 200 million tons to reach 470 million. The problem here is that the global rate of growth of cereals had declined considerably – from 3.2 percent in 1960 to just 1.5 percent in 2000.
Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO)
118
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not be enough to offset this concern over food security. The Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) warns that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must increase by ___ ________; annual cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1 billion; and yearly meat production must go up to 200 million tons to reach 470 million. The problem here is that the global rate of growth of cereals had declined considerably – from 3.2 percent in 1960 to just 1.5 percent in 2000.
70 percent
119
The ___ recommends that countries increase their investments in agriculture, craft long-term policies aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in research and development. The UN body also suggests that includes develop a comprehensive social service program that includes food assistance, consistent delivery of health services, and education especially for the poor.
FAO
120
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not be enough to offset this concern over food security. The Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) warns that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must increase by 70 percent; annual cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1 billion; and yearly meat production must go up to ___ _____ ____ to reach 470 million. The problem here is that the global rate of growth of cereals had declined considerably – from 3.2 percent in 1960 to just 1.5 percent in 2000.
200 million tons
121
The decline in fertility and the existence of a young productive population, however, may not be enough to offset this concern over food security. The Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) warns that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must increase by 70 percent; annual cereal production must rise to 3 billion tons from the current 2.1 billion; and yearly meat production must go up to 200 million tons to reach 470 million. The problem here is that the global rate of growth of cereals had declined considerably – from ____ ________ in 1960 to just ____ ______ in 2000.
3.2 percent to 1.5 percent
122
The FAO recommends that countries increase their investments in agriculture, craft long-term policies aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in research and development. The __ body also suggests that includes develop a comprehensive social service program that includes food assistance, consistent delivery of health services, and education especially for the poor.
UN body
123
If domestic production is not enough, it becomes essential for nations to ________. The FAO, therefore, enjoins governments to keep their markets open, and to eventually “move towards a global trading system that is fair and competitive, and that contributes to a dependable market for food.”
import
124
_________ is a complex discipline that requires the integration of various social scientific data. As you have seen, demographic changes and policies have impacts on the environment, politics, resources, and other. Yet, at its core, demography accounts for the growth and decline of the human species. It may be about large numbers and massive effects, but it is ultimately about people. Thus, no interdisciplinary account of globalization is complete without an accounting of people. The next lesson will continue on this theme of examining people, and will focus particularly on their global movement.
Demography
125
It is the movement of people from one place to another.
MIGRATION
125
Two kind of migration
Internal Migration
International Migration
125
which refers to people moving from one area to another within one country
Internal Migration
126
in which people cross borders of one country to another.
International Migration
126
Five Groups Under International Migration
1. Immigrants
2. Workers
3. Illegal migrants
4. Migrants (Petitioned)
5. refugees (also known as asylum-seekers)
127
those who move permanently to another country
Immigrants
128
those who stay in another country for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a year).
Workers
129
those who are unauthorized to stay in different countries.
Illegal migrants
130
those whose families have “petitioned” them to move to the destination country
Migrants (Petitioned)
131
those “unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”
refugees (also known as asylum-seekers)
132
also known as asylum-seekers
refugees
133
There are around ____ _______ people currently living outside the countries of their birth.
247 Million
134
There are around 247 Million people currently living outside the countries of their birth.
____ - economic reasons
10% - refugees and asylum-seekers
90%
135
There are around 247 Million people currently living outside the countries of their birth.
90% - economic reasons
____ - refugees and asylum-seekers
10%
136
Top three origins of Migrants
1. Latin America (18 percent)
2. Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16 percent)
3. Middle East and North Africa (14 percent)
137
Top three origins of Migrants
1. Latin America (____ ______)
2. Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16 percent)
3. Middle East and North Africa (14 percent)
18 percent
138
Top three origins of Migrants
1. Latin America (18 percent)
2. Eastern Europe and Central Asia (___ ______)
3. Middle East and North Africa (14 percent)
16 percent
139
Top three origins of Migrants
1. Latin America (18 percent)
2. Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16 percent)
3. Middle East and North Africa (___ _______)
14 percent
140
Top three countries who have most migration
1. India
2. Mexico
3. China
(*Philippines and Afghanistan are just in 6th place)
141
1. India
2. Mexico
3. China
(*Philippines and Afghanistan are just in ____ place)
6th
142
Top Destinations of the Migrants
1. Western Countries (Europe)
2. Middle East
3. United States
143
On Movement
____ of global migrants have moved to from developing countries to the developed countries and contribute 40-80 percent of their labor force.
50%
144
On Movement
50% of global migrants have moved to from developing countries to the developed countries and contribute __-___ percent of their labor force.
40-80
145
According to the think-thank Mckinsey Global Institute
*First generation immigrants constitute ____ of the population in Western Europe, 15% in North America and 48% in GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries.
13%
146
According to the think-thank Mckinsey Global Institute
*First generation immigrants constitute 13% of the population in Western Europe, ____ in North America and 48% in GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries.
15%
147
According to the think-thank Mckinsey Global Institute
*First generation immigrants constitute 13% of the population in Western Europe, 15% in North America and _____ in GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries.
