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Chemistry - Y10 + Y11 > Using Resources - Y11 > Flashcards

Using Resources - Y11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ceramics?

A
  • Non-metal solids
  • High melting points
  • Some can be made of clay
    Example is glass
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2
Q

What is clay?

A
  • Soft material when it’s dug up out of the ground
  • Can be moulded into shapes
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3
Q

What happens when clay is fired at high temps?

A

Hardens to form a clay ceramic

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4
Q

What is clay ideal for?

A

Pottery and bricks

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5
Q

What is glass?

A
  • Transparent
  • Can be moulded when hot
  • Brittle when thin
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6
Q

What is most glass made out of? How is it formed?

A
  • Soda-lime glass
  • Made by heating a mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate unti; it melts
  • When mixture cools, it forms glass
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7
Q

What has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass? How is it made?

A
  • Borosilicate glass
  • Same way as soda-lime glass, using a misture of sand and boron trioxide
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8
Q

What are composites?

A

Made of one material embedded in another

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A
  • Consists of fibres or fragments of a material
  • Is then surrounded by a matric or binder material
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10
Q

Name 4 composities

A
  • Fibreglass
  • Carbon fibre
  • Concrete
  • Wood
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11
Q

Fibreglass

A
  • Consists of fibres of glasses embedded in a matrix made of polymer (plastic)
  • Low density (like plastic)
  • Very strong (like glass)
  • Used for skis, boats, surfboats
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12
Q

Carbon fibre

A
  • Has a polymer matrix
  • Reinforcement is made from long chain of carbon atoms bonded together (carbon fibres) or carbon nanotubes
  • V strong and light
  • Used in aaerospace and sports car manufacturing
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13
Q

Concrete

A
  • Made from aggregate (mix. of sand and gravel) embedded in cement
  • V strong
  • Building material
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14
Q

Wood

A
  • Natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix
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15
Q

What could you do to change the properties of a polymer?

A
  • Change reaction temperature
  • Reaction pressure
  • Catalyst
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16
Q

Thermosoftening polymers

A
  • Melt when heated
  • Can reshape them while they’re soft
  • Turns solid when cooled down
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17
Q

Melting of thermosoftening polymers process

A
  • Intermolecular forces break when heated
  • Polymer strands can separate from each other and polymer melts
  • Cooling causes intermolecular forces to reform, polymer turns solid
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18
Q

Thermosetting polymers

A
  • Don’t melt when heated
  • Strong, hard, rigid
  • Connected by strong crosslinks - not broken by heat - solid structure
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19
Q

Low density poly(ethene)

A
  • made from ethene
  • made at moderate temp and high pressure
  • Flexible
  • Used for bags and bottles
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20
Q

High density poly(ethene)

A
  • Made from ethene
  • Made at low temp and pressure
  • With catalyst
  • More rigid than LD
  • Used for water tanks and drain pipes
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21
Q

Properties of ceramics (glass, clay ceramics like porcelain and bricks)

A
  • Insulators of heat and electricity
  • Brittle
  • Stiff
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22
Q

Properties of polymers

A
  • Insulators of heat and electricity
  • FLEXIBLE
  • Easily moulded
  • Clothing, insulators in electrical items
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23
Q

Properties of composties

A
  • depend on the matrix/binder and reinforcement used to make them, many diff uses
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24
Q

Properties of Metals

A
  • Malleable
  • Good conductors of heat and elec.
  • Ductile
  • Shiny
  • Stiff
  • Cutlery, car body work, elec. wires
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25
Q

What is bronze an alloy of? Uses?

A

Copper and tin
Medals, statues, decorative ornaments

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26
Q

What is brass an alloy of? Uses?

A

Copper and zinc
water taps, musical instruments, doorknobs

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27
Q

Gold

A
  • Zinc, copper, silver used to harden gold
  • Pure gold is soft
  • 24 carat = 100%
  • 18 carat = 75%
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28
Q

Aluminium alloys

A
  • Low density
  • Pure Al is soft
  • Good for aircrafts
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29
Q

High carbon steel vs low carbon steel

A

High = Strong but brittle - cutting tools, bridges
Low = Softer, easily shaped - car bodies

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30
Q

Steels containing what are resistant to what

A
  • Containing chromium and nickel (stainless steels) because steel is an alloy of iron which can rust
  • are hard and resistant to corrosion
  • used for cutlery
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31
Q

What metal is the word “rust” for? Wb other metals?

