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GCSE Chemistry > Using Resources (paper 2) > Flashcards

Using Resources (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of finite resources (can’t be replenished at the rate we’re using them so will run out)

A

Metals (e.g copper), oil, nuclear fuels, coal, natural gas

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2
Q

Why is fresh water passed through a wire mesh when making it potable

A

Removes big particles like twigs/ fish

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3
Q

Why is fresh water passed through filter beds e.g sand and gravel when making it potable

A

Removes smaller particles like pesticides and contaminants

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4
Q

What 3 things are used to make water sterilised

A

Chlorine
Ozone
Ultra- violet light

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5
Q

What is killed when water is sterilised in ‘making water safe to drink’ process

A

Microbes/ bacteria

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6
Q

Examples of renewable resources

A

Solar power, wood, cotton, leather, ethanol (from fermentation)

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7
Q

2 ways salt can be removed from salt water

A

Reverse osmosis
Distillation

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8
Q

Disadvantages of using reverse osmosis and distillation to remove salt from salt water

A

Require lots of energy

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9
Q

What is a finite resource

A

One that cannot be replenished at the rate it’s used and will eventually run out

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10
Q

Examples of natural resources

A

Wool, cotton, linseed oil, silk, rubber, wood

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11
Q

What is sustainable development

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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12
Q

Stiffness meaning

A

How well a material can resist being bent

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13
Q

Corrosion meaning

A

When a material reacts with substances in an environment so that they eventually wear away

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14
Q

Name for where a material reacts with a substance in the environment and eventually wears away

A

Corrosion

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15
Q

2 key ways corrosion (material reacting with a substance in the environment and eventually wearing away) can be prevented

A

Sacrificial protection
Physical barrier

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16
Q

Sacrificial protection and physical barriers are 2 ways to prevent what key process

A

Corrosion

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17
Q

Rusting is an example of what key process

A

Corrosion

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18
Q

In rusting (example of corrosion) what is the material being worn away and what are the substances in the environment that are causing it to wear away

A

Material worn away= iron
Substances in environment= oxygen and water

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19
Q

What 2 things is bronze made from

A

Copper and tin

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20
Q

Copper and tin make up which alloy

A

Bronze

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21
Q

Bronze (alloy) is made up of copper and what

A

Tin

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22
Q

Brass (alloy) is made up of what 2 things

A

Copper and zinc

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23
Q

Copper and zinc make up which alloy

A

Brass

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24
Q

Brass (alloy) is made up of copper and what

A

Zinc

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25
Q

What is an alloy

A

A mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one of them is a metal

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26
Q

True or false, an alloy is only made up of metal elements

A

False
It is a mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one element is a metal but the others can be non- metal

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27
Q

Rusting is the corrosión of what

A

Iron
(Meaning that the iron is worn away by substances (oxygen and water) in the environment)

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28
Q

Which are harder, pure metals or alloys

A

Alloys

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29
Q

Pure metals are relatively soft because the layers of atoms can do what

A

Slide Over each other

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30
Q

In an alloy the atoms are different sizes so the layers are what

A

Distorted

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31
Q

Why are alloys harder than pure metals

A

Atoms are different sizes
So layers are distorted
So layers can’t Slide Over each other

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32
Q

Bronze is very hard and is resistant to what meaning it’s good for statues

A

Corrosion

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33
Q

Try or false, bronze is very hard and resistant to corrosion

A

True
(Makes it good for statues)

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34
Q

1 key property of bronze

A

Resistant to corrosion

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35
Q

3 key uses of bronze (alloy)

A

Statues, decorative items, ship propellers

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36
Q

Which alloy is used for statues, decorative items and ship propellers

A

Bronze

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37
Q

Key facts about bronze

A

Alloy formed from tin and copper
Resistant to corrosion
Used for statues, decorative items and shop propellers

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38
Q

Which out of bronze and brass is harder

A

Brass
However brass is also more workable than copper (bends more easily into different shapes)

