CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Question 1

• Despite the lack of a single world authority, states under an international order continue to adhere to some global rules, implying that there is some semblance of world order. The multiple intersecting processes that generate this order are referred to as _________ _________. _________ ___________ can come from a variety of sources.

Answer 1

global governance.

Question 2

___________ establish treaties and form organizations, enacting public international law (international standards that regulate relations between states rather than, for example, private enterprises).

Answer 2

Nations

Question 3

International ______-________ __________ (NGOs), though not having formal state power, can lobby individual states to behave in a certain way (for example, an international animal protection NGO can pressure governments to pass animal cruelty laws).

Answer 3

non-governmental organizations

Question 4

When scholars refer to groups such as the UN or institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank (see Lesson 2), they usually call them ___________ _________ (IOs). Although international NGOs are sometimes considered IOs, the term is commonly used to refer to international intergovernmental organizations or groups that are primarily made up of member-states.

Answer 4

international organizations

Question 5

One major fallacy about _____________ ____________ is that they are merely amalgamations of various state interests.

Answer 5

international organizations

Question 6

In the 1960s and 1970s, many scholars believed that ___ were just venues where the contradicting but sometimes intersecting agenda of countries were discussed-no more than talk shops.

Answer 6

IOs

Question 7

What has become more evident in recent years, however, is that ___ can take on lives of their own. For example, as seen in Lesson 2, the IMF was able to promote a particular form of economic orthodoxy that stemmed mainly from the beliefs of its professional economists. ___ can thus become influential as independent organizations.

Answer 7

IOs

Question 8

Who were the International relations scholars who listed the powers of IOS.

Answer 8

Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore

Question 9

IOs have the _________ _ ___________. Because IOs can invent and apply categories, they create powerful global standards. For example, it is the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) that defines what a refugee is (see Lesson 10 for more). Furthermore, since states are required to accept refugees entering their borders, this power to establish identity has concrete effects.

Answer 9

power of classification

Question 10

What are the power of IOs

Answer 10

IOs have the power of classification
IOs have the ability to change the meaning of words
IOs have the power to diffuse norms

Question 11

IOs have the ability to _______ _______ ________ ___ _______. This is a more general function that is linked to the first. Various concepts, such as “security” and “development,” must be clearly defined. IOs are seen as legitimate sources of information for states, organizations, and individuals. As a result, the meanings they generate have an impact on a variety of policies. For example, recently, the United Nations has started to define security as not just safety from military violence but also safety from environmental harm.

Answer 11

change the meaning of words

Question 12

IOs have the _________ _____ ___________ __________. Norms are accepted codes of conduct that may not be strict laws but produce regularity in behavior. IOs do not only classify and fix meanings; they also spread their ideas across the world, thereby establishing global standards. Their members are, as Barnett and Finnemore emphasized, the “missionaries” of our time. Their power to diffuse norms stems from the fact that IOs are staffed with independent bureaucracies, who are considered experts in various fields. For example, World Bank economists come to be regarded as experts in development, and thus, carry some form of authority. As a result, they can establish standards for the implementation and conceptualization of development projects.

Answer 12

power to diffuse norms

Question 13

They have the ability to promote important standards such as environmental conservation and human rights.

Answer 13

International Organizations

Question 14

they can become closed communities that refuse to question their views.

Answer 14

International Organizations

Question 15

Having examined the powers, limitations, and weaknesses of IOs, the spotlight will now fall on the most prominent IO in the contemporary world, the ________ _________

Answer 15

United Nations (UN).

Question 16

After the collapse of the League of Nations at the end of World War II, countries that worried about another global war began to push for the formation of a more lasting international league. The result was the creation of the ____..

Answer 16

UN.

Question 17

Although the organization is far from perfect, it should be emphasized that it has so far achieved its primary goal of averting another global war. For this reason alone, the __ should be considered a success.

Answer 17

UN

Question 18

The UN is divided into five active organs. What are those?