A

Iron can rust
Other metals corrode

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32
Q

How does iron rust?

A

Needs to be in contact with water and oxygen (present in air)

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33
Q

What is rust in scientific words?

A

Hydrated iron (III) oxide

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34
Q

Equation for formation of rust

A

iron + oxygen + water -> Hydrated iron (III) oxide

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35
Q

Where does corrosion only happen?

A

Surface of a matieral where its exposed to air

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36
Q

Does rust flake off? How does this affect the whole object?

A
  • Soft crumbly slid flakes off to leave more iron to rust again
  • All iron will corrode away one day
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37
Q

Aluminium corrosion facts

A
  • Corrodes when exposed to air
  • Not completely destroyed like iron
  • Alumnium oxide forms when Al corrodes doesnt flake away
  • Forms a nice protective layer, stops further reaction
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38
Q

Will it rust?

Iron nail is in test tube in distilled water, open to air

A

Yes

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39
Q

Will it rust?

Nail is boiled, distilled oil covered in oil

A

No, boiled water removed any dissolved air
Oil prevents any air in test tube from dissolving in water

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40
Q

Will it rust?

Nail is anhydrous calcium chloride powder with rubber bung

A

No, powder removes any water from the air in the test tube
Bung prevents moist air entering

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41
Q

4 ways to prevent rusting

A
  • Painting/ coating with plastic = big and small structures
  • Electroplating
  • OIling/greasing - for moving parts eg bike chains
  • Sacrificial method (Coating with zinc)
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42
Q

Sacrifical method

A
  • Placing more reactive metal like zinc or mg
  • Water and oxygen react with sacrifical metal instead of iron (sacrifical protection)
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43
Q

Galvanising

A
  • object galvanised by spraying it with layer of zinc
  • layer is firstly protective
  • if scratched, zinc around site of scratch works as a sacrifical metal
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44
Q

Electroplating

A
  • Electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode
  • can be used to coat iron w/ layer of a diff metal that wont be corroded away
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45
Q

Corrosion

A

Destruction of material by chem reactions with substances in the environment

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46
Q

What are natural resources?

A
  • Resources that form without human input
  • anything from the earth, sea, air
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47
Q

What is done with some natural products?

A
  • Replaced by synthetic products
  • Or improved upon by man-made processes
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48
Q

How has rubber been modified?

A
  • Rubber originally comes from sap from trees
  • Man-made polymers can replace rubber in uses like tyres
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49
Q

How has agriculture been modified?

A
  • Fertilisers = high yield of crops
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50
Q

Is timber a renewable resource?

A
  • Yes
  • Takes a few yrs to grow
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51
Q

Examples of finite resources

A
  • Fossil fuels
  • Nuclear fuels like uranium and plutonium
  • Minerals and metals found in ores
52
Q

What hapens when finite resources have been extracted? Give an eg

A
  • Undergo Man-made processes to provide fuels and materials for modern life
  • Fractional Distillation - produces usable products like pretrol from crude oil and pure metal from metal ores which are reduced
53
Q

Risks and Good things about mining metal ores

A
  • Useful products can be made
  • Provides local ppl with jobs and brings money to area
  • Bad for environment - uses lots of energy, scars landscape, destroys habitats, produces lots of waste
54
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Takes in account of the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future gens

55
Q

One way of reducing the use of finite resources

A

PPL to use less

56
Q

What can chemists do to improve sustainibility?

A
  • They can develop and adapt processes that use lower amounts of finite resources and reduce damage to environemnt
  • EG theyy have developed catalysts to reduce amount of energy needed for certain industrial processes
57
Q

Ways to increase copper supply

A
  • Bioleaching
  • Phytomining
58
Q

What is phytomining?

A
  • Plants grown in soil that contains copper
  • Plants absorb copper and they concentrate it in their tissue
  • Plants are harvested/burned
  • Ash contains high conc of copper
  • Ash dissolves in acid to produce a solution of copper compound
  • Can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron (cheap and more reactive)
59
Q

What is bioleaching?