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39
Q

Which out of bronze and brass is harder but more workable

A

Brass

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40
Q

Which is more resistant to corrosion, bronze or brass

A

Bronze

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41
Q

Bronze and brass alloys both have what same element in

A

Copper
(Bronze also has tin, brass also has zinc)

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42
Q

3 key uses of brass (alloy)

A

Musical instruments, taps, door fittings e.g door handles

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43
Q

Which alloy is used for musical instruments, door fittings (e.g door handles) and taps

A

Brass

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44
Q

Key facts about brass

A

Alloy made from copper and zinc
Very hard and workable
Used for door fittings e.g door handles, taps and musical instruments

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45
Q

Why can’t pure gold be used for jewellery but instead an alloy has to be used

A

Pure gold is too soft (alloys are harder)

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46
Q

What 3 things is gold alloyed with to make it harder and suitable for jewellery

A

Copper, zinc and silver

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47
Q

Gold alloys are made from gold with small amounts of what 3 elements

A

Copper, silver, zinc

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48
Q

The purity of gold is measured in what

A

Carats

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49
Q

Carats measure what

A

The purity of gold
24 carats = 100% pure gold

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50
Q

How many carats is 100% pure gold

A

24 carats

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51
Q

If pure (100%) gold is 24 carats, how many carats would 50% gold be

A

12 carats

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52
Q

True or false, gold is resistant to corrosion

A

True

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53
Q

3 key properties of gold

A

Corrosión resistant
Attractive
Hardness depends of carats
(24 carats= 100% pure gold= less hard but 12 carats= 50% gold= much harder)

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54
Q

Which alloy is attractive, corrosión resistant and hardness depends on carats

A

Good alloys
(Good with small amounts of copper, zinc and silver)

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55
Q

1 key use of gold alloy

A

Jewellery

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56
Q

Key facts about good alloy

A

Alloy formed from good and small amounts of copper, zinc and silver
Hardness depends on number of carats (24 carats= 100% pure gold so much softer)
Resistant to corrosión and attractive
Used for jewellery

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57
Q

Steel is an alloy containing mainly iron with some what

A

Carbon

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58
Q

Steel is an alloy made from what 2 elements

A

Iron and carbon

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59
Q

What is the main element in steel out of the iron and carbon

A

Iron

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60
Q

2 key properties of high carbon steel

A

Strong
Brittle

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61
Q

Which type of carbon steel is strong and brittle

A

High carbon

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62
Q

2 key properties of low carbon steel

A

Soft
Easy to shape

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63
Q

Which type of carbon steel is soft and easy to shape

A

Low carbon

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64
Q

1 key problem with steel is that it’s an alloy of iron so can easily what

A

Rust

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65
Q

2 uses of high carbon steel

A

Cutting tools
Metal presses

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66
Q

True or false, high carbon steel contains a huge amount of carbon

A

False, it is mainly made from iron with only 1-2% carbon
However it’s called high carbon because low carbon steel has even less carbon (less than 1% carbon with the rest iron)

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67
Q

5 Uses of low carbon steel

A

Car manufacturing
Machinary
Ships
Containers
Structural steel

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68
Q

Properties of high carbon vs low carbon steel

A

High carbon steel= strong and brittle
Low carbon steel= soft and easy to shape

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69
Q

Key facts about high carbon steel

A

Alloy made from mainly iron with 1-2% carbon
Strong and brittle
Used for metal presses and cutting tools

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70
Q

Key facts about low carbon steel

A

Alloy made from mainly iron and less than 1% carbon
Soft and easy to shape
Used for car manufacturing, machinary, ships, structural steel, containers

Low= soft and shape and ships

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71
Q

1 key problem with steel (high carbon and low carbon) which is why stainless steel is used

A

Alloy of iron (made mainly from iron) so easily corrodes

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72
Q

To prevent corrosion stainless steel contains what as well as iron and carbon

A

Chromium and nickel

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73
Q

What 2 elements does stainless steel have that regular (high carbon/ low carbon) steel doesn’t have

