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Chemistry - Y10 + Y11 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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2
Q

Which one is saturated and why?

A

Alkanes because the carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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5
Q

1st 4 alkanes

A

Methane, Ethane, propane, butane

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6
Q

What is viscosity? What does a high viscosity mean?

A

Thickness of a fluid
They flow slowly

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7
Q

What happens as the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases?

A
  • More viscous
  • Flammability decreases
  • Boiling point increases
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8
Q

What happens when HC fuels are combusted?

A
  • They release energy
  • During combustion, the C and H atoms in the fuel react with oxygen. C AND H are oxidised - if O is unlimited, this reaction produces CO2 and H20 - AKA complete combustion
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9
Q

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

A
  1. Crude oil heated up (boiled) to high temp outside fractionating column
  2. HC vapours rise up the column
  3. HC condense when they reach their boiling point - turn to a liquid, liquid fractions are removed
  4. Remaining HC move up the column where its cooler and condense when they reach their BP
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10
Q

What kind of HC do not condense? Why?

A

Very short HC because they have low BP, they’re removed at the top of the column as gases

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11
Q

What do fractions contain?

A

HC with a similar number of C atoms

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12
Q

What is feedstock?

A

Chemical that is used to make other chemicals - polymers, solvents, lubricants, detergents

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13
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

All the products you get from crude oil

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14
Q

Reason for why we get such a large variety of products from crude oil

A

C atoms can bond together to form diff groups called homologous series (similar compounds with many properties in common)

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15
Q

What is cracking?

A
  • Thermal decomposition reaction
  • Breaking molcules down by heating them
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16
Q

2 types of cracking

A
  • Catalytic c
  • Steam c
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17
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A
  1. Heat long chain HC to vaporise them (gas them)
  2. Then vapour is passed over a (hot powdered aluminium oxide) catalyst
  3. Long chain alkanes form into a shorter chain alkane and an alkene
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18
Q

What is steam c?

A
  1. Vaporise HC (gas)
  2. Mix them with steam
  3. Heat then to a v high temp
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19
Q

How do you test for alkenes?

A
  • Bromine water (orange)
  • Shake alkene with Br water –> colourless if alkene is present
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20
Q

General formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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21
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Shows you all the atoms and the covalent bonds

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22
Q

Whats a key fact about alkenes and their bonds?

A

They have at least 1 double covalent bond between the carbon atoms

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23
Q

Are alkenes unsaturated or not? Why?

A

Unsaturated because they have 2 few hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms, double bond

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24
Q

What does “functional group” mean?

A

Part of a molecule that determines how it reacts

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25
Q

What is produced when combusting an alkene?

A

water, carbon monoxide and carbon because of incomplete combustion - causes them to burn in air with a smoky flame

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26
Q

What is hydrogenation? What conditions are needed?

A

Alkene + hydrogen -> alkane
* 150C
* Nickel catalyst to speed up reaction

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27
Q

What is hydration? What conditions are needed

A

Alkene + Water (steam) -> alcohol
* Water must be in the form of steam
* 300C
* Pressure = 70 atmospheres
* Phosphuric acid as a catalyst
* Reversible, to increase yield unreacted ethene + steam are passed back through the catalyst

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28
Q

What is the alcohol functional group?

A

OH

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29
Q

Advantage of making ethanol by hydration

A
  • Produces a high yield of ethanol
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30
Q

Disadvantage of making ethanol by hydration

A
  • High temp - lots of energy which is expensive
  • Ethene comes from crude oil which is non-renewable
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31
Q

Ways to make ethanol

A
  • Hydration with ethene
  • Fermentation
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32
Q

How does fermentation work?

A
  1. Start with a sugar solution (glucose)
  2. Mix with yeast
  3. Yeast converts sugar solution to a solution of ethanol, CO2 is also produced
    * 37C
    * Conditions should be anaerobic
    * Slightly acidic solution
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33
Q

Advantage of fermentation

A
  • Low temp, not lots of energy needed
  • Sugar from plants, thus renewable
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34
Q

Disadvantage of fermentation

A
  • Product is an aqueous solution of ethanol - purify ethanol by distillation which needs energy
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35
Q

Are alcohols soluble or not in water? What solutions to they form?

