Resources 2 Flashcards
2 types of ceramic I need to know
Glass
Clay ceramics
Name for must glass we use
Soda lime glass
To key things that use soda lime glass to make
Bottles
Windows
3 ingredients for soda lime glass
Sand
Sodium carbonate
Limestone
Steps to make soda lime glass
Mix together sodium carbonate, limestone and sand and heat in furnace until melted
Shape when its cooling into necessary shape
Do we shape soda like glass before or after heating
After
First mic together sand, sodium carbonate and limestone then heat with furnace then shape when it’s cooling
1 key drawback if soda lime glass
Low melting point
(Limits its use)
Name for 2nd type of glass
Borosilicate glass
2 types of glass (their names)
Soda like glass (lower melting point)
Borosilicate glass (higher melting point)
Which out of soda lime glass and borosilicate glass has a higher melting point
Borosilicate glass
(Makes it useful for kitchenware, lab ware and anything that needs heating)
Uses of borosilicate glass (due to its high melting point)
Kitchenware, labware, anything that needs heating
What 2 things is borosilicate glass made from
Sand
Boron trioxide
2 uses of clay ceramics
Pottery
Bricks
How clay products are made
Shaped when wet
Heated in furnace to harden
2 things that make up composites
Reinforcement (contains fibres of one material)
Matrix (Surrounds the reinforcement)
Reinforcement vs matrix
Both make up composite
Reinforcement= fibres of one material
Matrix= outer layer of another material surrounding reinforcement
2 things properties of polymer depend on
Type of monomer
Conditions used to make polymer
3 conditions to change to change property of polymer
Reaction Temperature
Reaction pressure
Use Catalyst
Name for Type of polymers that melt when heated
Thermosoftening polymers
Forces that break when thermosoftening polymers are heated
Intermolecular forces
Name for type of polymers that don’t melt when heated
Thermosetting polymers
Key feature of thermosetting polymers (why they don’t melt when heated)
Polymer chains connected by strong cross links
Corrosion meaning
Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
Method for experiment to see conditions required for rusting
1) add fixed volume of distilled water to test tube 1 along with iron nail (air and water)
2) add fixed volume of boiled distilled water to test tube 2 along with iron nail and layer of oil on top of water (water)
3) add nail to iron nail to test tube with bung in to prevent moist from entering (oxygen)
4) leave test tubes for several days and observe changes to nail
Barrier methods to completely stop corrosion
Paint
Grease (oil)
Coat material with metal (electroplating)
Electroplating meaning
Coat material with metal to prevent material from corroding
Name for coating material with metal to prevent material from corroding
Electroplating
Why aluminium doesn’t corrode
Aluminium reacts with oxygen in air to form layer of aluminium oxide which prevents aluminium underneath from corroding
Why aluminium doesn’t corrode
Aluminium reacts with oxygen in air to form layer of aluminium oxide which prevents aluminium underneath from corroding
Galvanising meaning
Coating metal with zinc
Phytomining process
Plants grown on soil containing low grade copper ore
Plants harvested and burnt
Ash contains copper compound
Displace copper from compound with scrap iron/ use electrolysis to get copper
Bioleaching process
Mix bacteria with low grade copper ore (bacteria break it down)
Biological and chemical reactions produce leachate which is a solution containing copper compound
Displace copper from compound using scaap iron (iron is more reactive than copper)/ by electrolysis
3 things phytomining/ bioleaching don’t involve which normal methods of metal extraction do e.g mining
Digging/ transporting/ disposing large amounts of rock
3 things phytomining/ bioleaching don’t involve which normal methods of metal extraction do e.g mining
Digging/ transporting/ disposing large amounts of rock
4 uses of resources
Warmth
Shelter
Transport
Food
Why potable water isn’t pure
It contains small amounts of dissolved substances
2 key steps to get potable water from fresh water e.g lakes and rivers
Pass water through filter bed (removes leaves and large objects)
Sterilise water (with chlorine/ ozone/ UV light) to kill microbes
2 disadvantages of reverse osmosis and distillation (methods of desalination)
Require large amounts of energy
Very Expensive
Process for treating waste water e.g sewage/ agricultural waste/ industrial waste
Pass water through mesh (screening) to remove solids and grit
Sewage left in tanks (sedimentation) sediments sink to bottom (sludge) liquid stays on top (effluent)
Sludge anaerobically broken down by bacteria to produce biogas (used as fuel)
Bacteria aerobically feed on organic matter and harmful microorganisms in effluent
Water discharged back into rivers
Sources of nitrogen and hydrogen for haber process
Nitrogen= air
Hydrogen= natural gas (methane)
Haber process process
Nitrogen and hydrogen compressed then pass over iron catalyst in reaction vessel at 450 degrees and 200atm
Some hydrogen and nitrogen reacts to produce ammonia
Ammonia cooled, unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen returns to reaction vessel
Reasons for conditions of haber process
Forward reaction is exothermic
So Temperature cool enough to favour forward reaction but high enough to increase rate of reaction (compromised temperature)
Catalyst increases rate of reaction
High pressure to favour forward reaction but not too high so that it’s expensive or dangerous
Reasons for conditions of haber process
Forward reaction is exothermic
So Temperature cool enough to favour forward reaction but high enough to increase rate of reaction (compromised temperature)
Catalyst increases rate of reaction
High pressure to favour forward reaction but not too high so that it’s expensive or dangerous