A
  • Bacteria mixed with low grade ore
  • Bacteria carry out chemical reactions and produce a solution called a leachate
  • Leachate contains wanted metal compound
60
Q

One way to improve copper sustainability

A

Extracting it from low-grade ores (not lots of copper)

61
Q

Disadvantages and advantages of phytomining and bioleaching compared to traditional methods

A
  • Smaller impact (damage)
  • Slow
  • Trad methods are damaging to environment
  • No digging, transporting, disposing large amounts of rock
62
Q

Why is recycling metals good?

A
  • Uses less energy than it is needed to mine and extract new metals
  • Conserves finite amount of each metal on earth
  • Cuts down amount of waste in landfill
63
Q

How are metals recycled?

A

Melting them
Then Casting them into the shape of new product

64
Q

Can glass bottles be reused?

A

Yes without reshaping

65
Q

What happens to glass before it’s recycled?

A

Glass is separated by colour and chemical composition

66
Q

How is glass recycled?

A
  • Crushed and melted to be reshape for use in glass products like jars
  • Diff purpose too like insulating glass wool for wall insulation in homes
67
Q

Problem with recycling metals give an example

A
  • Metals need to be separated before recycled however this depends on the properties of the final product
  • Eg. Scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace - this reduces amount of iron needed to extract from iron ore
68
Q

What is a LCA?

A

Life Cycle Assessment: looks at every stage of a product’s life to assess the impact it would have on the environment

69
Q

Stages in LCA

A
  1. Getting raw materials
  2. Manufacturing and packaging
  3. Using the product
  4. Product disposal
70
Q

Getting raw materials (LCA)

A
  • Can damage the local environment
  • Pollution due to amount of energy needed to extract
  • Large amounts of energy for raw materials to be processed to extract desired materials
71
Q

Manufactruing and Packaging (LCA)

A
  • Lots of energy resoucres used = lots of pollution eg harmful fumes like carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride
  • Think about any waste products and how to dispose of them
  • Some waste can be turned into other useful chemicals
72
Q

Using the product (LCA)

A
  • Damage environement - burning fuels = GG gases
  • Fertilisers can leach into streams/rivers and damage ecosystems
  • How long a product is used for/ how many uses, lots of energy for ages = good for long run
73
Q

Product disposal (LCA)

A
  • Many disposed of in landfills
  • Takes up space and pollutes land/water
  • Energy used to transport it to landfill, pollutants released to atmos.
  • Products might be incinerated (burnt) = air pollution
74
Q

LCA for plastic bags

A
  • Raw material = crude oil
  • Compounds needed to make plastic extracted by fractional distillation, cracking, polymerisation. Waste is reduced as other fractions of crude oil have other uses
  • Can be reused - multiple uses like bin liners - strong
  • Recyclable not biodegradable - take space in landfill (heavier so more energy to transport), pollutes land
75
Q

LCA for paper bags

A
  • Raw material = timber
  • Pupled timber is processed using lots of energy - lots of waste made
  • Used once, weak
  • Biodegrable, non-toxic, recyclable -
76
Q

LCA plastic vs paper bags

A

plastic bags non biodegrable however they take less energy to make, longer lifespan so may be less harmful to environment

77
Q

Probs of LCA

A
  • Selective LCAs only show some of the impacts of a product on the environment - can be biased as they can be written to deliberately support the claims of a company - give it positive advertising
  • Can be biased - not an objective assessment as it takes into account the values of a person while carrying out the assessment
    *
78
Q

what is potable water?

A

Water thats been treated or naturally safe for humans to drink, not pure, contains lots of other dissolved substances
essential for life

79
Q

what does pure water contain?

A

only H20 molecules, ph 7

80
Q

how can we make sure that potable water is safe?

A
  • levels of dissolved salts arent too high
  • has a pH between 6.5 and 8.5
  • No bacteria or microbes
81
Q

In the UK, what provides most of our potable water?

A

Rain water because its fresh water ( doesnt have much dissolved in it)

82
Q

What 2 places can we collect water when it rains?

A
  • Collect as surface water (lakes, rivers)
  • Groundwater (in rocks called aquifiers that trap water underground)
83
Q

Processes to treat fresh water sources so its safe in order

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Sterilisation
84
Q

filteration

A
  • Wire mesh screens out large twigs
  • Gravel and sand beds filter out any solid bits
85
Q

sterilisation

A
  • water sterilised to kill harmful bacteria/microbes
  • Done by bubbling chlorine gas through it
  • Or using ozone or uv light
86
Q

What is used instead of rain water in hot countries?