Answer 18

The General Assembly (GA)
Security Council (SC)
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
International Court of Justice
The Secretariat

Question 19

is UN’s “main deliberative policymaking and representative organ.” (five organs)

Answer 19

• The General Assembly (GA)

Question 20

• Despite the General Assembly (GA) being the most represented body in the UN, many critics believe the ___________ __________ is the most powerful.

Answer 20

Security Council (SC)

Question 21

• The third UN organ is the ________ ____ _______ ________, which is “the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed development goals.”

Answer 21

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

Question 22

The fourth is the _____ _____ _____ ___________ whose task “is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.”

Answer 22

International Court of Justice

Question 23

According to the UN charter, Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members, and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the _______ _______. Decisions on other questions are done by simple majority.

Answer 23

General Assembly.

Question 24

_____ ________ _________ elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of office.”

Answer 24

the General Assembly

Question 25

All member states (currently at ____) have seats in the GA. The Philippines played a prominent role in the GA’s early years when Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president from 1949-1950.

Answer 25

193

Question 26

All member states (currently at 193) have seats in the GA. The Philippines played a prominent role in the GA’s early years when Filipino diplomat ________ ____ _________ was elected GA president from 1949-1950.

Answer 26

Carlos P. Romulo

Question 27

All member states (currently at 193) have seats in the GA. The Philippines played a prominent role in the GA’s early years when Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president from _____-_____

Answer 27

1949-1950.

Question 28

According to the United Nations, the latter has 15 members. Ten of the fifteen members are elected to two-year terms by the GA. The other five-sometimes referred to as the _______ ___ -are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries have been permanent members of the UN since its inception and cannot be removed or changed by elections.

Answer 28

Permanent 5 (P5)

Question 29

According to the United Nations, the latter has 15 members. ___ of the fifteen members are elected to two-year terms by the GA. The other five-sometimes referred to as the Permanent 5 (P5)-are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries have been permanent members of the UN since its inception and cannot be removed or changed by elections.

Answer 29

Ten

Question 30

According to the United Nations, the latter has 15 members. Ten of the fifteen members are elected to ____-_____ terms by the GA. The other five-sometimes referred to as the Permanent 5 (P5)-are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries have been permanent members of the UN since its inception and cannot be removed or changed by elections.

Answer 30

two-year

Question 31

According to the United Nations, the latter has 15 members. Ten of the fifteen members are elected to two-year terms by the GA. The other five-sometimes referred to as the Permanent 5 (P5)-are _____,_______, _______,______, and ________ These countries have been permanent members of the UN since its inception and cannot be removed or changed by elections.

Answer 31

China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Question 32

The ____ is in charge of evaluating whether a threat to the peace or an act of aggression exists. (Five organs)

Answer 32

SC

Question 33

It encourages the concerned parties to resolve their differences through peaceful ways and suggests measures for adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, it can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorizing the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. Because of these powers, states that seek to intervene militarily in another state need to obtain the approval of the __. With the ___’s approval, a military intervention may be deemed legal. This is an immense power.

Answer 33

Security Council (SC)

Question 34

Much attention has been placed on the ____’s P5 due to their permanent seats and because each country holds veto power over the council’s decisions. It only takes one veto vote from a P5 member to stop an ___ action dead in its tracks.

Answer 34

SC

Question 35

In this sense, the ___ is heir to the tradition of “great power” diplomacy that began with the Metternich/Concert of Europe system (see the previous lesson). It is especially telling that the P5 consists of the major Allied Powers that won World War II.

Answer 35

SC

Question 36

It has 54 members elected for three-year terms. Currently, it is the UN’s central platform for discussions on sustainable development.

Answer 36

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

Question 37

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has ____ members elected for three-year terms. Currently, it is the UN’s central platform for discussions on sustainable development.

Answer 37

54

Question 38

The major cases of the court consist of disputes between states that voluntarily submit themselves to the court for arbitration. The court, as such, cannot try individuals (international criminal cases are heard by the International Criminal Court, which is independent of the UN), and its decisions are only binding when states have explicitly agreed to place themselves before the court’s authority.

