Organic Chemistry (Paper 2) Flashcards
Organic chemistry is all about compounds that contain what
Carbon
Any compound that’s formed from only hydrogen and carbon is known as what
A hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is a compound only formed from what and what
Hydrogen and carbon
Name for group of most simple hydrocarbons
Alkanes
General formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated compounds
Saturated
True or false, alkanes are saturated compounds
True
Isomers meaning
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
(Made of the same atoms but the atoms are arranged differently)
Name for molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Isomers
Isomers have the same molecular formula but different what formulas
Structural
Isomers have the same what formula but different structural formulas
Molecular
Do alkanes contain any double bonds
No
Which out of alkanes and alkenes contain double bonds
Alkenes
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated
Saturated.
(Only contain single bonds)
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
(Contain a double bond)
Definition of homologous series
A group of organic compounds with similar chemical properties, due to them having the same functional group
What happens to boiling point with increased chain length of alkanes
It increases
E.g ethane has a higher boiling point than methane
Does boiling point increase or decrease the longer the chain in alkanes
Increase
True or false, methane, butane, ethane and propane are all gases at room temperature
True
What state are methane, ethane, butane and propane at room temperature
Gases
Which out of shorter chain and longer chain alkanes are more flammable
Shorter chain= more flammable
Which out of shorter chain and longer chain alkanes have a higher boing point
Longer chain= higher boiling point
Which out of shorter chain and longer chain alkanes are more viscous (thick and sticky)
Longer chain= more viscous
Are shorter chain or longer chain alkanes more volatile
Shorter chain (evaporate more easily)
Word equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon+ oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
During a combustion reaction are hydrogen and carbon oxidised or reduced and why
Oxidised
Gain oxygen
What is crude oil formed from
Remains of ancient biomass (mostly plankton) that died millions of years ago
Purpose of cracking
Break down large hydrocarbons into smaller ones using a catalyst/ steam + high temperature as shorter chain hydrocarbons are more useful
What 3 properties affect how useful a hydrocarbon is as a fuel
Flammability
Viscosity
Boiling point
Flammability meaning
How easily it burns
Viscosity meaning
How thick/ sticky it is
Which are more useful out of longer and shorter chain hydrocarbons
Shorter chain
(Longer chain hydrocarbons can be made shorter through cracking)
How can different hydrocarbons be separated
Fractional distillation
Are smaller chain hydrocarbons collected near the top or bottom of the fractionating column
Top
Which out of alkenes and alkanes react with bromine water
Alkenes- they make it colourless
When alkenes react with bromine water what colour does it turn
Colourless
2 types of cracking (turning longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain ones)
Catalytic
Steam
Finite meaning
Limited
E.g there is a finite amount of crude oil
Properties of short chain hydrocarbons (more useful ones)
Low boiling point
Low viscosity
High flammability
(High volatility)
Properties of long chain hydrocarbons (less useful ones)
High boiling point
High viscosity
Low flammability
(Low volatility)
What is a fuel
A substance that releases energy when burned
Name for piece of equipment where fractional distillation takes place
Fractionating column
Are longer chain hydrocarbons collected at the top or the bottom of the fractionating column
Bottom
As have higher boiling (and therefore condensing) points and it is hotter at the bottom
Which length chain hydrocarbons give off a smokey flame when burnt
Long chain
Which length chain hydrocarbons give off a clean flame when burnt
Short chain
What must happen to crude oil before it goes into the fractionating column
Be vaporised (heated- turned into a gas)
Why must crude oil be vaporised (turned into a gas) before it goes in the fractionating column
So that the hydrocarbons can be condensed (turn back into a liquid) when they reach their specific boiling point
True or false, boiling point is the same as condensing point
True
What does the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produce
Carbon dioxide and water
What 3 things does incomplete combustion produce
Carbon (soot), carbon monoxide, water
When does incomplete combustion occur
When (a hydrocarbon) burns in not enough oxygen
Main purpose of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels
Release energy
What is cracking a form of
Thermal decomposition
Out of alkanes and alkenes which is better to use as a fuel and why
Alkanes as undergo complete combustion
(Alkenes undergo incomplete combustion so products can be dangerous + less energy is released)
How can we test for alkenes
Bromine water
If present goes from orange to colourless
What are alkenes used to make
Polymers
Formula for alkenes
CnH2n
Funcional group of alkenes
C=C
All compounds in the same homologous series have the same what
Functional group (determines chemical properties of compound)
List 5 homologous series
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Carboxylate acids
Esters
True or false, the products of fractional distillation can be both alkanes and alkenes
True
What is formed when a Carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol
Ester
Alcohol functional group
-OH
Carboxylic acid functional group
-COOH
Fractional distillation vs cracking
Fractional distillation separates the different length hydrocarbons (the crude oil contains the different length hydrocarbons is heated then goes into a fractionating column where depending on their boiling points the different length hydrocarbons condense at different points and can be collected and split up according to their length)
Cracking- once all hydrocarbons of different sizes are separated, the longer chain less useful ones are made shorter at high temperature using steam/ catalyst
Are Alkenes or alkanes more reactive
Alkenes
True or false, only alkanes are originally in the crude oil that goes into the fractionating column
True