48%
148
Top Countries where immigrants preferred to stay in the City
92% in US
95% in UK
99% in Australia
149
US President Donald Trump and UK Prime Minister Theresa May supports a number of ____-______ move.
Anti-immigrants
149
__-_____ and _____ _______ argue that government must control legal immigration and put a stop to illegal entry of foreigners.
Anti-Immigrants and Nationalist groups
150
The massive inflow of refugees from ___ and ______ has raised alarm bells once again, but has not proved to be as damaging as expected.
Syria and Iraq
151
The ______ ______ _________ predicted that the flow of refugees fleeing the war in Syria and Iraq would actually grow Europe’s GPD, albeit “modestly.”
International Monetary Fund
152
In Germany, the inflow of refugees from the Middle East has not affected social welfare programs, and had very little impact on wages and employment. In fact, they have brought much-needed _____ to the economy instead.
labor
152
Even if 90% of the value generated by migrant workers remains in their host countries, they have sent billions back to their home countries. Total remittances (_____ billions)
>In 2014,India held the highest remittance ($70 billion), followed by China ($62 billion), Philippines ($28 billion), Mexico ($25 billion)
$580
153
Migration causes siphoning qualified personnel and removing dynamic young workers “____ ______”.
brain drain
154
It increases the percentage of working class in accepting countries.
Benefits for the accepting countries
Benefits for the accepting countries (of Migrants)
155
________ causes siphoning qualified personnel and removing dynamic young workers “brain drain”.
Migration (Benefits for the accepting countries)
156
The United Nations defines ______ _______ as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion) for an improper purpose including forced labor or sexual exploitation.
human trafficking
156
Accepting countries may involved in Human Trafficking and Integration.
Detriments for accepting countries
157
In 2012, the International Labour Organization (ILO) identified _____ men and women and children as victims of force labor an appalling three out every 1,000 persons worldwide.
21M
158
_____ (18.7M) explioted by private entrepreneurs
90% (The problem of Human Trafficking)
159
______________ is the delicate, critical transition of the migrant from outsider to insider - the process by which migrants become a part of their new community. Successful _________- is hard to measure because it is multilayered, touching every part of the migrant experience, from education to housing, political participation and civic engagement.
Integration
159
______ (14.2M) work under compulsion in agricultural, manufacturing, infrastracture and domestic activities.
68% (The problem of Human Trafficking)
160
_____ (4.5M) sexually abused
22% (The problem of Human Trafficking)
161
________ from China, India and western Europe often have more success, while those from the middle east, North Africa, sub-saharan face a greater challenges in securing jobs.
Blue collar and White collar jobs
Migrants
162
_____ _________ entails the globalization of people. And like the broader globalization process, it is uneven. Some migrants experience their movement as a liberating process.
Global migration
163
The ______ ______ ________ caused by industrial and transportation toxins and plastic in the ground; the defiling of the sea, rivers, and water beds by oil spills and acid rain; the dumping of urban waste
depredation of environment
164
The exhaustion of the world’s _______ ____-_____ ________ from oil reserves to minerals to potable water
natural non-renewable resources
164
_______ ___ ______ _______ patterns (flash flood, extreme snowstorms, and the spread of deserts) and the surge in ocean and land temperatures leading to a rise in sea levels (as the polar ice caps melt because of the weather), plus the flooding of many lowland areas across the world
Changes in global weather
164
The reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because of ___________, resulting in the rise in ocean acidity by as much as 150 percent in the last 250 years
deforestation
165
The destruction of million-year-old __________ and the loss of ________ (destruction of the coral reefs and massive deforestation) that have led to the extinction of particular species and the decline in the number of others
ecosystems and biodiversity
165
A _____ ________ catastrophe due to the excessive amount unloaded be communities in landfills as well as on the ocean; and the dumping of nuclear waste
waste disposal
166
The depletion of the ozone layer protecting the planet from the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays due to __________ (____) in the atmosphere
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
167
Deadly ______ ________ as a result of fossil fuel combustion, toxic chemicals from erupting volcanoes, and the massive rotting vegetables filling up garbage dumps or left on the streets
acid rain
168
Deadly acid rain as a result of ______ ______ _________, toxic chemicals from erupting volcanoes, and the massive rotting vegetables filling up garbage dumps or left on the streets
fossil fuel combustion
169
________ __________ arising from industrial and community waste residues seeping into underground water tables, rivers, and seas
Water pollution
170
Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city turns into a __________, destroying farmlands, increasing traffic gridlock, and making smog cloud a permanent urban fixture (see Lesson 8)
megalopolis
171
_____________ and other threats to _______ _______ arising from wastes mixing with drinking water, polluted environments that become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and disease-carrying rodents, and pollution
Pandemics and public health
172
A radical alteration of food systems because of _________ modifications in food production
genetic
173
DIFFERENT TYPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Many of these problems are caused by _________ changes.
natural
174
IN SAUDI ARABIA
World Health Organization (WHO) to declare ________ as one of the most polluted cities in the world.