Answer 38

International Court of Justice

Question 39

The SC may enforce the rulings of the _____, but this remains subject to the P5’s veto power.

Answer 39

ICJ

Question 40

In the late 1960s, the diplomat _________ ___ _________ was chairman of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Lopez and other Filipinos helped design the system whereby any citizen of any state may petition the UN to look into human rights violations in a country. That system exists until today. Human rights, therefore, are not foreign impositions. They are part of our national heritage.

Answer 40

Salvador P. Lopez

Question 41

Finally, _______ _______ consists of the “Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the organization’s other principal organs.

Answer 41

the secretariat

Question 42

Finally, the secretariat consists of the “______-________ and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the organization’s other principal organs.

Answer 42

Secretary-General

Question 43

Finally, the secretariat consists of the “Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the ________ ________ and the organization’s other principal organs.

Answer 43

General Assembly

Question 44

As such, it is the bureaucracy of the UN, serving as a kind of international civil service. Members of the __________ serve in their capacity as UN employees, not as state representatives. (The secretariat)

Answer 44

secretariat

Question 45

Given the scope of the UN’s activities, it naturally faces numerous challenges. Chief among these are the limits placed upon its various organs and programs by the need to respect state sovereignty. The UN is not a world government, and it functions primarily because of voluntary cooperation from states. If states refuse to cooperate, the influence of the UN can be severely _________. For example, the UN Council on Human Rights can send special rapporteurs to countries where alleged human rights violations are occurring. However, if a government does not welcome the rapporteur or imposes limits on his or her actions, this information-gathering process is unlikely to succeed.

Answer 45

circumscribed

Question 46

the United Nations’ greatest difficulty may be attributed to issues of __________. As previously stated, the UN Security Council is responsible for sanctioning international military intervention. Because of the P5’s veto authority, the council finds it difficult to issue a formal resolution, let alone implement it. This became an issue, for example, in the late 1990s when the United States sought to intervene in the Kosovo war. Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević was committing acts of ethnic cleansing against ethnic Muslim Albanians in the province of Kosovo. Hundreds and thousands of Albanians were victims of massacres, mass deportations, and internal displacement. Amid this systematic terror, members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, see Lesson 5), led by the United States, sought SC authorization to intervene in the Kosovo war on humanitarian grounds. China and Russia, however, threatened to veto any action, rendering the UN incapable of addressing the crisis. In response, NATO decided to intervene on its own. Though the NATO intervention was largely a success, it, nevertheless, left the UN ineffectual.

Answer 46

security

Question 47

the United Nations’ greatest difficulty may be attributed to issues of security. As previously stated, the UN Security Council is responsible for sanctioning international military intervention. Because of the P5’s veto authority, the council finds it difficult to issue a formal resolution, let alone implement it. This became an issue, for example, in the late 1990s when the United States sought to intervene in the _______ ______. Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević was committing acts of ethnic cleansing against ethnic Muslim Albanians in the province of Kosovo. Hundreds and thousands of Albanians were victims of massacres, mass deportations, and internal displacement. Amid this systematic terror, members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, see Lesson 5), led by the United States, sought SC authorization to intervene in the ________ _______ on humanitarian grounds. China and Russia, however, threatened to veto any action, rendering the UN incapable of addressing the crisis. In response, NATO decided to intervene on its own. Though the NATO intervention was largely a success, it, nevertheless, left the UN ineffectual.

Answer 47

Kosovo war

Question 48

a similar dynamic is evident in Syria, which is undergoing a civil war. Russia has threatened to _______ any SC resolution against Syria; thus, the UN has done very little to stop state-sanctioned violence against opponents of the government. Since Syrian President Bashar al-Assad is an ally of Russian dictator Vladimir Putin, the latter has shied away from any policy that could weaken the legitimacy of the former. As a result, the UN is again ineffectual amid a conflict that has led to over 220,000 people dead and 11 million displaced.³¹

Answer 48

veto

Question 49

it remains important for the _______ to place a high bar on military intervention. The UN ________ _____ has been wrong on issues of intervention, but it has also made right decisions. When the United States sought to invade Iraq in 2001, it claimed that Iraq’s Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (WMD) which threatened the world. However, UN members Russia, China, and France were unconvinced and vetoed the UN resolution for intervention, forcing the United States to lead a small “coalition of the willing” with its allies. It has since been discovered that there were no weapons of mass destruction, and the invasion of Iraq has caused problems for the country and the region that last until today.

