Using resources- paper 2 Flashcards
What are ceramics? 3
. non-metal solids
. high melting points
.not carbon-based compounds.
1-2)What are the properties of clay ceramics?
3) 2 uses?
1)soft material moulded
2) fired at high temperatures, hardens clay ceramic.
3) pottery and bricks.
1)What are the properties of ceramic glass? 3
2)what are two examples
3)How are they made?
4)What is Borosilicate glass, how is it made and what is different?
1) transparent, moulded when hot, brittle when thin.
2)soda-lime glass, Borosilicate glass
3)heating a mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate until it melts. mixture cools= glass.
4)
.higher melting point than soda-lime glass.
.made same way mixture sand and boron trioxide.
1)What are Composites?
2)What is the structure of compoites?
1)made of one material embedded in another.
2)Fibres/ fragments of a material (reinforcement) surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder.
1)What are composite?
1)Composites one material embedded in another.
What influences the properties of a polymer?
- how it’s made and what it’s made from.
1)Low density polythene made by 1 property and 2 conditions?
2)High density (HD)=poly(ethene) is made by and 1 propeity and 3 conditions ?
2)moderate temperature, high pressure.
=flexible used bags bottles.
3)lower temperature, pressure with catalyst.
= rigid=used for water tanks drainpipes.
What do monomers determine?
1)type of bonds form between polymer chains=determine properties polymer
What are Thermosoftening polymers, what can you do with them why?
2
1)individual polymer chains entwined together weak forces between chains.
2)melt these plastics remould them.
What are Thermosetting polymers?
What happens when you heat them?
1)monomers cross-links between polymer chain=solid structure.
2)don’t soften when they’re heated. hard
What materials are used for depends on?
.properties.
1)what are 2 ceramics and 2 job examples?
2)2 properties?
1).glass, clay ceramics=porcelain and bricks.
2)brittle and stiff.
What jobs can polymers do 4 examples the two proerteis?
1)insulators, heat and electricity, clothing
2)flexible, easily moulded.
What do the properties of composites depend on what their uses?
1)composites depend matrix/ binder and reinforcement used to make them
2)many different uses.
1)5 properties of metals?
2)What jobs can metals do 3?
1)malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, Shiny and hard
2)electrical wires, cutlery.
Why are pure metals not used often?
.regular structure of pure metals=too soft
What are alloys, what do they do to pure metals, and an example of an alloy of iron? 3
1)Alloys made adding another element to the metal=disrupts the structure of the
2)harder than pure metals.
3)alloys of iron called steels
How is steel made?
.adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to iron.
What are these alloys made of and their uses 2: bronze,
brass,
gold,
aluminium?
.Bronze = Copper + Tin: Bronze is harder=medals and statues.
.Brass = Copper + Zinc: Brass malleable=lower friction water taps, door fittings.
.Gold= jewellery: Pure gold is very soft. Metals such as zinc, copper, silver=harden.
.Aluminium= aircraft: low density pure aluminium is too soft alloyed
What is corrosion?
.metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed. Oxygen and water
What is the equation for ironing rusting and what is the rust?
1)rust=compound hydrated iron(111) oxide.
2): iron + oxygen + water > hydrated iron(Ill) oxide
Why does corrosion happen and what is bad about it? 3
1) surface material, where it’s exposed
2)rust is a soft crumbly solid flakes off= more iron available rust.
3)all the iron object corrodes
How does aluminium corrode and why is it better then iron? 2
1)aluminium oxide that forms when aluminium corrodes doesn’t flake away.
2)protective layer sticks firmly aluminium below prevent further rust
What is the 3 step method to prove that rust needs Air and Water? (Iron)
1)iron nail+ boiling tube+water=won’t rust. (water boiled remove oxygen oil stop air getting in.)
2)iron nail boiling tube air, it won’t rust. (Calcium chloride absorb any water from the air.)
3)iron nail in a boiling tube with air and water= rust.
What are the Two Main Ways to Prevent Rusting 4 examples?
1) barrier to keep water and oxygen. Painting/Coating with plastic
2)Electroplating - electrolysis reduce metal ions on iron electrode. coat iron layer different metal
3)Oiling/Greasing: moving parts
4)sacrificial method/galvanising= more reactive metal such as zinc with the iron.
What are natural resources
what can be done to improve the, and 2 examples?
1)Natural resources form without human input.=come earth, sea or air.
2)natural products=replaced synthetic products improved upon man-made processes.
rubber= sap of a tree=man-made polymers=replace rubber e.g tyres
3) Agriculture provides conditions natural resources enhanced needs.
E.g. fertilisers= high yield of crops.
Renewable resources?
1)Renewable resources reform at a similar rate to, or faster than, we use them.
2) EG: timber is a renewable resource as trees can be planted following a harvest and only
take a few years to regrow.
Why will Natural Resources will Run Out?
what is an example of a finite rescource? 4
What do finite resources undergo what processes? 2
1)Finite (non-renewable) resources, aren’t formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable.
2)fossil fuels, nuclear fuels- Minerals, metals found in ores
3)finite resources-undergo man-made processes provide fuels and materials
-Fractional distillation produce usable products=petrol from crude oil
-metal ores reduced-pure metal.