Riyadh
175
IN INDIA
Greenpeace India reported that in 2015, air pollution in the country was at its worst, aggravated by the Indian government’s inadequate monitoring system (there are only 17 national air quality networks covering 89 cities across the continent).
studies on adults health revealed that 46% in Delhi and 56% of in Calcutta have “_______ _____ _________” due to air pollution.
impaired lung function
176
IN NIGERIA
____ ________ of Nigeria’s population is exposed to air pollution that the WHO warned as reaching dangerous levels.
94 percent
177
IN BOTSWANA
while Gaborone, the capital of Botswana, is the ______ most polluted city in the world. The emission of aerosols and other gases from car exhaust, burning of wood or garbage, indoor-cooking, and diesel-fueled electric generators, and petrochemical plants are projected to quadruple by 2030.
7th
178
IN BOTSWANA
while _________, the capital of Botswana, is the 7th most polluted city in the world. The emission of aerosols and other gases from car exhaust, burning of wood or garbage, indoor-cooking, and diesel-fueled electric generators, and petrochemical plants are projected to quadruple by 2030.
Gaborone
179
IN WEST VIGINIA, USA
coal mines in West Virginia have pumped “______-________ _________- directly into the ground, where it can leech in the water table and turn what had been drinkable…water into a poisonous cocktail of chemical.” The system “goes back generations and could soon render much of the state’s water undrinkable.”
The aforementioned coal mining in West Virginia has also made people sick, some with “rare cancers, little kids with kidney stones [and] premature deaths,” and children born with congenital disabilities and adults having shorter life expectancy.
chemical-laden wastewater
180
IN WEST AFRICA
________- in West Africa has affected “the atmospheric circulation system that controls everything from wind and temperature to rainfall across huge swathes of the region.”
Pollution
181
In Indonesia and Malaysia
the ______ between forest fires and mortality had been well-established.
link
182
IN CHINA
Twenty years ago, there were over 50,000 rivers in China. In 2013, as a result of ______ ________, uncontrolled urban growth, and rapidly industrialization, 28,000 of these rivers had disappeared.
climate change
183
IN CHINA
____ ________ of China’s soil, with the rice lands in Hunan and Zhuzhou found to have heavy metals from the mines, threatening the food supply.
the toxicity of the soil has raised concerns over food security and the health of the most vulnerable, especially the peasant communities and those living in factory cities. In 2006, 160 acres of la in Xinma, China was badly poisoned by cadmium. Two people died and 150 were known to be poisoned; the entire village was abandoned. Hong Kong faces the same problem.
20 percent
183
In the United States
a Yale University research team studying areas with high levels of ____________ observed that the “greater the concentration of Hispanics, Asians, African-Americans, or poor residents in an area, the more likely that dangerous compounds such as vanadium, nitrates, and zinc are in the mix of fine particles they breathe.”
pollution
184
In Metropolitan Manila
______ _______ (4 million people) of the population live in slum communities, areas where “[t]he effects of urban environmental problems and threats of climate change are also most pronounced…due to their hazardous location, poor air pollution and solid waste management, weak disaster risk management, and limiting coping strategies of households.” Marife Ballesteros concludes that this unhealthy environment “deepens poverty, increases the vulnerability of both the poor and non-poor living in slums, and excludes the slum poor from growth.
37 percent
184
In Metropolitan Manila
37 percent (4 million people) of the population live in slum communities, areas where “[t]he effects of urban environmental problems and threats of climate change are also most pronounced…due to their hazardous location, poor air pollution and solid waste management, weak disaster risk management, and limiting coping strategies of households.” _____ _________ concludes that this unhealthy environment “deepens poverty, increases the vulnerability of both the poor and non-poor living in slums, and excludes the slum poor from growth.
Marife Ballesteros
185
_________- in West Africa has affected “the atmospheric circulation system that controls everything from wind and temperature to rainfall across huge swathes of the region.”
The Asian monsoon, in turn, had become the transport of polluted air into the stratosphere, and scientists are now linking Pacific storms to the spread of Pollution in Asia.
Pollution
186
An archived article in the journal Scientific American blamed the pollution for “contributing to more than half a million premature deaths each year at the cost of hundreds of billions of dollars.”_________
pollution
187
The International Agency for Research on Cancer blamed ____ ________ for 223,000 lung cancer deaths in 2010.
air pollution
188
According to the Centre for Science and Environment in Delhi, India, “two-wheelers form a staggering _____-______ of the traffic in most Asian cities.” Motorbikes burn oil and gasoline and “emit more smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter than the gas-only four-stroke engines found in newer motorcycles.”
75%-80%
189
The publics transport vehicles usually command a lower price because of their durability and low operating cost, and hence affordable to the middle class. However, they also release _____ _______ the toxic pollution as the buses.
four times
190
because publics transport vehicles runs mainly on diesel fuel, it is now considered “one of the largest contributors to environmental pollution problems worldwide.” This problem is expected to _________ as the middle classes and the elites buy more cars and as the road systems are improved to give people more chance to travel.
worsen
191
191
192
192
193
194
195
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