USSR - Stalin period Flashcards
Stalin’s Rise to Power (1924-1928)
Following Lenin’s death in 1924, Stalin maneuvered politically within the Communist Party, exploiting his role as General Secretary to build a loyal base and isolate rivals, particularly Leon Trotsky.
Political Polarization in the Communist Party
The struggle for leadership after Lenin’s death led to factionalism within the party; Stalin capitalized on divisions by promoting his ideology of ‘Socialism in One Country,’ which contrasted with Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution.
The Cult of Personality
Stalin cultivated a cult of personality, portraying himself as the rightful heir to Lenin and the savior of the Soviet state, which helped solidify his power and suppress dissent within the party.
Establishment of a Totalitarian Regime
By the late 1920s, Stalin had transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state, characterized by state control over all aspects of life, including politics, culture, and economy, leading to widespread repression.
Five-Year Plans Introduction (1928)
Stalin launched the first Five-Year Plan aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization; while it achieved significant industrial growth, it also resulted in severe agricultural disruption and famine.
Collectivization of Agriculture (1928-1937)
The forced collectivization led to widespread resistance from peasants, resulting in brutal reprisals and contributing to the catastrophic famine known as the Holodomor in Ukraine (1932-1933), which killed millions.
The Great Purge (1936-1938)
A campaign of political repression where Stalin eliminated perceived threats within the Communist Party and society; resulted in hundreds of thousands executed or imprisoned in labor camps (Gulags), consolidating his absolute power.
Moscow Trials (1936-1938)
High-profile show trials aimed at eliminating opposition; former Bolshevik leaders were accused of treason and executed, demonstrating Stalin’s ruthless consolidation of power and instilling fear across the party.
Impact of Stalin’s Policies on Society
Stalin’s policies led to widespread fear, repression, and a culture of informants; millions were affected by purges and forced labor camps, fundamentally altering Soviet society and governance.
Relationship with Mao Zedong
Initially cautious, Stalin supported Mao’s Chinese Communist Party during the civil war but maintained a dominant stance; ideological differences later strained relations as Mao sought independent policies distinct from Soviet influence.
Sino-Soviet Relations Post-WWII
After WWII, Stalin viewed Mao’s China as a crucial ally but remained wary of its independence; he provided military support but was concerned about potential competition for influence in Asia.
Ideological Differences with Mao
While both leaders shared Marxist-Leninist roots, Stalin’s focus on industrialization conflicted with Mao’s agrarian-based approach; this divergence foreshadowed future tensions between their respective regimes.
The Role of Propaganda
Stalin utilized propaganda extensively to promote his image and policies; state-controlled media glorified achievements while suppressing dissenting views, shaping public perception of his leadership.
Economic Impact of Industrialization
Rapid industrialization under Stalin transformed the Soviet economy but led to inefficiencies and shortages; while heavy industry grew, consumer goods remained scarce, affecting living standards.
Social Changes Under Stalin
Policies aimed at increasing literacy and education were implemented alongside strict ideological control; however, cultural expression was heavily censored, limiting artistic freedom and innovation.
The Gulag System
A vast network of forced labor camps where millions were imprisoned under harsh conditions; it served both as a tool for political repression and an economic resource for state projects during Stalin’s rule.
Impact on Women’s Rights
Women gained increased roles in the workforce due to industrialization policies; however, traditional gender roles persisted in many areas despite official propaganda promoting gender equality.
Foreign Policy: Eastern Europe Influence
Post-WWII, Stalin sought to extend Soviet influence over Eastern Europe by establishing communist governments in satellite states; this created tension with Western powers and set the stage for the Cold War.
The Role of the Communist Party
Under Stalin’s rule, the Communist Party became increasingly centralized and authoritarian; dissent was not tolerated, leading to a homogenized political landscape dominated by loyalty to Stalin.
Impact on Education System
Education was used as a tool for indoctrination; curricula emphasized Marxist-Leninist ideology while promoting loyalty to Stalin’s regime, shaping future generations’ perceptions.
Nationalities Policy Under Stalin
Policies aimed at promoting Russian nationalism often suppressed ethnic identities within the USSR; this created tensions among various nationalities that would resurface after his death.
The Role of Military in Politics
The military played a significant role during Stalin’s rule; purges affected military leadership leading up to WWII but later became instrumental in enforcing his domestic policies.
Economic Challenges Post-Collectivization
Collectivization disrupted agricultural production leading to food shortages; despite eventual recovery efforts, many regions continued to face economic hardships throughout Stalin’s rule.
Impact on Religion
The regime promoted atheism and suppressed religious institutions; churches were closed or repurposed as part of broader efforts to eliminate religious influence from public life.
Cultivation of Fear Among Citizens
The pervasive atmosphere of fear due to purges and state surveillance stifled dissent and criticism; citizens often refrained from expressing opposition due to potential repercussions.
International Relations: Comintern Strategy
Stalin initially supported international communist movements through Comintern but later focused on consolidating power domestically over promoting global revolution.
Agricultural Famine Consequences
The famine caused by collectivization policies led to millions starving; it highlighted the human cost of rapid economic transformation under authoritarian rule.
Legacy of Totalitarianism
Stalin’s consolidation of power established a model for totalitarian governance that influenced future regimes worldwide; his legacy remains controversial due to both industrial achievements and human rights abuses.
Economic Inequality Under Stalin
While industrial growth occurred, disparities between urban workers and rural peasants widened significantly due to exploitative labor practices in agriculture and industry.
Death of Joseph Stalin (1953)
His death marked the end of an era characterized by extreme repression; it initiated a power struggle within the Communist Party that eventually led to de-Stalinization efforts under Khrushchev.