A

Seawater thats treated by desalination to provide potable water

87
Q

What can be used to desalinate sea water?

A
  • Distillation
  • Or processes that use membranes like reverse osmosis
88
Q

Practical 8

How can you test and distil water in a lab?

A
  1. Test pH of water using pH meter - if ph is too low or high, neutralise it with a titration. don’t use an indicator because it will contaminate the water
  2. Test for presence of sodium chloride - flame test on small sample, if sodium ions are present, flame will turn yellow.
  3. Test for presence of sodium chloride - add few drops of dilute nitric acid and few drops of silver nitrate solution - if chlrodie ions are present, white precipitate will form
  4. To distill, pour salty water into a distillation aparatus. Heat flask from below using BB. Water will boill and form steam, leaving dissolved salts in flask.
  5. Steam will condense back to liquid water in the condesnor and can be collected
  6. Retest distilled water for sodium chloride (flame test + silver nitrate solution + dilute nitric acid)
  7. Retest pH with pH meter so pH = 7
89
Q

Reverse osmosis

A
  1. Salty water passed through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass
  2. Ions and larger molecules are trapped by membrane so separated from H20
90
Q

Probs with distillation and reverse osmosis

A
  • Loads of energy - expensive
  • Not practical for producing large quantities of h20
91
Q

Uses of water

A
  • Showers
  • Toilet
  • Washing-up/ clothes
  • Agriculture
92
Q

What happens to the water when it is flushed?

A

Goes to the sewers and towards the sewage treatment plants

93
Q

What water waste does agriculture produce

A
  • Nutrient run-off from fields
  • Slurry from animal farms
94
Q

Sewage treatment process

A
  1. Sewage is screened by passing through a mesh - removes large bits of material and grit
  2. Sewage is allowed to settle in a settlement tanks/ sedimentation tanks to undergo sedimentation - heaviier suspensed solids sink to bottom to produce sludge and lighter effluent floats on top
  3. Sludge taken away and digested by anerobic bacteria to produce biogas which is burned for electricity
  4. Digested sludge can be used as fertilisers for farming
  5. Air is bubbled through the liquid effluent - allows aerobic bacteria to multiply and break down any organic matter (+ other microbres in the water)
  6. Liquid effluent is safely discharged into nearby sea or rivers
95
Q

What does the liquid effluent contain?

A

large amounts of organic molecules and harmful microogrniams which has to be reduced before water is returned to the environment

96
Q

What has to be done to water used by industry (making paper and chemicals) before it goes through general sewage treatment?

A

Harmful chemicals need to be removed

97
Q

What is the easiest way to produce potable water? Drawbacks?

A

to use ground water from aquifers - usually safe to drink once it has been treated with chlorine
prob: aquifiers sometimes be polluted (with fertilisers from farms) - needs to be tested carefully

98
Q

Sewage treatment vs desalination

A
  • ST - more processes required than treating fresh water but uses less energy than D (+ D is expensive)
  • Could be used as an alt for areas where water is scarce
  • Prob: ppl dont like the idea of drinking water that was once sewage
99
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

Used to make ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, can be used to produce nitrogen-based fertilisers

100
Q

Equation of Haber process

A

N₂₍₉₎+ 3H₂₍₉₎ ⇌ 2NH₃₍₉₎ (+ heat)
nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia

101
Q

Why is the Haber process reaction well suited for an industrial scale?

A

Reactants arent too difficult or expensive to obtain

102
Q

Where is nitrogen and hydrogen obtained for the Haber process?

A
  • Nitrogen - from the air which is 78% nitrogen
  • Hydrogen - comes from reacting methane (from a natural gas) with steam to form H and CO2
103
Q

Describe Haber Process steps

A
  1. Reactant gases (H and N) passed over an iron catalyst - high temp (450) and a high pressure (200 atmospheres) are used
  2. Since reaction is reversible, some of the ammonia produced converts back into H and N again. It eventually reaches a dynamic equilibrium
  3. Ammonia is a gas but as it cools in the condensor it liquefies and is removed (to increase yield)
  4. Unused H and N are recycled so nothing is wasted
  5. Ammonia produces can be used to make ammonium nitrate - a v nitrogen-rich fertiliser
104
Q

What kind of reaction is the forward reaction in the Haber process?