But both alkanes and Alkenes can be produced from it
What is hydrogenation
Alkene reacts with hydrogen to produce an alkane
E.g propene + hydrogen-> propane
Name for process where alkene reacts with hydrogen to form an alkane
Hydrogenation
What is formed when an alkene reacts with hydrogen (hydrogenation)
Alkane
How can an alkane be formed from an alkene
Adding hydrogen to the alkene (hydrogenation)
What is formed when an alkene reacts with water
Alcohol
What does an alkene react with to form alcohol
Water
What 3 things are needed for an alkene to be able to react with water to form an alcohol
High pressure
High temperature
Catalyst
Name for what’s formed when alkene reacts with halogen
di + halogen- ine + alkane
E.g ethene+ chlorine –> dichloroethane
What’s formed when an alkene reacts with a halogen
Halogenalkane
What does alcohol react with to form carbon dioxide and water
Oxygen
(It’s combustion in air)
E.g methanol + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
When alcohols react with sodium what do they release
Hydrogen
(An alchoholoxide is formed)
What is formed when alcohols react with sodium
Sodium alcoholoxide + hydrogen
What do alcohols react with to form sodium alcoholoxide + hydrogen
Sodium
How to form name of what’s formed when alcohol reacts with sodium
Sodium alkoxide
E.g sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide
What’s formed when alcohols react with oxidising agents
Carboxylic acid + water
How can a Carboxylic acid and water be formed from an alcohol
Alcohol reacts with oxidising agent
2 ways of making ethanol
Fermentation
Ethene + water
Word equation for making ethanol from fermentation of sugar
Sugar –> ethanol + carbon dioxide
Conditions needed to make ethanol from fermentation of sugar
Warm (37 degrees Celsius)
Yeast present (catalyst that ferments sugar)
Sealed container (no oxygen present as anaerobic)
True or false, alcohols are soluble in water
True
What is the PH of alcohols
Neutral (7)
When a Carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate what’s formed
Salt + water + carbon dioxide
What reacts with Carboxylic acid to form water + salt + carbon dioxide
Metal carbonate
How to form name of salt produced for when Carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate
Metal + alcohol -ol + anoate
Carboxylic acids dissolve in water to make what strength acids
Weak
What 2 things react together to form an ester + water
Carboxylic acid and alcohol
Name 5 fuels obtained from crude oil
Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases
Why are the reactions of Alkenes with hydrogen, water and halogens know as addition reactions
New atoms are being added to the molecule by breaking the double bond
Why are Carboxylic acids weak acids
Not all their molecules ionise when in water
Name the monomer in polyethene
Ethene
How many types of monomers are there in addition polymerisation
1
2 things addition polymerisation reactions require to work
Catalyst
High pressure
(They’re sometimes written on the reaction arrow but you don’t need to include it yourself)
True or false, polymers contain a double carbon bond
False, the double bond is broken so that a long chain of repeating units can be formed
Why can’t alkanes take part in addition polymerisation
A double carbon bond is required
Type of bond needed for addition polymerisation
Double bond
This bond can then be broken to form a long chain of repeating units
Which type of polymerisation are polyesters made from
Condensation
Polymerisation meaning (there’s 2 types: addition and condensation)
The reaction of monomer molecules to form a long chain polymer molecule
Why condensation polymers are called condensation polymers
The process forms water molecules
Each monomer involved in condensation polymerisation has to have at least 2 what
Functional groups
Each monomer involved in condensation polymerisation has to have at least how many functional groups
2
Overall in condensation polymerisation how many different functional groups does there have to be between the monomers
2
Small molecule usually given off in condensation polymerisation
Water
Name for process of turning many monomers into a polymer
Polymerisation
Product of addition polymerisation
Just the polymer
Product of condensation polymerisation
Polymer + water
Difference between products formed from addition and condensation polymerisation
Both form a polymer but condensation also forms water
What monomers can take part in addition polymerisation
Any with a double carbon bond e.g alkenes
What type of monomers can take part in condensation polymerisation
Diols
Dicarboxylic acids
Diamines
Which monomer used in condensation polymerisation has 2 -OH groups, 1 at either end
Diol
A Diol has what functional group at each end of the monomer and is used in condensation polymerisation
-OH
What monomer has a Carboxylic acid group at each end
Dicarboxylic acid
Dicarboxylic acid has what functional group at each end of the monomer and is used in condensation polymerisation
A Carboxylic acid group (COOH)
In what circumstances can condensation polymerisation occur with just one monomer
The monomer must have 2 different functional groups
(Because for condensation to occur each monomer must have 2 functional groups and overall there must be at least 2 different functional groups)
What 2 functional groups do amino acids have
Amine
Carboxylic acid (COOH)
Name for 2 monomers combined
Dimer
What is a dimer
2 monomers combined
Name for monomer unit in sugar
Saccharide
What is saccharide
Monomer unit in sugar
What is polypeptide
Organic polymer consisting of lots of amino acid monomers bonded together in a chain
Name for organic polymer consisting of lots of amino acid polymers bonded together in a chain
Polypeptide
A polypeptide contains which monomer
Amino acid
4 naturally occurring polymers
Cellulose
Protein
Starch
DNA
2 polymers made from amino acids
Protein
Polypeptide
Functional group meaning
Group of atoms that determines properties of compound
3 Conditions needed to make ethanol from fermentation of sugar are w…, y….and s….c…
Warm
Yeast (catalyst)
Sealed container (no oxygen)
3 Conditions needed to make ethanol from fermentation of sugar are w…, y….and s….c…
Warm
Yeast (catalyst)
Sealed container (no oxygen)
Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate produces s…, w…. and c…d
Salt
Water
Carbon dioxide
Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate produces s…, w…. and c…d
Salt
Water
Carbon dioxide