A

Soluble, forms neutral solutions ph

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36
Q

How is the number of carbon atoms related to solubility?

A

As number of C atoms increase, solubility decreases

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37
Q

What happens when alcohols react with oxidising agents/ oxygen from the air?

A

They produce a carboxylic acid and water

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38
Q

What happens when alcohols are combusted? What is produced when its combusted in air?

A

Releases energy
C02 and H20

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39
Q

What is produced when ethanol reacts with sodium?

A

Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen

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40
Q

Methanoic acid

A

HCOOH

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41
Q

Ethanoic acid

A

CH₃COOH

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42
Q

Propanoic acid

A

CH₃CH₂COOH

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43
Q

Butanoic acid

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH

44
Q

In water, are carboxylic acids weak or strong?Why?

A

weak, they only partially ionise in aqueous solutions, so they have a higher pH than a strong acid

45
Q

What makes an ester?

A

Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol, also makes water

46
Q

What are esters used for?

A

Foods due to their pleasant smell

47
Q

General formula of an alcohol

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

48
Q

Methanol

A

CH₃OH

49
Q

Ethanol

A

C₂H₅OH

50
Q

Propanol

A

C₃H₇OH

51
Q

Butanol

A

C₄H₉OH

52
Q

Functional group for esters

A

COO

53
Q

What is used to make esters from alcohol and a carboxlyic acid?

A

acid catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid)

54
Q

What is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol?

A

Ethyl ethanoate and water

55
Q

What is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?

A

Sodium ethanoate, water, carbon dioxide

56
Q

2 types of polymers

A
  • Addition polymers
  • condensation polymers
57
Q

What are addition polymers?

A
  • Monomers are alkenes
  • Monomer has a double C to C bond
  • Polymer has a single C to C bonds
  • Name of polymer is poly(monomer)
58
Q

Why are alcohols like ethanol and methanol used as solvents in the industry?

A
  • They dissolve most things water can dissolve
  • Also dissolve substances water can’t dissolve like oils, fats and hydrocarbons
59
Q

Why is ethanol used as a fuel in spirit burners?

A

Burns fairly cleanly and non-smelly

60
Q

Uses for alkenes

A

Making polymers, plastic bags

61
Q

What happens during thermal decomposition?

A

Break down of molecules by heat

62
Q

What do you need in cracking (no type, in general)

A

High temp and a catalyst and steam

63
Q

Difference between catalytic and steam cracking?

A

Steam = no catalyst, instead mixed with steam

64
Q

Why does craking always produce one alkane and one alkene

A
  • When long alkane is cracked, there aint enough hydrogen atoms to make 2 alkanes
  • (they need double bond ebetween 2 c atoms)
65
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acids

A

COOH

66
Q

How can alcohols form cayboxylic acids?

A

By being oxidised by an oxidising agent

67
Q

Uses of alcohols

A
  • Fuels - highly flammable - lots of energy
  • Solvents in industry - can dissolve things water cant dissolve eg hydrocarbons
68
Q

Uses of ethanol

A
  • Biofuels (burned liked petrol)
  • Chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds
  • Alcoholic drinks
69
Q

Ways to make ethanol and explain how

A
  • Fermentation (anerobic res) = glucose –> ethanol+ co2
  • Ethene + steam –> ethanol (addition reaction)
70
Q

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate =

A

salt + water + co2

71
Q

carboxylic acid + metal =

A

salt+ hydrogen

72
Q

Carboxylic acid + metal oxide

A

salt + water

73
Q

carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide =

A

salt + water

74
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A

Cn H2n+1 COOH

75
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

A homologous series, alkane chains with COOH group on one end

76
Q

When carboxylic acids partially dissociate in water, what do they form?

