Using Resources (paper 2) Flashcards
Examples of finite resources (can’t be replenished at the rate we’re using them so will run out)
Metals (e.g copper), oil, nuclear fuels, coal, natural gas
Why is fresh water passed through a wire mesh when making it potable
Removes big particles like twigs/ fish
Why is fresh water passed through filter beds e.g sand and gravel when making it potable
Removes smaller particles like pesticides and contaminants
What 3 things are used to make water sterilised
Chlorine
Ozone
Ultra- violet light
What is killed when water is sterilised in ‘making water safe to drink’ process
Microbes/ bacteria
Examples of renewable resources
Solar power, wood, cotton, leather, ethanol (from fermentation)
2 ways salt can be removed from salt water
Reverse osmosis
Distillation
Disadvantages of using reverse osmosis and distillation to remove salt from salt water
Require lots of energy
What is a finite resource
One that cannot be replenished at the rate it’s used and will eventually run out
Examples of natural resources
Wool, cotton, linseed oil, silk, rubber, wood
What is sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Stiffness meaning
How well a material can resist being bent
Corrosion meaning
When a material reacts with substances in an environment so that they eventually wear away
Name for where a material reacts with a substance in the environment and eventually wears away
Corrosion
2 key ways corrosion (material reacting with a substance in the environment and eventually wearing away) can be prevented
Sacrificial protection
Physical barrier
Sacrificial protection and physical barriers are 2 ways to prevent what key process
Corrosion
Rusting is an example of what key process
Corrosion
In rusting (example of corrosion) what is the material being worn away and what are the substances in the environment that are causing it to wear away
Material worn away= iron
Substances in environment= oxygen and water
What 2 things is bronze made from
Copper and tin
Copper and tin make up which alloy
Bronze
Bronze (alloy) is made up of copper and what
Tin
Brass (alloy) is made up of what 2 things
Copper and zinc
Copper and zinc make up which alloy
Brass
Brass (alloy) is made up of copper and what
Zinc
What is an alloy
A mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one of them is a metal
True or false, an alloy is only made up of metal elements
False
It is a mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one element is a metal but the others can be non- metal
Rusting is the corrosión of what
Iron
(Meaning that the iron is worn away by substances (oxygen and water) in the environment)
Which are harder, pure metals or alloys
Alloys
Pure metals are relatively soft because the layers of atoms can do what
Slide Over each other
In an alloy the atoms are different sizes so the layers are what
Distorted
Why are alloys harder than pure metals
Atoms are different sizes
So layers are distorted
So layers can’t Slide Over each other
Bronze is very hard and is resistant to what meaning it’s good for statues
Corrosion
Try or false, bronze is very hard and resistant to corrosion
True
(Makes it good for statues)
1 key property of bronze
Resistant to corrosion
3 key uses of bronze (alloy)
Statues, decorative items, ship propellers
Which alloy is used for statues, decorative items and ship propellers
Bronze
Key facts about bronze
Alloy formed from tin and copper
Resistant to corrosion
Used for statues, decorative items and shop propellers
Which out of bronze and brass is harder
Brass
However brass is also more workable than copper (bends more easily into different shapes)
Which out of bronze and brass is harder but more workable
Brass
Which is more resistant to corrosion, bronze or brass
Bronze
Bronze and brass alloys both have what same element in
Copper
(Bronze also has tin, brass also has zinc)
3 key uses of brass (alloy)
Musical instruments, taps, door fittings e.g door handles
Which alloy is used for musical instruments, door fittings (e.g door handles) and taps
Brass
Key facts about brass
Alloy made from copper and zinc
Very hard and workable
Used for door fittings e.g door handles, taps and musical instruments
Why can’t pure gold be used for jewellery but instead an alloy has to be used
Pure gold is too soft (alloys are harder)
What 3 things is gold alloyed with to make it harder and suitable for jewellery
Copper, zinc and silver
Gold alloys are made from gold with small amounts of what 3 elements
Copper, silver, zinc
The purity of gold is measured in what
Carats
Carats measure what
The purity of gold
24 carats = 100% pure gold
How many carats is 100% pure gold
24 carats
If pure (100%) gold is 24 carats, how many carats would 50% gold be