A

Chromium and nickel

74
Q

Which type of steel is resistant to corrosion

A

Stainless steel
(Chromium reacts with oxygen in air to form protective layer around iron)

75
Q

Why is stainless steel resistant to corrosion

A

Chromium reacts with oxygen in air to form protective layer around the rest of the metal

76
Q

2 key uses of stainless steel

A

Cutlery, plumbing

77
Q

2 key properties of stainless steel

A

Corrosión resistant, hard

78
Q

Key facts about stainless steel

A

Alloy made from mainly iron with some carbon, nickel and chromium
Corrosión resistant and hard
Used for cutlery and plumbing

79
Q

1 key property of aluminium alloys

A

Low density
(Other properties depend on composition of alloy as there are hundreds of different aluminium alloys)

80
Q

2 key uses of aluminium alloys

A

Aircraft
Military uses

81
Q

Which alloy is used for aircraft and why

A

Aluminium alloys
They’re low density

82
Q

Key facts about aluminium alloys

A

Hundreds of different aluminium alloys
Low density
Properties depend on composition
Used for aircraft/ military uses

83
Q

7 key alloys I need to know

A

Brass
Bronze
Steel (high carbon)
Steel (low carbon)
Steel (stainless steel)
Gold alloys
Aluminium alloys

84
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that’s safe to drink

85
Q

Name for water that’s safe to drink

A

Potable water

86
Q

True or false, potable water is pure

A

False
Although it’s safe to drink it usually contains other dissolves substances like chlorine, not just water molecules

87
Q

Example of fresh water sources in UK that we can use to get potable water from

A

Lakes
Reservoirs
(This is surface water that’s good because it’s easy to access and can be replaced frequently however if it’s hot and sunny these water sources can dry up so in some places we rely on ground sources like aquifers)

88
Q

3 steps for making fresh water potable (e.g water in lakes in reservoirs from the rain)

A

1) pass through wire mesh (remove big particles e.g fish)
2) pass through filter bed e.g sand and gravel (filters out small particles)
3) sterilise water (kill harmful microorganisms like bacteria) (done by exposing to UV light/ bubbling chlorine gas through it/ exposing it to ozone)

89
Q

When treating fresh water what’s done first, removing big or small particles

A

Big first (wire mesh) then small (filter bed)

90
Q

Examples of big particles removed through wire mesh when treating fresh water

A

Fish
Twigs

91
Q

True or false, all countries use the same process to make water potable

A

False
UK has lots of rain and therefore fresh water sources e.g lakes so fresh water can be filtered and sterilised
In hotter countries they rely on desalination due to lack of fresh water sources

92
Q

2 types of desalination techniques (removing salt from seawater)

A

Distillation
Reverse osmosis

93
Q

Why is it bad if reverse osmosis and desalination require lots of energy to remove the salt from seawater

A

They’re very expensive

94
Q

True or false, distillation used to remove salt from sea water is the same as ‘simple distillation’ done in school

A

True
Except it uses much larger quantities of water

95
Q

Describe how to carry out simple distillation to obtain pure water from sea water

A

Sea water containing salt is placed in chonical flask
Chonical flask is placed over Bunsen burner so heat causes sea water to evaporate
The steam then travels through the delivery tube into a boiling tube
The water condenses leaving pure water in the boiling tube whilst the salt stays behind
(Usually boiling tube is placed inside beaker of ice cold water to help it condense)

96
Q

How to calculate uncertainty of results

A

Range / 2

97
Q

Simple distillation separates the contents of a liquid based on their different what

A

Boiling points

98
Q

Why isn’t potable water pure even thought it’s safe to drink

A

It contains dissolved substances

99
Q

Difference between pure water and potable water

A

Potable water is safe to drink but contains dissolved substances e.g certain mineral ions,
Pure water is also safe to drink but contains only water molecules

100
Q

What are the filter beds usually made from that fresh water is passed through in the process of making it potable

A

Sand/ gravel

101
Q

In reverse osmosis a pump pumps the salty (sea) water through a what which leaves the salt behind