Answer 49

SC

Question 50

it remains important for the SC to place a high bar on military intervention. The UN Security Council has been wrong on issues of intervention, but it has also made right decisions. When the United States sought to invade Iraq in 2001, it claimed that Iraq’s Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (WMD) which threatened the world. However, UN members Russia, China, and France were unconvinced and vetoed the UN resolution for intervention, forcing the United States to lead a small “________ __ ____ _______” with its allies. It has since been discovered that there were no weapons of mass destruction, and the invasion of Iraq has caused problems for the country and the region that last until today.

Answer 50

coalition of the willing

Question 51

there were ____ instances when the permanent members of the Security Council exercised their right to veto resolutions, 25 by Russia and China and 12 by the United States. The majority of these vetoes pertained to the volatile situation in the Middle East.

Answer 51

37

Question 52

there were 37 instances when the permanent members of the Security Council exercised their right to veto resolutions, 25 by Russia and China and ____ by the United States. The majority of these vetoes pertained to the volatile situation in the Middle East.

Answer 52

12

Question 53

there were 37 instances when the permanent members of the Security Council exercised their right to veto resolutions, ___ by Russia and China and 12 by the United States. The majority of these vetoes pertained to the volatile situation in the Middle East.

Answer 53

25

Question 54

_______ _______ is such a complex issue that one can actually teach an entire course in itself. This lesson has focused on the IOs and the United Nations in particular. International organizations are highlighted because they are the most visible symbols of global governance.

Answer 54

Global governance

Question 55

The ______, in particular, is the closest to a world government. What is important to remember is that international institutions such as the ______ are always in a precarious position. On the one hand, they are groups of sovereign states. On the other, they are organizations with their own and agenda. It is this tension that will continue to inform the evolution of these organizations.

Answer 55

UN

Question 56

Governments, associations, societies, and groups form regional organizations and/or networks as a way of coping with the challenges of _________

Answer 56

globalization,

Question 57

__________ has made people aware of the world in general, but it has also made Filipinos more cognizant of specific areas such as Southeast Asia. How, for instance, did the Philippines come to identify itself with the Southeast Asian region? Why is it part of a regional grouping known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?

Answer 57

Globalization

Question 58

While _____________ is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, the term actually encompasses a broader area. It can be examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and health.

Answer 58

regionalism

Question 59

“__________ is also a process and must be treated as an “emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.” It means that regions are not natural or given; rather, they are constructed and defined by policymakers, economic actors, and even social movements.

Answer 59

Regionalism

Question 59

_______ __ _________ and ______ __ Milner state that economic and political definitions of regions vary, but there are certain basic features that everyone can agree on.

Answer 59

Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V.

Question 60

• Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner state that economic and political definitions of regions vary, but there are certain basic features that everyone can agree on:

Answer 60

o First, regions are “a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area” or are “an amalgamation of two regions (or) a combination of more than two regions organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.
o Second, the words regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged, as the former refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows while the latter is “a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.”

Question 60

First, ________ are “a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area” or are “an amalgamation of two regions (or) a combination of more than two regions organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices. (Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner)

Answer 60

regions

Question 61

Second, the words _______ and ________ should not be interchanged, as the former refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows while the latter is “a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.” (Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner)

Answer 61

regionalization and regionalism

Question 62

refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows (Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner)

Answer 62

regionalization

Question 63

“a political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.” (Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner)

Answer 63

regionalism

Question 64

Countries respond to globalization in a variety of ways, both ________ and ________. Some are large enough and wealthy enough to be able to decide how they participate in global integration processes. China, for instance, offers its cheap labor and large workforce to entice foreign companies and grow commerce with countries it once saw as adversaries but now sees them as consumers for its goods (e.g., the United States and Japan). Other countries compensate for their limited size by capitalizing on their advantageous geographic location. Singapore and Switzerland make up for their lack of resources by becoming financial and banking powerhouses. Singapore improved its harbor facilities and established them as a first-class transit port for ships transporting various commodities from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and mainland Southeast Asia to Asia-Pacific countries. In most cases, however, countries form a regional alliance, for-as the saying goes there is strength in numbers.