12 carats
True or false, gold is resistant to corrosion
True
3 key properties of gold
Corrosión resistant
Attractive
Hardness depends of carats
(24 carats= 100% pure gold= less hard but 12 carats= 50% gold= much harder)
Which alloy is attractive, corrosión resistant and hardness depends on carats
Good alloys
(Good with small amounts of copper, zinc and silver)
1 key use of gold alloy
Jewellery
Key facts about good alloy
Alloy formed from good and small amounts of copper, zinc and silver
Hardness depends on number of carats (24 carats= 100% pure gold so much softer)
Resistant to corrosión and attractive
Used for jewellery
Steel is an alloy containing mainly iron with some what
Carbon
Steel is an alloy made from what 2 elements
Iron and carbon
What is the main element in steel out of the iron and carbon
Iron
2 key properties of high carbon steel
Strong
Brittle
Which type of carbon steel is strong and brittle
High carbon
2 key properties of low carbon steel
Soft
Easy to shape
Which type of carbon steel is soft and easy to shape
Low carbon
1 key problem with steel is that it’s an alloy of iron so can easily what
Rust
2 uses of high carbon steel
Cutting tools
Metal presses
True or false, high carbon steel contains a huge amount of carbon
False, it is mainly made from iron with only 1-2% carbon
However it’s called high carbon because low carbon steel has even less carbon (less than 1% carbon with the rest iron)
5 Uses of low carbon steel
Car manufacturing
Machinary
Ships
Containers
Structural steel
Properties of high carbon vs low carbon steel
High carbon steel= strong and brittle
Low carbon steel= soft and easy to shape
Key facts about high carbon steel
Alloy made from mainly iron with 1-2% carbon
Strong and brittle
Used for metal presses and cutting tools
Key facts about low carbon steel
Alloy made from mainly iron and less than 1% carbon
Soft and easy to shape
Used for car manufacturing, machinary, ships, structural steel, containers
Low= soft and shape and ships
1 key problem with steel (high carbon and low carbon) which is why stainless steel is used
Alloy of iron (made mainly from iron) so easily corrodes
To prevent corrosion stainless steel contains what as well as iron and carbon
Chromium and nickel
What 2 elements does stainless steel have that regular (high carbon/ low carbon) steel doesn’t have
Chromium and nickel
Which type of steel is resistant to corrosion
Stainless steel
(Chromium reacts with oxygen in air to form protective layer around iron)
Why is stainless steel resistant to corrosion
Chromium reacts with oxygen in air to form protective layer around the rest of the metal
2 key uses of stainless steel
Cutlery, plumbing
2 key properties of stainless steel
Corrosión resistant, hard
Key facts about stainless steel
Alloy made from mainly iron with some carbon, nickel and chromium
Corrosión resistant and hard
Used for cutlery and plumbing
1 key property of aluminium alloys
Low density
(Other properties depend on composition of alloy as there are hundreds of different aluminium alloys)
2 key uses of aluminium alloys
Aircraft
Military uses
Which alloy is used for aircraft and why
Aluminium alloys
They’re low density
Key facts about aluminium alloys
Hundreds of different aluminium alloys
Low density
Properties depend on composition
Used for aircraft/ military uses
7 key alloys I need to know
Brass
Bronze
Steel (high carbon)
Steel (low carbon)
Steel (stainless steel)
Gold alloys
Aluminium alloys
What is potable water
Water that’s safe to drink
Name for water that’s safe to drink
Potable water
True or false, potable water is pure
False
Although it’s safe to drink it usually contains other dissolves substances like chlorine, not just water molecules
Example of fresh water sources in UK that we can use to get potable water from
Lakes
Reservoirs
(This is surface water that’s good because it’s easy to access and can be replaced frequently however if it’s hot and sunny these water sources can dry up so in some places we rely on ground sources like aquifers)
3 steps for making fresh water potable (e.g water in lakes in reservoirs from the rain)
1) pass through wire mesh (remove big particles e.g fish)
2) pass through filter bed e.g sand and gravel (filters out small particles)
3) sterilise water (kill harmful microorganisms like bacteria) (done by exposing to UV light/ bubbling chlorine gas through it/ exposing it to ozone)
When treating fresh water what’s done first, removing big or small particles
Big first (wire mesh) then small (filter bed)
Examples of big particles removed through wire mesh when treating fresh water
Fish
Twigs
True or false, all countries use the same process to make water potable