Why does Extracting Finite Resources has Risks?
1)People balance social, economic, environmental effects of extracting finite resources.
2)mining metal ores good- useful products made= local people jobs and money.
3)mining ores bad environment-energy, landscape,waste, destroys habitats.
What is sustainable development?
1)Sustainable development is an approach to development that takes account of the
needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future generations.
How is extracting recourses unsuitable?
1)energy used and waste produced.
2)Processing resources into useful materials=energy made from finite resources.
What is one way to reduce the use of finite resources and an example?
1) use less. Reduce anything needed to produce it.
2) adapt processes lower amounts finite resources
EG: catalysts reduce amount energy required certain industrial processes.
Why are Copper-Rich Ores are in Short Supply what are 2 ways of extracting copper, what is a disadvantage to new ways?
.Copper is a finite resource. improve its sustainability=extracting it from low-grade Ores.
1)Bioleaching - bacteria convert copper compounds ore into soluble copper compounds. leachate (solution produced) contains copper ions, extracted, e.g. electrolysis or displacement (scrap iron)
2)phytomining - growing plants soil contains copper.can’t use or get rid copper builds up leaves. harvested, dried and burned furnace. ash contains soluble copper compounds extracted by electrolysis or displacement (scrap iron)
How can you Recycling Metals 4 and an example to do with steel and iron?
1) Mining extracting metals a lot energy= burning fossil fuels.
2) Recycling=less energy finite metal in earth cuts down=waste landfill
3) Metals recycled melting casting them shape=new product.
How can glass bottles be recycled?
How can Glass can Also be Recycled an example of a use of glass in homes? 3
1)Glass bottles reused without reshaping.
Other forms of glass can’t be reused:
1)recycled separated by colour, chemical composition before being recycled.
2)glass crushed melted reshaped use glass products
e.g insulating glass wool
What does the Life Cycle Assessments Show?
.A life cycle assessment (LCA) looks at every stage of a product’s life assess the impact have on environment.
what can be damaged from the environment? 3
What is the process of making products? 4
Impact on the environment: Earth’s crust, atmosphere, oceans.
- Raw materials
-limited resources ores, crude oil
-damaging habitats quarrying, mining, or felling trees - Manufacture
-land for factories use machines, people - Use
- Disposal
.landfill sites
.recycled
Compare the Life Cycle Assessments for Plastic and Paper Bags?
.Life cycle assessments have shown that even though plastic bags aren’t biodegradable, they take less
energy to make and have a longer lifespan than paper bags, less harmful to the environment.
Problems with Life Cycle Assessments? 4
1)Waste, energy produced by product over lifetime easily quantified.
2)effect pollutants harder give numerical value.
3)biased.
4) support claims of a company, advertising.
What is Potable Water?
1) Potable water is water that’s been treated safe for humans to drink
.levels of dissolved salts not too high,
.pH between 6.5-8.5
.no bacteria in it
What is the process method for making fresh water sources potable?
1)Filtration - a wire mesh screens out large twigs etc, gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits.
2)Sterilisation - the water is sterilised to kill any harmful bacteria or microbes. be done by bubbling chlorine
gas through
1)What is rain water classed as?
2)What are the two types of water?
3)How is Potable Water is Produced from sea water? 2
5) what are the disadvantages of desalinating water? 3
1) Rainwater fresh water. Fresh water=not much dissolved in it.
2)surface water (in lakes, rivers) groundwater (rocks aquifers trap water underground).
3)Distillation desalinate sea water.
4)reverse osmosis-salty water passed through membrane only allows water molecules pass through.
larger molecules trapped by membrane separated from water.
5)
.loads of energy,
.expensive
.not practical for producing large quantities of fresh water.
Practical treating the PH of water? 4
-3 tests
-indicator
1)pH meter. neutralise it. titration-no indicator, contaminate the water.
2)test water presence sodium chloride=flame test yellow.
3)test chloride ions, drops dilute nitric acid, drops silver nitrate solution= white precipitate.
3) salty water distillation apparatus. Heat flask from below. water form steam, dissolved salts in flask. steam condense back to liquid water in the condenser collected as it runs out.
4)pH meter=pH of 7.
Why and how Waste Water Comes from Lots of Different Sources? 5
1) bath, toilet, washing-up,.=flush water down drain=sewers and towards sewage treatment plants.
2) Agricultural systems= nutrient run-off from fields and slurry from animal farms.
3) Sewage domestic agricultural sources=treated to remove any organic=matter, harmful microbes
4) Industrial processes Haber Process
5) organic matter, industrial harmful chemicals
What is the process of Sewage Treatment? 6
1)screening and grit removal to remove large particles
2)sedimentation allows tiny particles to settle out from still water, which produces sewage sludge and effluent (the liquid which remains on top)
3)the sewage sludge is digested anaerobically by specific bacteria
4)the effluent is treated with aerobic bacteria to reduce the volume of solid waste
5)sludge from bottom settlement tank removed into large tanks. broken down by bacteria anaerobic digestion.
