UTI, STI, RTI Flashcards
Describe UTIs from varying microbial families.
The most common bacteria in UTIs is E. Coli
Some nosocomial pathogens include:
Enterobacter and Candida albicans
Identify characteristics and factors which contribute to pathogens being sexually transmitted.
Define bacteriuria and sterile pyuria.
bacteriuria; presence of bacteria in urine which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic.
sterile pyuria; presence of WBCs in urine with negative culture results.
List ALL the bacterial virulence factors.
Increased ability to adhere to urethroepethlial cells.
Increased resistance to serum-cidal activated.
Haemolysin production.
Urease production.
Bacterial motility.
Endotoxin production.
Outline Symptoms and diagnosis of UTIs.
Symptoms:
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
(Lower UTI)Symptomatic acute cystitis - burning urination, dysuria, frequency
(Upper UTI)Acute pyelonephritis - nausea, vomiting, and all cystitis symptoms
Diagnosis:
Specimens may be collected via catheter collection, mid-stream urine, etc… and tested via microscopy and quantities culture.
Treatment and prevention of UTIs
Lower UTI; Cystitis
Short course treatment; 3 days antibiotics(e.g. ciproflaxin)
Upper UTI; Pyelonephritis
Long therapy; 2 weeks of antibiotics
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Prevention:
Hydration, voiding every 2-3hrs, avoidance of constipation, cranberry juice, etc…
List bacterial STIs.
Chlamydia
Mycoplasmas
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis
Outline chlamydia, features, lifecycle?, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Chlamydia trachomatis; obligate, aerobic intracellular parasites, coccoid/rod. Cell walls of GRAM- bacteria, but lack muramic acid & PG.
Symptoms include: WOMEN(Urethritis, PID, Infertility etc…), MEN(Urethritis) + general STD/I Symptoms.
Draw life cycle.
Diagnosis and treatment; Clinical examination, culture, PCR - treated with Doxycycline, AZITHROMYCIN.
Outline mycoplasmas, features, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Mycoplasma genitalium (or Mgen) is an STDthat can cause infection among people of any gender. Mgen can infect the cervix (opening to the uterus), inside the penis (the urethra), or the rectum.
Symptoms;
Treated with erythromycin.
Outline gonorrhea, features, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Neisseria gonorrhoea; GRAM- diplococcus contracted via sexual contact. It’s less frequent/prevalent in a population compared to chlamydia.
Symptoms; WOMEN-vaginal bleeding/discharge, abdominal pain. MEN-inflamed penis, discharge, burning urine.
Diagnosis and treatment; - Diagnosis includes clinical examination, Gram staining, selective media culture, PCR.
- Treatment includes ceftriaxone or quinolone(but this has increasing resisatnce)
Outline syphilis, features, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped gram- bacteria. contracted via sexual contact.
MORE RESEARCH
List viral STIs.
HSV
HPV
HIV
Outline HSV.
Outline HPV.
Human papillomavirus usually has no symptoms, so you may not know if you have it. In some people, it can cause genital warts. You can reduce your risk of human papillomavirus by using condoms during sex. There’s also a vaccine for some types of the virus. Can also cause cervical cancer but can be detected via regular screening.
Outline HIV/AIDS and its diagnosis + treatment.
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- The human immunodeficiency viruses are two species of Lentivirus that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
- HIV is transmitted primarily through 4 bodily fluids:
- Blood(needles)
- Semen(risky sex)
- Vaginal Secretions(sex, birth)
- Breast Milk
- Diagnosis includes ELISA tests for HIV antibodies - If positive same samples are tested again, if positive again, a western blot is done (tests for viral antigens)
- Treatment includes AZT, protease inhibitors, etc…