False
UK has lots of rain and therefore fresh water sources e.g lakes so fresh water can be filtered and sterilised
In hotter countries they rely on desalination due to lack of fresh water sources
2 types of desalination techniques (removing salt from seawater)
Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Why is it bad if reverse osmosis and desalination require lots of energy to remove the salt from seawater
They’re very expensive
True or false, distillation used to remove salt from sea water is the same as ‘simple distillation’ done in school
True
Except it uses much larger quantities of water
Describe how to carry out simple distillation to obtain pure water from sea water
Sea water containing salt is placed in chonical flask
Chonical flask is placed over Bunsen burner so heat causes sea water to evaporate
The steam then travels through the delivery tube into a boiling tube
The water condenses leaving pure water in the boiling tube whilst the salt stays behind
(Usually boiling tube is placed inside beaker of ice cold water to help it condense)
How to calculate uncertainty of results
Range / 2
Simple distillation separates the contents of a liquid based on their different what
Boiling points
Why isn’t potable water pure even thought it’s safe to drink
It contains dissolved substances
Difference between pure water and potable water
Potable water is safe to drink but contains dissolved substances e.g certain mineral ions,
Pure water is also safe to drink but contains only water molecules
What are the filter beds usually made from that fresh water is passed through in the process of making it potable
Sand/ gravel
In reverse osmosis a pump pumps the salty (sea) water through a what which leaves the salt behind
Partially permeable membrane
What type of membrane is used in reverse osmosis
Semi permeable
(Only allows water molecules through not salt)
What is waste water
Sewage and water containing agricultural or industrial waste
Why must waste water be treated before releasing it into the environment (being disposed of)
Remove harmful microorganisms which reduces contamination of groundwater
Before being released into the environment, waste water must be treated to remove what
Harmful microorganisms
Why must harmful microorganisms be removed from waste water before it can be put into the environment (disposed of/ gotten rid of)
Reduce contamination of groundwater
Sewage and agricultural waste contain what 2 things that need to be removed in the waste water treatment
Organic matter
Harmful microbes
What does industrial waste also contain that needs to be removed in the waste water treatment that sewage and agricultural waste don’t contain
Harmful chemicals
3 main forms of waste water
Sewage
Agricultural waste
Industrial waste
(All 3 contain organic matter and harmful microbes that need to be removed but industrial waste also contains harmful chemicals)
3 main sources of waste water
Domestic (households), agriculture, industry
These then come in the form of industrial waste, agricultural waste and sewage
What is meant by screening in first step of treating waste water
Waste water passes through metal grid to filter out large objects and grit
Name for fist step in waste water treatment where waste water is passed through metal grid to filter out large objects and grit
Screening
In screening (first step of testing waste water) waste water passes through a what in order to remove grit and large objects
Metal grid
Name for process of second stage to treating waste water where solid sediments settle out of the water then sink to the bottom of the tank whilst the liquid sits on top
Sedimentation
In sedimentation, what is the solid sediments that sink to the bottom of the tank called
Sludge
In sedimentation what is sludge
The solid sediments (e.g grape pips leftover from industrial waste (anything that can’t dissolve in water)) that settle out of the water then sink to the bottom of the tank
In sedimentation what’s the name for the remaining liquid that sits above the solid sediments (sludge)
Effluent
What is effluent
Name for remaining liquid that sits above sludge (solid sediments) in tank during sedimentation
What does sludge contain (solid settlements that have settled out of the water then sunk to the bottom of the tank)
Water, organic matter (and some small solid particles and dissolved compounds)
What 2 things are obtained from sedimentation
Sludge
Effluent
How is the organic matter in sludge broken down
Anaerobic treatment
Bacteria added to sludge with limited supply of oxygen and break the matter down anaerobically
Both sludge and effluent have bacteria added in order to break down the organic matter.