6)Anaerobic digestion breaks down organic matter in sludge, methane gas in the process. methane gas can be used as an energy
What is good about does sewage treatment? 2
.less energy than desalination of salt water
.alternative in areas not much fresh water.
What is the haber process? 2 and equation
.industrial scale
.make ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen
1)why are formulated fertilisers better? 4
2) what does NPK stand for?
3) What do NPK Fertilisers do?
1)widely available, easier to use, don’t smell, enough of each nutrient
2): nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
3) replace missing elements provide more
= Increase crop yield, faster and bigger.
How is Ammonia Used to Produce Nitrogen-Containing Compounds? 3
How can ammonian nitrate be used for?
Chemical equation for the reaction?
1)Ammonia reacted oxygen and water in a series of reactions= nitric acid.
2) react ammonia with acids, nitric acid, to get ammonium salts.
3) Ammonia and nitric acid react together
1)fertiliser nitrogen from two sources.
In Industry How is Ammonia Used to Produce Nitrogen-Containing Compounds?
1)reaction is carried out in giant vats, high concentrations resulting in a very exothermic reaction.
2)heat released=evaporate water from the mixture to make a very concentrated= ammonium nitrate product.
In the Lab How is Ammonia Used to Produce Nitrogen-Containing Compounds? 3
Why is crystallisation not used in the industry?
1)smaller scale titration, crystallisation.
2) reactants=lower concentration less heat made=safer
3)titration then crystallised=pure ammonium nitrate crystals.
.Crystallisation isn’t used in industry because it’s very slow
How are Phosphate and Potassium Sourced, used for what? 2
1)Potassium chloride, potassium sulphate mined source potassium
2) Phosphate rock mined. phosphate salts rock insoluble=plants can’t use as nutrients.
How Reacting phosphate rock with a number of different types of acids creates?
.soluble phosphates
=Reaction with nitric acid produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate.
=Reaction with sulfuric acid produces calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate
(this mixture single superphosphate).
=Reaction with phosphoric acid only produces calcium phosphate
(the product reaction called triple superphosphate).
What are the raw materials used in the Haber process?
nitrogen - obtained from the air via the fractional distillation of the air
hydrogen - obtained from methane reacting methane with steam in presence of as catalyst.
How can nitrogen be obtained?
.air- liquified fractional distillation
.burning methane to remove the oxygen
How can hydrogen be obtained?
.methane reacting with steam nickel catalyst=
carbon monoxide, hydrogen
What type of reaction is the Haber Process?
a reversible reaction
What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen in the reaction?
they are recylced through the reactor so nothing is wasted
What is the approximate percentage yield of the Haber Process?
abouyt 15%
What are the conditions of the Haber Process?
temperature: 450c
pressure: 200 atmospheres
catalyst: iron
What are the reasons for the proportions of nitrogen and hydrogen?
.excess nitrogen or hydrogen clutter reaction vessel molecules wouldn’t have anything to react with
Explain the conditions: temperature
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)
The exothermic reaction (foward reaction) is favoured by a low temperature because the, if you lower the temperature, the p.o.e. will move to counteract this (move to the right) to produce more heat (Le Chatelier’s Principle)
However:
If the temperature is too low, the rate of reaction becomes too slow; it is not economical
A compromise is chosen:
450°C is a compromise temperature producing a reasonably high proportion of ammonia reasonably quickly
Explain the conditions: pressure
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)
There are 4 moles of reactants to 2 moles of product
An increased pressure favours the foward reaction because, if you increase the pressure, the p.o.e. will move to counteract this (move to the right) to lower the pressure (Le Chatelier’s Principle)
High pressure also speeds up the reactions as a higher pressure pushes the same amount of gas particles into a smaller volume ensuring that there are more frequent, successful collisions in the same amount of time
However:
Generating high pressures and building plants that can withstand them are expensive
A compromise is chosen
200 atmopsheres gives the best percentage yield of ammonia at a reasonable expense
Explain the conditions: catalyst
an iron catalsyt speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy, but has no effect on the proportion of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture
the catalyst lowers operating temperatures
if the catalyst wasn’t used, the reaction would be so slow that virtually no ammonia would be produced
How is ammonia extracted? 3
1)ammonia separated reaction mixture pumped condenser=cools
2)ammonia=higher boiling point nitrogen, hydrogen condenses first collected liquid
3)gaseous nitrogen hydrogen recycled pumped back reaction chamber
Why is ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) an especially good fertiliser? 3
.nitrogen two sources=ammonia+nitric acid
-nitrogen=to make proteins
. effective fertiliser organic alternatives produce crops from land not fertile enough
What is the main use of ammonia and what does the 3 things it’s often made into?
.fertilisers NPK and nylon
.most ammonia=nitric acid eventually ends up in fertilisers
What do plants convert the nitrogen in fertilisers into?
proteins (amino acids)
explain why many industrial ammonia plants operate at 200 atmospheres and 450oC
high pressure increases the yield but is also expensive
low temperature increases the yield but at low temperatures the rate of reaction is slow
a compromise is chosen: optimum conditions to balance percentage yield of ammonia and rate of reaction
Ore?
naturally occurring rocks contain metals or compounds
Composite glass ceramics?