A

Partially permeable membrane

102
Q

What type of membrane is used in reverse osmosis

A

Semi permeable
(Only allows water molecules through not salt)

103
Q

What is waste water

A

Sewage and water containing agricultural or industrial waste

104
Q

Why must waste water be treated before releasing it into the environment (being disposed of)

A

Remove harmful microorganisms which reduces contamination of groundwater

105
Q

Before being released into the environment, waste water must be treated to remove what

A

Harmful microorganisms

106
Q

Why must harmful microorganisms be removed from waste water before it can be put into the environment (disposed of/ gotten rid of)

A

Reduce contamination of groundwater

107
Q

Sewage and agricultural waste contain what 2 things that need to be removed in the waste water treatment

A

Organic matter
Harmful microbes

108
Q

What does industrial waste also contain that needs to be removed in the waste water treatment that sewage and agricultural waste don’t contain

A

Harmful chemicals

109
Q

3 main forms of waste water

A

Sewage
Agricultural waste
Industrial waste
(All 3 contain organic matter and harmful microbes that need to be removed but industrial waste also contains harmful chemicals)

110
Q

3 main sources of waste water

A

Domestic (households), agriculture, industry
These then come in the form of industrial waste, agricultural waste and sewage

111
Q

What is meant by screening in first step of treating waste water

A

Waste water passes through metal grid to filter out large objects and grit

112
Q

Name for fist step in waste water treatment where waste water is passed through metal grid to filter out large objects and grit

A

Screening

113
Q

In screening (first step of testing waste water) waste water passes through a what in order to remove grit and large objects

A

Metal grid

114
Q

Name for process of second stage to treating waste water where solid sediments settle out of the water then sink to the bottom of the tank whilst the liquid sits on top

A

Sedimentation

115
Q

In sedimentation, what is the solid sediments that sink to the bottom of the tank called

A

Sludge

116
Q

In sedimentation what is sludge

A

The solid sediments (e.g grape pips leftover from industrial waste (anything that can’t dissolve in water)) that settle out of the water then sink to the bottom of the tank

117
Q

In sedimentation what’s the name for the remaining liquid that sits above the solid sediments (sludge)

A

Effluent

118
Q

What is effluent

A

Name for remaining liquid that sits above sludge (solid sediments) in tank during sedimentation

119
Q

What does sludge contain (solid settlements that have settled out of the water then sunk to the bottom of the tank)

A

Water, organic matter (and some small solid particles and dissolved compounds)

120
Q

What 2 things are obtained from sedimentation

A

Sludge
Effluent

121
Q

How is the organic matter in sludge broken down

A

Anaerobic treatment
Bacteria added to sludge with limited supply of oxygen and break the matter down anaerobically

122
Q

Both sludge and effluent have bacteria added in order to break down the organic matter.
Which is aerobic and which is anaerobic

A

Sludge= anaerobic due to limited supply of oxygen
Effluent= aerobic (oxygen needs to be present)

123
Q

Is effluent treated anaerobically or areobically

A

Aerobically- bacteria respire aerobically when breaking down organic matter so oxygen needs to be present

124
Q

Is sludge treated anaerobically or aerobically

A

Anaerobically- bacteria break down organic matter with limited supply of oxygen

125
Q

What is added to both sludge and effluent to break down the organic matter

A

Bacteria

126
Q

What happens once the organic matter in sludge has been anaerobically broken down by bacteria

A

Biogas is produced and can be used as a fuel
(Contains methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide)

127
Q

Which out of sludge and effluent produces biogas once the organic matter has been broken down which can be used as a fuel

A

Sludge

128
Q

What can the biogas produced from the anaerobic treatment of sludge be used as

A

A fuel

129
Q

After the aerobic treatment of effluent what must be removed before the water can be discharged back into rivers etc

A

The bacteria that were added to break down the organic matter

130
Q

Name for tube between chonical flask and boiling tube in distillation

A

Delivery tube

131
Q

4 examples of things that we use the Earth’s resources to provide us with

A

Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport
(And fuel)

132
Q

Renewable meaning

A

Resources that can be replenished at the rate we’re using them and won’t run out

133
Q

When choosing and synthesising (forming something by combining/ reacting different things together) resources, what major thing must be considered

A

Sustainable development

134
Q

.