Answer 64

economically and politically

Question 65

• Countries, form regional associations for several reasons:

Answer 65

o One is for military defense.
o Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources
o there are countries that form regional blocs to protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics.
o Finally, economic downturns force governments to band together.

Question 66

o One is for _______ ______. The most widely known defense grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed during the Cold War when several Western European countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance, the Warsaw Pack, consisting of the Eastern European countries under Soviet domination. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)

Answer 66

military defense

Question 66

One is for military defense. The most widely known defense grouping is the _________ _______ ________ _________ formed during the Cold War when several Western European countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance, the Warsaw Pack, consisting of the Eastern European countries under Soviet domination. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)

Answer 66

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question 66

The ______ ______ imploded in December 1991, but NATO remains in place.

Answer 66

Soviet Union

Question 66

o One is for military defense. The most widely known defense grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed during the Cold War when several Western European countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance, the _______ _______, consisting of the Eastern European countries under Soviet domination. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)

Answer 66

Warsaw Pack

Question 67

The Soviet Union imploded in December ____, but NATO remains in place.

Answer 67

1991

Question 68

Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better returns for their exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
 The _________ ____ ___ ________ ________ was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate the production and sale of oil. This regional alliance flexed its muscles the 1970s when its member countries took over domestic production and dictated crude oil prices in the world market. In a world highly dependent on oil, this integration became a source of immense power. _____’s success convinced nine other oil- producing countries to join it.

Answer 68

Organization of the Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Question 69

there are countries that form regional blocs to protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
 The presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia created the ____-____ ________ in 1961 to pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national equality, non- intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution. It called itself non- aligned because the association refused to side with either the First World capitalist democracies in Western Europe and North America or the communist states in Eastern Europe.

Answer 69

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

Question 69

there are countries that form regional blocs to protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
 The NAM had ______ member countries at its peak. However, the movement was never official and continues to exist today but with less vigor than in the past.

Answer 69

120

Question 70

there are countries that form regional blocs to protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
 The _______ had 120 member countries at its peak. However, the movement was never official and continues to exist today but with less vigor than in the past.

Answer 70

NAM

Question 71

o Finally, economic downturns force governments to band together. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
 In 1996, after foreign currency speculators and worried international banks demanded that the Thai government repay its loans, the Thai economy collapsed. Its economy was bankrupted as a result of a quick withdrawal of foreign capital. This crisis began to spread to other Asian countries as their currencies were also devalued and foreign investments were left in a hurry. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) tried to reverse the crisis, but it was only after the ______- countries, along with China, Japan, and South Korea, agreed to establish an emergency fund to anticipate a crisis that the Asian economies stabilized.
 The crisis made ________ more “unified and coordinated.”

Answer 71

ASEAN

Question 72

o Finally, economic downturns force governments to band together. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
 The Association has come a long way since it was formed as a coalition of countries which were pro-American and supportive of the United States intervention in Vietnam. After the Vietnam War, _______ continued to act as a military alliance to isolate Vietnam when it invaded Cambodia; but there were also the beginnings of economic cooperation.

Answer 72

ASEAN

Question 73

Finally, economic downturns force governments to band together. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
o ASEAN Studies, Member countries have actively promoted this perspective, and it is gradually displacing “________ _______” studies which originated in the West. This is a good sign as Western universities have been losing interest in Southeast Asia. With that being said, ASEAN studies may also have a drawback. Since it is supported by the member countries, it may not be supportive of studies that are critical of ASEAN and its members.

