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Chemistry > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

1
Q

Explain why adding a catalyst to the reaction mixture without changing any other conditions can cause a rate of the reaction to increase?

A

A catalyst decreases the activation energy

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2
Q

State two properties of the collisions between particles that affect the rate of the reaction

A

The frequency of the collisions
Energy of the colliding particles

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3
Q

What does increasing the volume of the vessel do?

A

Decreases the pressure

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4
Q

State whether the reaction equation will change if cerium oxide is present in the reaction vessel explain your answer?

A

No, it won’t because it isn’t used up in the reaction so doesn’t appear in the equation because it is a catalyst

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5
Q

Suggest how you would check whether the results are repeatable?

A

Repeat the experiments with the same method and compare the results to check that they are similar

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6
Q

Describe and explain with reference to collision theory how the rate of reaction changes during it?

A

Rate decreases as the amount of reactant fours so does the concentration so the frequency of collisions between the reactant particles decreases

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7
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction

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8
Q

The forward reaction is endothermic, which two things can you say about the enthalpy change for the reverse reaction?

A

It is exothermic, so the same amount of energy will be reversed in the reverse reaction has taken in the forward reaction

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9
Q

Suggest to changes that could be made to the mixture so that it would change its colour?

A

Changing the temperature
changing the concentration

Tip: when there are colours within a reaction, reactants colours, can you mix to create another colour

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10
Q

What do you do when you sketch the reverse reaction?

A

Swap round the reactants to the graphs so they are the opposite way

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11
Q

What happens when something reaches equilibrium?

A

When equilibrium is reached the amount of each substance, stop changing and so does the colour

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12
Q

Compare the viscosity of petrol and diesel?

A

diesel will be more viscous because it has a higher boiling point meaning that is a longer chain and larger molecules

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13
Q

Predictor of a petrol or diesel will be more flammable. Explain why?

A

Petrol has a lower boiling point, meaning it contains smaller molecules in smaller chains so is more flammable

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14
Q

Fractions boil over a range of temperatures, much narrower than the original crude oil. What does this suggest about the structures of hydrocarbons in a fraction?

A

Similar number of carbon atoms similar chain length

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15
Q

Suggest two types of useful materials produced from crude oil fractions

A

Solvent, lubricant, polymers, and detergent

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16
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition/endothermic

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17
Q

Describe how cracking is carried out?

A

Hydrocarbons are vaporise the vapour is then passed through a hot catalyst, all mixed with steam, and then heated to very high temperatures

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18
Q

What uses are there for alkenes from cracking?

A

Polymers and starting materials for other chemicals

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19
Q

Explain why and house in fractions of crude or a process for cracking giving chemical equations were relevant?

A

There’s a high demand for shorter chains because they make good fuel
Longer chains are less useful so less demand
Cracking helps supply short chains
Long chains are heated and vaporised
Vapour passes over a hot catalyst or is mixed with steam to a very high temperature so it’s thermally decomposes
It is useful for fuels and alkanes are used for starting materials for compounds and polymers

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20
Q

When writing, incomplete combustion, what should you do?

A

Only include the products carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water

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21
Q

Explain why the bunk is an important safety precaution when using a Bunsen burner to heat a boiling tube

A

Hydrocarbons are very flammable. The bong prevents the hydrocarbon vapour from escaping and igniting.

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22
Q

One of the students had a lot more gas in the test to then the others at the end of the experiment suggest an error that occurred

A

They didn’t fully fail, the test tube of water at the start

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23
Q

Suggest what is important to remove the apparatus from the water when water is sucked back up for the delivery to

A

Because the hot boiling tube Can crack

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24
Q

Suggest why it would not be possible to carry out this experiment in a lab without a catalyst

A

It wouldn’t be hot enough and would not be safe to reach the temperature needed so need a catalyst

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25
Q

Why do other compounds in the same homologous series as Ethan react in similar ways?

A

They have the same functional group

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26
Q

Give three uses of alcohol

A

Fuels, solvents and drinks

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27
Q

What happens when an alcohol dissolves?

A

PH 7 and is green

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28
Q

What happens when an alcohol is oxidised?

A

Forms carboxylic acid

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29
Q

What pH should you have for fermentation?

A

Slightly acidic, pH

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30
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

A

Produces hydrogen

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31
Q

How do you write the formula of an alcohol?
-When there are two alcohol functional groups

A

C2H4(OH)2

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32
Q

What is needed when you are trying to form an Esta?

A

Acid catalyst (sulphuric acid)

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33
Q

What are the three functional groups that can react together in condensation polymerisation

A

Carboxylic, acids, alcohols, and amine

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34
Q

What type of molecule are monomers in starch?

A

Sugars

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35
Q

Name, one naturally occurring polymers that is made up the same type of monomers are starch?

A

Cellulose

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36
Q

What is the role of DNA?

A

Contains all the genetic information for the function of organisms

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37
Q

Describe the general structure of DNA? 4

A

-Two polymer chains
-made from four different
nucleotide monomers
-linked together by cross links to
-make a double helix structure

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38
Q

Suggest which of these samples with most pure, and why?

A

Pure substance has a small, arrange and higher melting temperature is and lower boiling point the purer it is

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39
Q

Explain why something is a formulation? 3

A

-Mixture design to have a precise purpose of each of the compounds.
-It is in a measured quantity that
-contributes to the properties of the formulation.

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40
Q

Name some examples of formulations?

A

Medicines, cleaning products, fuels, fertilisers metal alloys

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41
Q

Why do substances travel different distances in paper chromatography?

