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Chemistry - Y10 + Y11 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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2
Q

Which one is saturated and why?

A

Alkanes because the carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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5
Q

1st 4 alkanes

A

Methane, Ethane, propane, butane

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6
Q

What is viscosity? What does a high viscosity mean?

A

Thickness of a fluid
They flow slowly

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7
Q

What happens as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases?

A
  • More viscous
  • Flammability decreases
  • Boiling point increases
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8
Q

What happens when HC fuels are combusted?

A
  • They release energy
  • During combustion, the C and H atoms in the fuel react with oxygen. C AND H are oxidised - if O is unlimited, this reaction produces CO2 and H20 - AKA complete combustion
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9
Q

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

A
  1. crude oil is evaporated
  2. vapours/gases/ fractions cool and condense
  3. diff vapours/ gases/fractions condense at diff temperatures
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10
Q

What kind of HC do not condense? Why?

A

Very short HC because they have low BP, they’re removed at the top of the column as gases

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11
Q

What do fractions contain?

A

HC with a similar number of C atoms

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12
Q

What is feedstock?

A

Chemical that is used to make other chemicals - polymers, solvents, lubricants, detergents

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13
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

All the products you get from crude oil

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14
Q

Reason for why we get such a large variety of products from crude oil

A

C atoms can bond together to form diff groups called homologous series (similar compounds with many properties in common)

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15
Q

What is cracking?

A
  • Thermal decomposition reaction
  • Breaking molcules down by heating them
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16
Q

2 types of cracking

A
  • Catalytic c
  • Steam c
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17
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A
  1. Heat long chain HC to vaporise them (gas them)
  2. Then vapour is passed over a (hot powdered aluminium oxide) catalyst
  3. Long chain alkanes form into a shorter chain alkane and an alkene
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18
Q

What is steam c?

A
  1. Vaporise HC (gas)
  2. Mix them with steam
  3. Heat then to a v high temp
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19
Q

How do you test for alkenes?

A
  • Bromine water (orange)
  • Shake alkene with Br water –> colourless if alkene is present
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20
Q

General formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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21
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Shows you all the atoms and the covalent bonds

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22
Q

Whats a key fact about alkenes and their bonds?

A

They have at least 1 double covalent bond between the carbon atoms

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23
Q

Are alkenes unsaturated or not? Why?

A

Unsaturated because they have 2 few hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms, double bond

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24
Q

What does “functional group” mean?