Which is aerobic and which is anaerobic
Sludge= anaerobic due to limited supply of oxygen
Effluent= aerobic (oxygen needs to be present)
Is effluent treated anaerobically or areobically
Aerobically- bacteria respire aerobically when breaking down organic matter so oxygen needs to be present
Is sludge treated anaerobically or aerobically
Anaerobically- bacteria break down organic matter with limited supply of oxygen
What is added to both sludge and effluent to break down the organic matter
Bacteria
What happens once the organic matter in sludge has been anaerobically broken down by bacteria
Biogas is produced and can be used as a fuel
(Contains methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide)
Which out of sludge and effluent produces biogas once the organic matter has been broken down which can be used as a fuel
Sludge
What can the biogas produced from the anaerobic treatment of sludge be used as
A fuel
After the aerobic treatment of effluent what must be removed before the water can be discharged back into rivers etc
The bacteria that were added to break down the organic matter
Name for tube between chonical flask and boiling tube in distillation
Delivery tube
4 examples of things that we use the Earth’s resources to provide us with
Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport
(And fuel)
Renewable meaning
Resources that can be replenished at the rate we’re using them and won’t run out
When choosing and synthesising (forming something by combining/ reacting different things together) resources, what major thing must be considered
Sustainable development
.
.
Name for type of resources made by scientists that can replace/ supplement natural resources
Synthetic resources
Synthetic resources are made by who
Scientists
Synthetic resources can supplement/ replace what
Natural resources
Wool is a natural product used for clothes and carpets. What synthetic product could it be supplemted with/ replaced by
Acrylic fibre
Cotton is a natural resource used for clothes and textiles. What synthetic product could suplement it/ replace it
Polyester
Silk is a natural resource used for clothes. What synthetic product could replace/ supplement it
Nylon
Linseed oil is a natural resource used for paint. What synthetic product could supplement/ replace it
Acrylic resin
Rubber is a natural resource used for tyres and washers. What synthetic product could replace it
Synthetic polymers e.g poly(butadiene)
Wood is a natural resource used for construction. What synthetic product could replace/supplement it
PVC or composites
6 examples of natural resources (these can then be replaced or supplemented by synthesised products)
Wool
Cotton
Silk
Linseed oil
Rubber
Wood
True or false, a non renewable and finite resource is the same thing
True
(Can’t be replenished at the rate it’s used at so will eventually run out)
Low grade ore meaning
Ore with very little metal e.g copper in them
Name for type of ore that has very little metal in it
Low grade ore
2 alternative ways to extract copper from low grade ores
Phytomining
Bio leaching
How is most copper extracted and what’s the problem with this
Smelting (heating copper ore to obtain copper)
Copper ores are a finite resource so are getting scarcer and will eventually run out
Copper can also be extracted from solutions of copper compounds e.g electrolysis and through reduction (copper compound reacts with more reactive metal so copper is displaced from its compound)
These processes require lots of energy and are expensive
How does bioleaching work to obtain pure copper
Bacteria feed on low grade copper ore
Combination of biological and chemical processes leaves a solution with copper ions in (leachate)
The leachate can be processed by electrolysis/ displacement with scrap metal e.g scrap iron
Pure copper is obtained
In bioleaching what is the solution of copper ions called
Leachate
In bioleaching what feeds on low grade copper ore
Bacteria
How can pure copper be obtained from the leachate during bioleaching
Electrolysis
Displacement with scrap metal e.g scrap ion
What is meant by leachate
Solution of copper ions once bacteria have fed on low grade copper ore in bioleaching
How can phytomining be used to obtain pure copper
Plants that absorb copper ions are grown on soil containing low grade copper ore
The plants are then burnt and copper compounds are formed in the ash
Sulfuric acid is added to the ash so that the copper ions can be leached (dissolved)
Copper extracted from Sulfuric acid by electrolysis/ displacement
Both bioleaching and phytomining avoid traditional mining methods like what
Digging, moving/ disposing of large amounts of rock,
What is meant by a life cycle assessment
