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GCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry (Paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic chemistry is all about compounds that contain what

A

Carbon

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2
Q

Any compound that’s formed from only hydrogen and carbon is known as what

A

A hydrocarbon

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3
Q

A hydrocarbon is a compound only formed from what and what

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

Name for group of most simple hydrocarbons

A

Alkanes

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5
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated compounds

A

Saturated

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7
Q

True or false, alkanes are saturated compounds

A

True

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8
Q

Isomers meaning

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
(Made of the same atoms but the atoms are arranged differently)

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9
Q

Name for molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

A

Isomers

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10
Q

Isomers have the same molecular formula but different what formulas

A

Structural

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11
Q

Isomers have the same what formula but different structural formulas

A

Molecular

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12
Q

Do alkanes contain any double bonds

A

No

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13
Q

Which out of alkanes and alkenes contain double bonds

A

Alkenes

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14
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

Saturated.
(Only contain single bonds)

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15
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated
(Contain a double bond)

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16
Q

Definition of homologous series

A

A group of organic compounds with similar chemical properties, due to them having the same functional group

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17
Q

What happens to boiling point with increased chain length of alkanes

A

It increases
E.g ethane has a higher boiling point than methane

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18
Q

Does boiling point increase or decrease the longer the chain in alkanes

A

Increase

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19
Q

True or false, methane, butane, ethane and propane are all gases at room temperature

A

True

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20
Q

What state are methane, ethane, butane and propane at room temperature

A

Gases

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21
Q

Which out of shorter chain and longer chain alkanes are more flammable

A

Shorter chain= more flammable

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22
Q

Which out of shorter chain and longer chain alkanes have a higher boing point

A

Longer chain= higher boiling point

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23
Q

Which out of shorter chain and longer chain alkanes are more viscous (thick and sticky)

A

Longer chain= more viscous

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24
Q

Are shorter chain or longer chain alkanes more volatile

A

Shorter chain (evaporate more easily)

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25
Q

Word equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon+ oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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26
Q

During a combustion reaction are hydrogen and carbon oxidised or reduced and why

A

Oxidised
Gain oxygen

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27
Q

What is crude oil formed from

A

Remains of ancient biomass (mostly plankton) that died millions of years ago

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28
Q

Purpose of cracking

A

Break down large hydrocarbons into smaller ones using a catalyst/ steam + high temperature as shorter chain hydrocarbons are more useful

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29
Q

What 3 properties affect how useful a hydrocarbon is as a fuel

A

Flammability
Viscosity
Boiling point

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30
Q

Flammability meaning

A

How easily it burns

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31
Q

Viscosity meaning

A

How thick/ sticky it is

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32
Q

Which are more useful out of longer and shorter chain hydrocarbons

A

Shorter chain
(Longer chain hydrocarbons can be made shorter through cracking)

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33
Q

How can different hydrocarbons be separated

A

Fractional distillation

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34
Q

Are smaller chain hydrocarbons collected near the top or bottom of the fractionating column

A

Top

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35
Q

Which out of alkenes and alkanes react with bromine water

A

Alkenes- they make it colourless

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36
Q

When alkenes react with bromine water what colour does it turn

A

Colourless

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37
Q

2 types of cracking (turning longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain ones)

A

Catalytic
Steam

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38
Q

Finite meaning

A

Limited
E.g there is a finite amount of crude oil

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39
Q

Properties of short chain hydrocarbons (more useful ones)

A

Low boiling point
Low viscosity
High flammability
(High volatility)

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40
Q

Properties of long chain hydrocarbons (less useful ones)

A

High boiling point
High viscosity
Low flammability
(Low volatility)

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41
Q

What is a fuel

A

A substance that releases energy when burned

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42
Q

Name for piece of equipment where fractional distillation takes place

A

Fractionating column

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43
Q

Are longer chain hydrocarbons collected at the top or the bottom of the fractionating column

A

Bottom
As have higher boiling (and therefore condensing) points and it is hotter at the bottom

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44
Q

Which length chain hydrocarbons give off a smokey flame when burnt

A

Long chain

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45
Q

Which length chain hydrocarbons give off a clean flame when burnt

A

Short chain

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46
Q

What must happen to crude oil before it goes into the fractionating column

A

Be vaporised (heated- turned into a gas)

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47
Q

Why must crude oil be vaporised (turned into a gas) before it goes in the fractionating column