A

Part of a molecule that determines how it reacts

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25
What is produced when combusting an alkene?
water, carbon monoxide and carbon because of incomplete combustion - causes them to burn in air with a smoky flame
26
What is hydrogenation? What conditions are needed?
Alkene + hydrogen -> alkane * 150C * Nickel catalyst to speed up reaction
27
What is hydration? What conditions are needed
Alkene + Water (steam) -> alcohol * Water must be in the form of steam * 300C * Pressure = 70 atmospheres * Phosphuric acid as a catalyst * Reversible, to increase yield unreacted ethene + steam are passed back through the catalyst
28
What is the alcohol functional group?
OH
29
Advantage of making ethanol by hydration
* Produces a high yield of ethanol
30
Disadvantage of making ethanol by hydration
* High temp - lots of energy which is expensive * Ethene comes from crude oil which is non-renewable
31
Ways to make ethanol
* Hydration with ethene * Fermentation
32
How does fermentation work + conditions?
1. Start with a sugar solution (glucose) 2. Mix with yeast 3. Yeast converts sugar solution to a solution of ethanol, CO2 is also produced * 37C * Conditions should be anaerobic * Slightly acidic solution
33
Advantage of fermentation
* Low temp, not lots of energy needed * Sugar from plants, thus renewable
34
Disadvantage of fermentation
* Product is an aqueous solution of ethanol - purify ethanol by distillation which needs energy
35
Are alcohols soluble or not in water? What solutions to they form?
Soluble, THEY DISSOLVE IN WATER AND FORM neutral solutions ph
36
How is the number of carbon atoms related to solubility?
As number of C atoms increase, solubility decreases
37
What happens when alcohols react with oxidising agents/ oxygen from the air?
They produce a carboxylic acid and water
38
What happens when alcohols are combusted? What is produced when its combusted in air?
Releases energy C02 and H20
39
What is produced when ethanol reacts with sodium?
Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen
40
Methanoic acid
HCOOH
41
Ethanoic acid
CH₃COOH
42
Propanoic acid
CH₃CH₂COOH
43
Butanoic acid
CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH
44
In water, are carboxylic acids weak or strong?Why?
weak, they only partially ionise in aqueous solutions, so they have a higher pH than a strong acid
45
What makes an ester?
Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol, also makes water
46
What are esters used for?
Foods due to their pleasant smell
47
General formula of an alcohol
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
48
Methanol
CH₃OH
49
Ethanol
C₂H₅OH
50
Propanol
C₃H₇OH
51
Butanol
C₄H₉OH
52
Functional group for esters
COO
53
What is used to make esters from alcohol and a carboxlyic acid?
acid catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid)
54
What is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?
Ethyl ethanoate and water
55
What is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?
Sodium ethanoate, water, carbon dioxide
56
2 types of polymers
* Addition polymers * condensation polymers
57
What are addition polymers?
* Monomers are alkenes * Monomer has a double C to C bond * Polymer has a single C to C bonds * Name of polymer is poly(monomer)
58
Why are alcohols like ethanol and methanol used as solvents in the industry?
* They dissolve most things water can dissolve * Also dissolve substances water can't dissolve like oils, fats and hydrocarbons
59
Why is ethanol used as a fuel in spirit burners?
Burns fairly cleanly and non-smelly
60
Uses for alkenes
Making polymers, plastic bags
61
What happens during thermal decomposition?
Break down of molecules by heat
62
What do you need in cracking (no type, in general)
High temp and a catalyst and steam
63
Difference between catalytic and steam cracking?
Steam = no catalyst, instead mixed with steam
64
Why does craking always produce one alkane and one alkene
* When long alkane is cracked, there aint enough hydrogen atoms to make 2 alkanes * (they need double bond ebetween 2 c atoms)
65
Functional group of carboxylic acids
COOH
66
How can alcohols form cayboxylic acids?
By being oxidised by an oxidising agent
67
Uses of alcohols
* Fuels - highly flammable - lots of energy * Solvents in industry - can dissolve things water cant dissolve eg hydrocarbons
68
Uses of ethanol
* Biofuels (burned liked petrol) * Chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds * Alcoholic drinks
69
Ways to make ethanol and explain how
* Fermentation (anerobic res) = glucose --> ethanol+ co2 * Ethene + steam --> ethanol (addition reaction)
70
carboxylic acid + metal carbonate =
salt + water + co2
71
carboxylic acid + metal =
salt+ hydrogen
72
Carboxylic acid + metal oxide
salt + water
73
carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide =
salt + water
74
General formula for carboxylic acids
Cn H2n+1 COOH
75
What are carboxylic acids?
A homologous series, alkane chains with COOH group on one end
76
When carboxylic acids partially dissociate in water, what do they form?