A

.

135
Q

Name for type of resources made by scientists that can replace/ supplement natural resources

A

Synthetic resources

136
Q

Synthetic resources are made by who

A

Scientists

137
Q

Synthetic resources can supplement/ replace what

A

Natural resources

138
Q

Wool is a natural product used for clothes and carpets. What synthetic product could it be supplemted with/ replaced by

A

Acrylic fibre

139
Q

Cotton is a natural resource used for clothes and textiles. What synthetic product could suplement it/ replace it

A

Polyester

140
Q

Silk is a natural resource used for clothes. What synthetic product could replace/ supplement it

A

Nylon

141
Q

Linseed oil is a natural resource used for paint. What synthetic product could supplement/ replace it

A

Acrylic resin

142
Q

Rubber is a natural resource used for tyres and washers. What synthetic product could replace it

A

Synthetic polymers e.g poly(butadiene)

143
Q

Wood is a natural resource used for construction. What synthetic product could replace/supplement it

A

PVC or composites

144
Q

6 examples of natural resources (these can then be replaced or supplemented by synthesised products)

A

Wool
Cotton
Silk
Linseed oil
Rubber
Wood

145
Q

True or false, a non renewable and finite resource is the same thing

A

True
(Can’t be replenished at the rate it’s used at so will eventually run out)

146
Q

Low grade ore meaning

A

Ore with very little metal e.g copper in them

147
Q

Name for type of ore that has very little metal in it

A

Low grade ore

148
Q

2 alternative ways to extract copper from low grade ores

A

Phytomining
Bio leaching

149
Q

How is most copper extracted and what’s the problem with this

A

Smelting (heating copper ore to obtain copper)
Copper ores are a finite resource so are getting scarcer and will eventually run out

Copper can also be extracted from solutions of copper compounds e.g electrolysis and through reduction (copper compound reacts with more reactive metal so copper is displaced from its compound)

These processes require lots of energy and are expensive

150
Q

How does bioleaching work to obtain pure copper

A

Bacteria feed on low grade copper ore
Combination of biological and chemical processes leaves a solution with copper ions in (leachate)
The leachate can be processed by electrolysis/ displacement with scrap metal e.g scrap iron
Pure copper is obtained

151
Q

In bioleaching what is the solution of copper ions called

A

Leachate

152
Q

In bioleaching what feeds on low grade copper ore

A

Bacteria

153
Q

How can pure copper be obtained from the leachate during bioleaching

A

Electrolysis
Displacement with scrap metal e.g scrap ion

154
Q

What is meant by leachate

A

Solution of copper ions once bacteria have fed on low grade copper ore in bioleaching

155
Q

How can phytomining be used to obtain pure copper

A

Plants that absorb copper ions are grown on soil containing low grade copper ore
The plants are then burnt and copper compounds are formed in the ash
Sulfuric acid is added to the ash so that the copper ions can be leached (dissolved)
Copper extracted from Sulfuric acid by electrolysis/ displacement

156
Q

Both bioleaching and phytomining avoid traditional mining methods like what

A

Digging, moving/ disposing of large amounts of rock,

157
Q

What is meant by a life cycle assessment

A

A way of analysing the ‘life’ of a product to see how much water and energy is used (how sustainable it) and the environmental impacts from each of the 4 different stages

158
Q

The LCA assess the environmental impacts of the product at 4 different stages (/ categories). What are the 4 different stages

A

Extracting and processing raw materials
Manufacturing and packaging
Use and operation during its lifetime
Disposal at the end of its useful life including transport and distribution at each stage