A

So that the hydrocarbons can be condensed (turn back into a liquid) when they reach their specific boiling point

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48
Q

True or false, boiling point is the same as condensing point

A

True

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49
Q

What does the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produce

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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50
Q

What 3 things does incomplete combustion produce

A

Carbon (soot), carbon monoxide, water

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51
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur

A

When (a hydrocarbon) burns in not enough oxygen

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52
Q

Main purpose of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels

A

Release energy

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53
Q

What is cracking a form of

A

Thermal decomposition

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54
Q

Out of alkanes and alkenes which is better to use as a fuel and why

A

Alkanes as undergo complete combustion
(Alkenes undergo incomplete combustion so products can be dangerous + less energy is released)

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55
Q

How can we test for alkenes

A

Bromine water
If present goes from orange to colourless

56
Q

What are alkenes used to make

A

Polymers

57
Q

Formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

58
Q

Funcional group of alkenes

A

C=C

59
Q

All compounds in the same homologous series have the same what

A

Functional group (determines chemical properties of compound)

60
Q

List 5 homologous series

A

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Carboxylate acids
Esters

61
Q

True or false, the products of fractional distillation can be both alkanes and alkenes

A

True

62
Q

What is formed when a Carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

A

Ester

63
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

-OH

64
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

-COOH

65
Q

Fractional distillation vs cracking

A

Fractional distillation separates the different length hydrocarbons (the crude oil contains the different length hydrocarbons is heated then goes into a fractionating column where depending on their boiling points the different length hydrocarbons condense at different points and can be collected and split up according to their length)

Cracking- once all hydrocarbons of different sizes are separated, the longer chain less useful ones are made shorter at high temperature using steam/ catalyst

66
Q

Are Alkenes or alkanes more reactive

A

Alkenes

67
Q

True or false, only alkanes are originally in the crude oil that goes into the fractionating column

A

True
But both alkanes and Alkenes can be produced from it

68
Q

What is hydrogenation

A

Alkene reacts with hydrogen to produce an alkane
E.g propene + hydrogen-> propane

69
Q

Name for process where alkene reacts with hydrogen to form an alkane

A

Hydrogenation

70
Q

What is formed when an alkene reacts with hydrogen (hydrogenation)

A

Alkane

71
Q

How can an alkane be formed from an alkene

A

Adding hydrogen to the alkene (hydrogenation)

72
Q

What is formed when an alkene reacts with water

A

Alcohol

73
Q

What does an alkene react with to form alcohol

A

Water

74
Q

What 3 things are needed for an alkene to be able to react with water to form an alcohol

A

High pressure
High temperature
Catalyst

75
Q

Name for what’s formed when alkene reacts with halogen

A

di + halogen- ine + alkane

E.g ethene+ chlorine –> dichloroethane

76
Q

What’s formed when an alkene reacts with a halogen

A

Halogenalkane

77
Q

What does alcohol react with to form carbon dioxide and water

A

Oxygen
(It’s combustion in air)
E.g methanol + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

78
Q

When alcohols react with sodium what do they release

A

Hydrogen
(An alchoholoxide is formed)

79
Q

What is formed when alcohols react with sodium

A

Sodium alcoholoxide + hydrogen

80
Q

What do alcohols react with to form sodium alcoholoxide + hydrogen

A

Sodium

81
Q

How to form name of what’s formed when alcohol reacts with sodium

A

Sodium alkoxide
E.g sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide

82
Q

What’s formed when alcohols react with oxidising agents

A

Carboxylic acid + water

83
Q

How can a Carboxylic acid and water be formed from an alcohol

A

Alcohol reacts with oxidising agent

84
Q

2 ways of making ethanol

A

Fermentation
Ethene + water

85
Q

Word equation for making ethanol from fermentation of sugar

A

Sugar –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

86
Q

Conditions needed to make ethanol from fermentation of sugar

A

Warm (37 degrees Celsius)
Yeast present (catalyst that ferments sugar)
Sealed container (no oxygen present as anaerobic)

87
Q

True or false, alcohols are soluble in water

A

True

88
Q

What is the PH of alcohols

A

Neutral (7)

89
Q

When a Carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate what’s formed

A

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

90
Q

What reacts with Carboxylic acid to form water + salt + carbon dioxide

A

Metal carbonate

91
Q

How to form name of salt produced for when Carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate

A

Metal + alcohol -ol + anoate

92
Q

Carboxylic acids dissolve in water to make what strength acids

A

Weak

93
Q

What 2 things react together to form an ester + water

A

Carboxylic acid and alcohol

94
Q

Name 5 fuels obtained from crude oil

A

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases

95
Q

Why are the reactions of Alkenes with hydrogen, water and halogens know as addition reactions

A

New atoms are being added to the molecule by breaking the double bond

96
Q

Why are Carboxylic acids weak acids

A

Not all their molecules ionise when in water

97
Q

Name the monomer in polyethene

A

Ethene

98
Q

How many types of monomers are there in addition polymerisation

A

1

99
Q

2 things addition polymerisation reactions require to work

A

Catalyst
High pressure
(They’re sometimes written on the reaction arrow but you don’t need to include it yourself)

100
Q

True or false, polymers contain a double carbon bond

A

False, the double bond is broken so that a long chain of repeating units can be formed

101
Q

Why can’t alkanes take part in addition polymerisation

A

A double carbon bond is required

102
Q

Type of bond needed for addition polymerisation

A

Double bond
This bond can then be broken to form a long chain of repeating units

103
Q

Which type of polymerisation are polyesters made from

A

Condensation

104
Q

Polymerisation meaning (there’s 2 types: addition and condensation)

A

The reaction of monomer molecules to form a long chain polymer molecule

105
Q

Why condensation polymers are called condensation polymers

A

The process forms water molecules

106
Q

Each monomer involved in condensation polymerisation has to have at least 2 what

A

Functional groups

107
Q

Each monomer involved in condensation polymerisation has to have at least how many functional groups

A

2

108
Q

Overall in condensation polymerisation how many different functional groups does there have to be between the monomers

A

2

109
Q

Small molecule usually given off in condensation polymerisation

A

Water

110
Q

Name for process of turning many monomers into a polymer

A

Polymerisation

111
Q

Product of addition polymerisation

A

Just the polymer

112
Q

Product of condensation polymerisation

A

Polymer + water

113
Q

Difference between products formed from addition and condensation polymerisation

A

Both form a polymer but condensation also forms water

114
Q

What monomers can take part in addition polymerisation

A

Any with a double carbon bond e.g alkenes

115
Q

What type of monomers can take part in condensation polymerisation

A

Diols
Dicarboxylic acids
Diamines

116
Q

Which monomer used in condensation polymerisation has 2 -OH groups, 1 at either end

A

Diol

117
Q

A Diol has what functional group at each end of the monomer and is used in condensation polymerisation

A

-OH

118
Q

What monomer has a Carboxylic acid group at each end

A

Dicarboxylic acid

119
Q

Dicarboxylic acid has what functional group at each end of the monomer and is used in condensation polymerisation

A

A Carboxylic acid group (COOH)

120
Q

In what circumstances can condensation polymerisation occur with just one monomer

A

The monomer must have 2 different functional groups
(Because for condensation to occur each monomer must have 2 functional groups and overall there must be at least 2 different functional groups)

121
Q

What 2 functional groups do amino acids have

A

Amine
Carboxylic acid (COOH)

122
Q

Name for 2 monomers combined

A

Dimer

123
Q

What is a dimer

A

2 monomers combined

124
Q

Name for monomer unit in sugar

A

Saccharide

125
Q

What is saccharide

A

Monomer unit in sugar

126
Q

What is polypeptide

A

Organic polymer consisting of lots of amino acid monomers bonded together in a chain

127
Q

Name for organic polymer consisting of lots of amino acid polymers bonded together in a chain

A

Polypeptide

128
Q

A polypeptide contains which monomer

A

Amino acid

129
Q

4 naturally occurring polymers

A

Cellulose
Protein
Starch
DNA

130
Q

2 polymers made from amino acids

A

Protein
Polypeptide

131
Q

Functional group meaning

A

Group of atoms that determines properties of compound

132
Q

3 Conditions needed to make ethanol from fermentation of sugar are w…, y….and s….c…

A

Warm
Yeast (catalyst)
Sealed container (no oxygen)

133
Q

3 Conditions needed to make ethanol from fermentation of sugar are w…, y….and s….c…

A

Warm
Yeast (catalyst)
Sealed container (no oxygen)

134
Q

Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate produces s…, w…. and c…d

A

Salt
Water
Carbon dioxide

135
Q

Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate produces s…, w…. and c…d

A

Salt
Water
Carbon dioxide

GCSE Chemistry (18 decks)

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