Answer 73

Southeast Asian

Question 74

Finally, economic downturns force governments to band together. (Countries, form regional associations for several reasons.)
o ASEAN Studies, Member countries have actively promoted this perspective, and it is gradually displacing “Southeast Asian” studies which originated in the West. This is a good sign as Western universities have been losing interest in Southeast Asia. With that being said, ________ studies may also have a drawback. Since it is supported by the member countries, it may not be supportive of studies that are critical of ASEAN and its members.

Answer 74

ASEAN

Question 75

Organizations representing this “_______ ______ “ likewise rely on the power of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and associations to link up with one another in pursuit of a particular goal (or goals).

Answer 75

new regionalism

Question 75

It is not only states that agree to work together in the name of a single cause (or causes). Communities also engage in regional organization. This “_______ _________” varies in form; they can be “tiny associations that include no more than a few actors and focus on a single issue or huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems from territorial defense to food security.

Answer 75

new regionalism

Question 76

“______ _______ is identified with reformists who share the same “values, norms, institutions, and system that exist outside of the traditional, established mainstream institutions and systems.

Answer 76

new regionalism

Question 77

Their strategies and tactics likewise vary. Some organizations partner with governments to initiate social change. Those who work with governments (“__________”) participate in “institutional mechanisms that afford some civil society groups voice and influence [in] technocratic policy-making processes. For example, the ASEAN issued its Human Rights Declaration in 2009, but the regional body left it to member countries to apply the declaration’s principles as they see fit. Aware that democratic rights are limited in many ASEAN countries, “new regionalism” organizations used this official declaration to pressure these governments to pass laws and regulations that protect and promote human rights.

Answer 77

legitimizers

Question 78

• Their strategies and tactics likewise vary. Some organizations partner with governments to initiate social change. Those who work with governments (“legitimizers”) participate in “institutional mechanisms that afford some civil society groups voice and influence [in] technocratic policy-making processes. For example, the ASEAN issued its Human Rights Declaration in 2009, but the regional body left it to member countries to apply the declaration’s principles as they see fit. Aware that democratic rights are limited in many ASEAN countries, “______ _________” organizations used this official declaration to pressure these governments to pass laws and regulations that protect and promote human rights.

Answer 78

new regionalism

Question 79

In South America, left-wing governments support the Hemispheric Social Alliance’s opposition to the _________ _________ ________ ________ ______.

Answer 79

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Question 80

• A group called the ______ ______ _______ tries to influence the policies and programs of the Organization of American States.

Answer 80

Citizen Diplomacy Forum

Question 81

In Southeast Asia, the organization of ________ Parliamentarians for Human Rights was, in part, the result of non-government organizations and civil society groups pushing to “prevent discrimination, uphold political freedom, and promote democracy and human rights throughout the region.

Answer 81

ASEAN

Question 82

• Other regional organizations dedicate themselves to specialized causes. Activists across Central and South America established the ______ ________ to protect indigenous peoples and the rainforests in Brazil, Guyana, Panama, and Peru Young Christians across Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas

Answer 82

Rainforest Foundation

Question 83

the Caribbean formed _______ _______ ________ ________ to promote “conflict prevention, resolution, peace education, and sustainable development.

Answer 83

Regional Interfaith Youth Networks

Question 84

The ______ _______ in Asia is another regional network of NGOs and trade unions “committed to protect[ing] and promot[ing] the rights and welfare of migrant workers.

Answer 84

Migrant Forum

Question 85

The moral standing of these organizations as well as their capacity to combine lobbying and pressure politics are their key assets. Unfortunately, the majority of them are underfunded, putting them at a disadvantage when dealing with their government counterparts who have access to large sums of money. As a result, their influence on global politics is limited.

Answer 85

Non-State Regionalism

Question 85

New regionalism differs significantly from ________ _____-__-_____ _______ when it comes to identifying problems. For example, states treat poverty or environmental degradation as technical or economic issues that can be resolved by refining existing programs of state agencies, making minor changes in economic policies, and creating new offices that address these issues. proponents of new regionalism, such as the NGO Global Forum, regard these problems as the result of flawed economic development and environmental models. They use the term flawed to describe economic growth plans that are market- based, profit-driven, and have little regard for social welfare particularly among the poor.