A negative ion with name ending "anoate ion" A hydrogen ion
77
Features of esters
Pleasant smell Volatie - evaporate easily so can be used in perfumes
78
Carboxylic acid + alcohol = | what is needed for the reaction
**ester + water **- also use an acid catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid)
79
Describe the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohols
* Carboxylic acid loses OH group * Alcohol loses H from OH group * Combine to form water
80
How can you make ethyl ethanoate (ester)
ethanol + ethanoic acid
81
What are condensation polymers?
* Monomers that are **not alkenes** * When these monomers react, we **lose** small molecules like **water** diff monomers --> condensation polymer + small molecule
82
How are condensation polymers formed?
* Start with **2 Different monomers** * Each monomer has **2** of the **same functional group**
83
Addition polymers vs condensation polymers
* Condensation = diff monomers + small molecule produced * addition = same monomers, nothing else produced
84
What is a polyester (condensation polymer)
Long chain containing many ester links and made from the reaction between diols and dicarboxylic acids
85
How is a polyester made
Dicarboxylic acid monomer + diol monomer --> polyester + water
86
Which type of polymers are biodegradable?
condensation polymers
87
Why are condensation polymers biodegradable?
Ester links can be broken down by microorganisms
88
What is a key feature of amino acid molecules?
* They have 2 different functional groups * Left = amine group * right carboxylic group
89
# ``` ``` What amino acid molcules react to form?
condensation polymers as they have 2 diff functional groups
90
What is a polypeptide?
polymer made from only one type of amino acid
91
When do you call a polymer a protein?
when you combine different amino acids into the same chain
92
What is DNA made of?
* 2 polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides * double helix structure
93
examples of naturally occuring polymers
* proteins -- monomer = amino acids * starch --- glucose * cellulose --- glcuose
94
Uses of crude oil
* Fuel for transport * petrochemical industry uses some HC from crude oil as a feestock : polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents
95
Why do we get a large variety of products from crude oil?
Because carbon atoms can bond together to form diff groups called homologous series
96
Uses of bitumen
Used to surface our roads
97
Uses of heavy fuel oil
can be separated to form lubricating oil, or fuel oil or heating oil
98
Uses of kerosene
used in jet engines
99
What stays as a gas for the entire time in a fractionating column and why?
LPG liquified petroleum gas because it is so short and has a v low boiling point (propone and butane)
100
Name the source of oxygen needed to burn fuels
air
101
# ``` why is wood more sustainble than natural gas as a fuel
* wood = carbon neutral * natural gas = finite from fossil fuels
101
Why should we crack larger hydrocarbon molecules
* **GREATER DEMAND FOR SMALL MOLECULES** * because they have a high flammability, easier to burn ect
102
# structure and bonding and reactions Ethane vs ethene
**BOTH** * Small molecules * form covalent bonds * hydrocarbons * hvave 2 carbons * go through complete and incomplete combustion = water and carbon dioxide (+carbon monoxide) **Diff** * Ethene colourless in bromine water * ethene more likely to go through incomplete combustion * ethene more reactive * ethene react with hydrogen, h2o, halogens, addition reactions, can polymerise
103
carboxylic acid + metal carbonate =
metal carboxylic(oate) + co2 + h20
104
Reactions carboxylic acids can have
* **metal carbonate** * **in water **(aq solution) - reversible reaction * **Alcohol** = ester + water
105
How would you obtain pure ethanol from the mixture produced after 3 days (water, ethanol,yeast)
* Filtering yeast * distillation to separate water from ethanol
106
What is oxidised during combustion in fuels
carbon and hydrogen
107
What are alkenes used to produce?
Polymers and as starting matierals for the production of many other chemicals
108
Why are alkene molecules unsaturated
they contain 2 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with same no of carbons
109
When drawing an alkene, how many double bonds?
1
110
How do butene molecules form a polymer?
* many monomers * double bond breaks = single bond * form chains
111
Properties of alcohols
* Highly flammable * higher BP than alkanes * soluble in water, dissolve to form neutral solutions 7
112
What different monomers make up DNA?
Nucleotides
113
Why is heavy fuel oil more viscouse than kerosene, dont say carbon atoms
* because as molecular size increases * viscosity increases * and heavy fuel oil has larger molecules than kerosene
114
explain Fractional distillation of crude oil
* crude oil is heated to a high temperature and **vaporises** * FC has a temperature gradient = cooler going up * Gases condense at diff levels * because diff boiling points
115

Chemistry - Y10 + Y11 (11 decks)

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