159
Q

Compare LCA of a plastic bag vs paper bag

A

Extracting and processing raw materials: plastic bag is made from crude oil (finite resource- bad as it will eventually run out so is unsustainable + must be separated using fractional distillation which requires energy. Paper bag is made from wood (cutting down trees destroys habitat and contributes to global warming but wood is a renewable resource)

Manufacturing and packaging: for plastic bag hydrocarbons in crude oil must be separated using fractional distillation then be cracked to form alkenes then undergo polymerisation to form the plastics. For paper bag timber must be pulped (broken up into small pieces then soaked which requires lots of energy and results in lots of waste)

Using product: generally plastic bags can be reused multiple times whilst paper bags are single used

Disposing product: Plastic bag isn’t biodegradable so takes up space in landfill/ can harm animals if eaten etc. paper bag is biodegradable and non toxic

(Would need to expand/ go into more detail on effect in environment at each stage)

160
Q

True or false, cost is a key factor in the LCA

A

False
We’re only concerned on the environmental impacts

161
Q

4 examples of methods of disposal in LCA

A

Reuse
Recycle
Put in landfill
Incinerate (burn)

162
Q

How is glass recycled

A

Pieces of glass separated based on size and colour (crushed if not already in small pieces)
Glass melted then reshaped

163
Q

How are metals recycled

A

Melted (often separated into different elements first) then reformed into different products

164
Q

Why is scrap steel added to pure iron when recycling

A

Reduces amount of iron that needs to be extracted from ore

165
Q

Thermosetting vs thermosoftening polymers

A

Thermosetting have cross links (chains fixed together by covalent bonds) + harder + more dense + doesn’t melt

Thermosoftening has weak intermolecular forces between chains (overall lots of force as there’s so may of them) + melts in heat + softer + less dense

166
Q

What 3 elements do NPK fertilisers contain

A

Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)

167
Q

True or false, for fertilisers we can get nitrogen from the air

A

False
(It’s triple bonded and so plants can’t break down the bonds so it’s not accessible to them)

168
Q

How we get nitrogen for fertilisers

A

Haber process produces ammonia
Ammonia reacts with nitric acid to form ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water so can be absorbed by plant roots

169
Q

What salt dissolves in water and contains nitrogen for plants

A

Ammonium nitrate

170
Q

How ammonium nitrate (containing nitrogen for plants) is obtained

A

Take ammonia from haber process and react with nitric acid

171
Q

Why can nitrate salts be used directly by plants in fertilisers

A

Nítrate salts (ammonium nitrate) are soluble so dissolve in water and can be absorbed by roots

172
Q

How to get phosphorus for fertiliser

A

Mine to get phosphate rock
React phosphate rock with acid to get soluble phosphate salt

173
Q

Why can’t phosphate rock be used directly in fertiliser but instead it has to react with an acid to form phosphate salt

A

Phosphate salt in rock is insoluble
Only becomes soluble once reacted with acid to from soluble phosphate salt

174
Q

3 types of acid that react with phosphate rock to form soluble phosphate salts

A

Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Sulfuric acid

175
Q

What does phosphate rock and nitric acid produce

A

Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate

176
Q

What does phosphate rock and sulfuric acid produce

A

Calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate

177
Q

What does phosphate rock and phosphate acid produce

A

Calcium phosphate (triple superphosphate)

178
Q

How to get potassium for fertilisers

A

Mine potassium chloride and potassium sulphate which are soluble salts

179
Q

Process of Haber process

A

Nitrogen from air and hydrogen from methane pumped in
Mixture compressed to 200atm and heated to 400 degrees
Mixture passes over reaction vessel with iron catalyst
Some hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia
Ammonia and unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen pass through cooling chamber
Ammonia condenses and is collected, hydrogen and nitrogen return to reaction vessel (are recycled)

180
Q

Chemical formula of silicon dioxide

A

SiO2

181
Q

Chemical formula of sodium carbonate

A

Na2CO3

182
Q

One advantage of obtaining drinking water from desalination

A

Water can be obtained from sea water if freshwater supplies are limited

GCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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