A

Exothermic

105
Q

Why do we use the compromise temperature of 450 in the Haber process?

A

A low temp reduces the rate. If we increase the temp, it increases the rate but lowers the yield. High temps need more energy

106
Q

Probs with working at high pressures in the Haber process?

A

Expensive and dangerous so thats why its at 200 atmospheres

107
Q

What does the iron catalyst do in the haber process?

A
  • Increase rate of reaction
  • Has no effect on the position of the equilibirum/ yield
108
Q

Why are formulated fertilisers better than manure (farmers used to use this to fertilise fields)

A
  • More widely availible
  • Easier to use
  • Dont smell
  • Have enough of each nutrient so more crops can be grown
109
Q

3 essential elements in fertilisers?

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphurus
  • Potassium
110
Q

Why might the 3 essential elements be missing in the soil?

A

Used up by a previous crop

111
Q

What do fertilisers do? Give an eg

A
  • Replace missing elements from soil or provide more of them
  • Increases crop yield, crops grow faster and bigger
  • Eg. they add more N to plant proteins, makes plants grow faster - increases productivity
112
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A
  • Formulations containing salts of nitrogen, phosphurus and potassium in the right percentages of the elements
113
Q

What is the main compound of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers? How is it made?

A

Ammonium nitrate.
* Use ammonia produced from Haber process and react it with oxygen and water to make nitric acid
* Ammonia + oxygen + water -> nitric acid
* React nitric acid with more ammonia to make ammonium nitrate
* Nitric acid + ammonia -> ammonium nitrate

114
Q

Where does the potassium in NPK fertilisers come from>

A
  • Salts potassium chloride or potassium sulfate which are mined from the ground, used directly
  • Phosphate rock has to be mined, however the phosphate salts in the rock are insoluble, plants cant use them as nutrients so rock has to be reacted with diff types of acids to produce soluble phosphates
115
Q

What acids can you react phosphate rock with to make it soluble?

A
  • Nitric acid - produces phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate (PA has phosphorus, cant be directly added to plants so neutralise it with ammonia, produces ammonium phosphate which can be used in NPK f.)
  • Sulfuric acid - produces calcium sulfate + calcium phosphate (mixture known as single superphosphate)
  • Phosphoric acid only - produces calcium phosphate (product of this reaction can be called triple superphosphate)
116
Q

How would you produce ammonium nitrate in a school lab?

A
  • Use dilute solutions of ammonia + nitric acid - makes it safe
  • Produce crystals using water bath a BB - requies lots of heat energy (slow)
  • Only small amount of ammonium nitrate in one go - called a batch process

titration and crytsalliation used

117
Q

How would you produce ammonium nitrate in the industry?

A
  • Ammonia used as a gas, nitric acid is concentrated - more dangerous as reaction is v exothermic. Heat produced has to be safely removed. Heat used in later stages
  • Heat from earlier is for evaporation of water to make a v concentrate AN product
  • Chemical prdocued by a continous process - l

giant vats are used

118
Q

Why is desalination expensive?

A

High energy requirement

119
Q

How to test for pure water?

A

Dertemine BP, should be fixed temp at 100 C, if impure it will boil at a temp over 100C

120
Q

Why is it more difficult to produce drinking water from waste water than from lakes?

A
  • More processes
  • because it has more ogranic matter
  • more microbes
  • more toxic chemicals
121
Q

2 methods to show presence of dissolved solids in a sample of water

A
  • Evaporate all water from sample
  • Measure samples boiling point
122
Q

Why is sewage sludge used as a fertiliser?

A
  • Increased demand for food
  • conserves energy - more sustainable
  • landfill space running out
123
Q

Why isnt phytomining used a lot?

A
  • Slow
  • Land not avaiblible
  • New technology
124
Q

What metal is toxic?

A

Lead

125
Q

Why isnt solar used as much as burning FF?

A
  • Relys on the sun - nightime - no electrrcity
  • Lack of space
126
Q

Effects on global warming on environment

A
  • Sulfure dioxide - acid rain - damage to buildings and trees - respiratory issues in humans
  • Carbon monoxide - toxic
  • Melting icebergs - flooding
  • Droughts, famine

Chemistry - Y10 + Y11 (9 decks)

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