A way of analysing the ‘life’ of a product to see how much water and energy is used (how sustainable it) and the environmental impacts from each of the 4 different stages
The LCA assess the environmental impacts of the product at 4 different stages (/ categories). What are the 4 different stages
Extracting and processing raw materials
Manufacturing and packaging
Use and operation during its lifetime
Disposal at the end of its useful life including transport and distribution at each stage
Compare LCA of a plastic bag vs paper bag
Extracting and processing raw materials: plastic bag is made from crude oil (finite resource- bad as it will eventually run out so is unsustainable + must be separated using fractional distillation which requires energy. Paper bag is made from wood (cutting down trees destroys habitat and contributes to global warming but wood is a renewable resource)
Manufacturing and packaging: for plastic bag hydrocarbons in crude oil must be separated using fractional distillation then be cracked to form alkenes then undergo polymerisation to form the plastics. For paper bag timber must be pulped (broken up into small pieces then soaked which requires lots of energy and results in lots of waste)
Using product: generally plastic bags can be reused multiple times whilst paper bags are single used
Disposing product: Plastic bag isn’t biodegradable so takes up space in landfill/ can harm animals if eaten etc. paper bag is biodegradable and non toxic
(Would need to expand/ go into more detail on effect in environment at each stage)
True or false, cost is a key factor in the LCA
False
We’re only concerned on the environmental impacts
4 examples of methods of disposal in LCA
Reuse
Recycle
Put in landfill
Incinerate (burn)
How is glass recycled
Pieces of glass separated based on size and colour (crushed if not already in small pieces)
Glass melted then reshaped
How are metals recycled
Melted (often separated into different elements first) then reformed into different products
Why is scrap steel added to pure iron when recycling
Reduces amount of iron that needs to be extracted from ore
Thermosetting vs thermosoftening polymers
Thermosetting have cross links (chains fixed together by covalent bonds) + harder + more dense + doesn’t melt
Thermosoftening has weak intermolecular forces between chains (overall lots of force as there’s so may of them) + melts in heat + softer + less dense
What 3 elements do NPK fertilisers contain
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
True or false, for fertilisers we can get nitrogen from the air
False
(It’s triple bonded and so plants can’t break down the bonds so it’s not accessible to them)
How we get nitrogen for fertilisers
Haber process produces ammonia
Ammonia reacts with nitric acid to form ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water so can be absorbed by plant roots
What salt dissolves in water and contains nitrogen for plants
Ammonium nitrate
How ammonium nitrate (containing nitrogen for plants) is obtained
Take ammonia from haber process and react with nitric acid
Why can nitrate salts be used directly by plants in fertilisers
Nítrate salts (ammonium nitrate) are soluble so dissolve in water and can be absorbed by roots
How to get phosphorus for fertiliser
Mine to get phosphate rock
React phosphate rock with acid to get soluble phosphate salt
Why can’t phosphate rock be used directly in fertiliser but instead it has to react with an acid to form phosphate salt
Phosphate salt in rock is insoluble
Only becomes soluble once reacted with acid to from soluble phosphate salt
3 types of acid that react with phosphate rock to form soluble phosphate salts
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Sulfuric acid
What does phosphate rock and nitric acid produce
Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
What does phosphate rock and sulfuric acid produce
Calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate
What does phosphate rock and phosphate acid produce
Calcium phosphate (triple superphosphate)
How to get potassium for fertilisers
Mine potassium chloride and potassium sulphate which are soluble salts
Process of Haber process
Nitrogen from air and hydrogen from methane pumped in
Mixture compressed to 200atm and heated to 400 degrees
Mixture passes over reaction vessel with iron catalyst
Some hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia
Ammonia and unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen pass through cooling chamber
Ammonia condenses and is collected, hydrogen and nitrogen return to reaction vessel (are recycled)
Chemical formula of silicon dioxide
SiO2
Chemical formula of sodium carbonate
Na2CO3
One advantage of obtaining drinking water from desalination
Water can be obtained from sea water if freshwater supplies are limited