A

A negative ion with name ending “anoate ion”
A hydrogen ion

77
Q

Features of esters

A

Pleasant smell
Volatie - evaporate easily so can be used in perfumes

78
Q

Carboxylic acid + alcohol =

what is needed for the reaction

A

**ester + water **- also use an acid catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid)

79
Q

Describe the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohols

A
  • Carboxylic acid loses OH group
  • Alcohol loses H from OH group
  • Combine to form water
80
Q

How can you make ethyl ethanoate (ester)

A

ethanol + ethanoic acid

81
Q

What are condensation polymers?

A
  • Monomers that are not alkenes
  • When these monomers react, we lose small molecules like water

diff monomers –> condensation polymer + small molecule

82
Q

How are condensation polymers formed?

A
  • Start with 2 Different monomers
  • Each monomer has 2 of the same functional group
83
Q

Addition polymers vs condensation polymers

A
  • Condensation = diff monomers + small molecule produced
  • addition = same monomers, nothing else produced
84
Q

What is a polyester (condensation polymer)

A

Long chain containing many ester links and made from the reaction between diols and dicarboxylic acids

85
Q

How is a polyester made

A

Dicarboxylic acid monomer + diol monomer –> polyester + water

86
Q

Which type of polymers are biodegradable?

A

condensation polymers

87
Q

Why are condensation polymers biodegradable?

A

Ester links can be broken down by microorganisms

88
Q

What is a key feature of amino acid molecules?

A
  • They have 2 different functional groups
  • Left = amine group
  • right carboxylic group
89
Q

```

~~~

What amino acid molcules react to form?

A

condensation polymers as they have 2 diff functional groups

90
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

polymer made from only one type of amino acid

91
Q

When do you call a polymer a protein?

A

when you combine different amino acids into the same chain

92
Q

What is DNA made of?

A
  • 2 polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides
  • double helix structure
93
Q

examples of naturally occuring polymers

A
  • proteins – monomer = amino acids
  • starch — glucose
  • cellulose — glcuose
94
Q

Uses of crude oil

A
  • Fuel for transport
  • petrochemical industry uses some HC from crude oil as a feestock : polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents
95
Q

Why do we get a large variety of products from crude oil?

A

Because carbon atoms can bond together to form diff groups called homologous series

96
Q

Uses of bitumen

A

Used to surface our roads

97
Q

Uses of heavy fuel oil

A

can be separated to form lubricating oil, or fuel oil or heating oil

98
Q

Uses of kerosene

A

used in jet engines

99
Q

What stays as a gas for the entire time in a fractionating column and why?

A

LPG liquified petroleum gas because it is so short and has a v low boiling point (propone and butane)

100
Q

Name the source of oxygen needed to burn fuels

A

air

101
Q

```

why is wood more sustainble than natural gas as a fuel

A
  • wood = carbon neutral
  • natural gas = finite from fossil fuels
101
Q

Why should we crack larger hydrocarbon molecules

A
  • GREATER DEMAND FOR SMALL MOLECULES
  • because they have a high flammability, easier to burn ect
102
Q

structure and bonding and reactions

Ethane vs ethene

A

BOTH
* Small molecules
* form covalent bonds
* hydrocarbons
* hvave 2 carbons
* go through complete and incomplete combustion = water and carbon dioxide (+carbon monoxide)

Diff
* Ethene colourless in bromine water
* ethene more likely to go through incomplete combustion
* ethene more reactive
* ethene react with hydrogen, h2o, halogens, addition reactions, can polymerise

103
Q

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate =

A

metal carboxylic(oate) + co2 + h20

104
Q

Reactions carboxylic acids can have

A
  • metal carbonate
  • **in water **(aq solution) - reversible reaction
  • Alcohol = ester + water
105
Q

How would you obtain pure ethanol from the mixture produced after 3 days (water, ethanol,yeast)

A
  • Filtering yeast
  • distillation to separate water from ethanol

Chemistry - Y10 + Y11 (9 decks)

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