Answer 85

Traditional state- to-state regionalism

Question 86

__________ ___________ differs significantly from traditional state- to-state regionalism when it comes to identifying problems. For example, states treat poverty or environmental degradation as technical or economic issues that can be resolved by refining existing programs of state agencies, making minor changes in economic policies, and creating new offices that address these issues. proponents of new regionalism, such as the NGO Global Forum, regard these problems as the result of flawed economic development and environmental models. They use the term flawed to describe economic growth plans that are market- based, profit-driven, and have little regard for social welfare particularly among the poor.

Answer 86

New regionalism

Question 87

Another challenge for new ________ is the discord that may emerge among them. For example, disagreements surface over issues such as gender and religion, with pro-choice NGOs breaking from religious civil society groups that side with the Church, Muslim imams, or governments which oppose reproductive rights and other pro-women policies. Moreover, while civil society groups are able to dialogue with governments, the latter may not be welcoming to this new trend and set up one obstacle after another.

Answer 87

regionalists

Question 88

• Migrant Forum Asia and its ally, the Coordination of Action Research on AIDS (CARAM), lobbied ______ governments to defend migrant labor rights. Their program of action, however, slowed down once countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand refused to recognize the rights of undocumented migrant workers and the rights of the families of migrants.

Answer 88

ASEAN

Question 89

_______ faces multiple challenges, the most serious of which is the resurgence of militant nationalism and populism. The refusal to dismantle NATO after the collapse of the Soviet Union, for example, has become the basis of the anti-NATO rhetoric of Vladimir Putin in Russia. Now, even the relationship of the United States-the alliance’s core member-with NATO has become problematic after Donald Trump demonized the organization as simply leeching off American military power without giving anything in return.

Answer 89

regionalism

Question 90

Perhaps the most crisis-ridden regional organization of today the _______ ________. The continuing financial crisis of the region is forcing countries such as Greece to consider leaving the Union to gain more flexibility in their economic policy. Anti- sentiment and a populist campaign against Europe have already led to the United Kingdom voting to leave the European Union in a move the media has termed the “Brexit.”

Answer 90

European Union

Question 91

__________ members continue to disagree over the extent to which member countries should sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of regional stability. The Association’s link with East Asia has also been problematic. Recently, ________ countries also disagreed over how to relate to China, with the Philippines unable to get the other countries to support its condemnation of China’s occupation of the West Philippine Sea. Cambodia and Laos led the opposition, favoring diplomacy over confrontation, but the real was the dramatic increase of Chinese investments and economic aid to these countries. Moreover, when some formerly authoritarian countries democratized, this “participatory regionalism” clashed with ASEAN’s policy of non-interference as civil society groups in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand demanded that the other countries that democratized adopt a more open attitude towards foreign criticism.”

Answer 91

ASEAN

Question 92

In 2021, non-interference has become the norm of _______ Early that year, the Burmese military’s arrest of the president of the country, Aung San Syu Ki, and leaders of the opposition, had led to massive popular protests in the cities. There had been academic and political discussions outside Myanmar that were critical of the military’s action.

Answer 92

ASEAN

Question 93

Civil society groups in Southeast Asia and elsewhere have also appealed to their respective governments to pressure the military to ease up and release those arrested. Not only have ______ governments refused to act, citing the principle of not interfering in domestic politics, there had also been attempts to silence Burmese activists living abroad and words of caution towards academic and even policy discussions on the state of Burmese politics.

Answer 93

ASEAN

Question 94

__________ ________ may be viewed by Western countries as agents of political democratization as well as economic formations. However, non-Western and developing countries may hold a dissimilar perspective on globalization, development, and democracy. For Singapore, China, and Russia, democracy is a barrier to the implementation and deepening of economic globalization because continual public scrutiny of economic projects and protracted debate hinder implementation or result in ambiguous results. Democracy’s tedious procedures must, therefore, give way to efficiency.

Answer 94

Regional organizations