A

The distance is distributed between the mobile phase and the stationary phase

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42
Q

Why is it necessary to have a little while conducting the paper chromatography experiment?

A

Stop any solvents from evaporating

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43
Q

What happens to the RF value if the solvent is changed? 2

A

-Substances have different RF values in different solvents
-as the attraction between the substances and solvent changes

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44
Q

Suggest why I need to spots are shown on the chromatographed shown?

A

Only two, because the others are similarly distributed between the mobile phase, and the stationary phase so have similar RF values

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45
Q

How do you know how many compounds based on chromatography?

A

How many spots is how many compound
-If there is still a dot on the baseline, that means there is an insoluble compound in it

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46
Q

What tools do you need to know for calculating the RF value?

A

Draw to the centre of the spot
Should draw the line from the baseline to the solvent front line

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47
Q

Test for hydrogen?

A

It must be a burning splint

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48
Q

In an equation for the formation of a white precipitate testing for sulphate, what are the state symbols?

A

The reactants are AQ
The products are solid

49
Q

What are two pieces of information that you can get from the flame emission spectroscopy

A

The identity of the ion
The concentration of the metal ions in solution

50
Q

How does a flame emission spectroscopy work?

A

Example is placed in a flame, and as the ion in the sample heat up, they transfer energy as light passing through a Spectorphy, and produces a line spectrum Pacific to that ion

-Producing a line spectra

51
Q

When this thing out the numbers for the wavelengths in an ion what can make it so it’s difficult to tell?

A

Some wavelengths, I’m not giving in the table, so it could be from other irons

52
Q

Approximately how long has the atmosphere been similar to what is today?

A

200 million years

53
Q

Compare industry and in the lab?
ammonia and nitric acid to make ammonia nitrate

A

industry-
-ammonia gas is added to vats contains highly concentrated nitric acid
-very exothermic
-heat realised evaporating water from the mixture make very concentrated ammonium nitrate product

lab-
-smaller scale titration and crystillation
-ammonia solution is used lower concentration so less heat is produced
-crystailsed = pure crystals of ammoniaen nitrate

54
Q

Products alkanes from fractional distillation?

A

-3 carbons= LPG (liquifed petroleum gas)
-8 carbons= petrol
-15 carbons= kerosene
-20 carbons= diesel oil
-35 carbons= heavy fuel oil
-40 carbons= bitumen

55
Q

Properties and reactions of alcohol?

A

-flammble = co2 and h20
-first four alcohol dissolve in water completely = ph 7 (DONT IONISE LIKE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS)
-sodium= hydrogen
-oxidesd= carboxylic acids

56
Q

What is molecular and general?

A
57
Q

Explain bioleaching?

A

-bacteria converts copper compounds in the ores to soluble copper compunds
-seperaying from the ore in the process
-leachate solution contains copper ions extracted by electrolysis or displacement reactions with scarp iron

58
Q

Other naturally occurring polymers?

A

-portiens-> polypetides-> amino acids (monomers)
-sugars are small molecules contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
-> polymerisation form polymers such as starch and cellulose
-starch is an energy store of chemical energy
-cellusoe is polymer in plant cell walls

59
Q

Name 4 composites?
-wood
-carbon fibers
-fibreglass
-concetre

A

-propeties depend on matrix/binder and reinformnet

.wood= reinforcement (cellulose fibres), lignin (matrix) strength
.fibreglass= fibres glass (reinforcement) imbed in matrix of plastics low density and is surfboards and boats
.carbon fibers composites have a polymer matrix. reinforcement long chains of carbon atoms with carbon fibres. very strong, light= aerospace, sport cars
.concerte= aggregate (mixture sand and gravel) embed in cement, strong and rigid= building

60
Q

1)What bonds hold polymers together?
2)properties?
3) why can it be used for clothes?
4)what influences the properties?

A

1)Colvent
2)-insulators of heat and electricity and flexible
3)-polyesters- clothes stretch and dry easily
4)
-influence properties conditions, monomers
-monomer- determines forces (cross links or not)
-conditions types:
Thermosetting
Therosoftening

61
Q

How is a poly(ester) formed?

A

-dicarboxylic acid
-diol
-ester links formed

62
Q

What catalyst is used in catyltic cracking?

A

Aluminium oxide

63
Q

What can alkenes and alkanes make?

A

Alkenes= polymers, starting for chemicals
Alkanes= fuels

64
Q

What is poly(Ethene) used for as an example?

A

HDP and LDP

65
Q

What does cracking always produce?

A

-Ethene

66
Q

What is Thermosoftening?
What is thermosetting?

A

Weak, intermolecular forces
Covalent an ionic bonds, which are the cross-links

67
Q

What is low-density Poly(Ethene)?

A

Low temperature, high pressure can be remoulded
Makes bags and bottles

68
Q

What is high density poly(Ethene)?

A

Laura temperature lower pressure and a catalyst
Water, tanks and drainage pipes, very rigid

69
Q

What are the specific conditions?
-Cracking
-Addition, polymerisation
-Making ethanol fermentation
-Making ethanol, alkenes and steam
-Making ethanol fermentation
-Making esters from condensation reactions
-Condensation reaction, generally
-aimne , groups and amino acids

A

-cracking cataylitic
-550
-zeolite catalyst

-Cracking steam
-800
-No catalyst

-Addition, polymerisation
-High pressure
-Catalyst

-Making ethanol
-alkenes and steam
= catalyst, and alcohol purified from fractional distillation

-Fermentation
-37
-Anaerobic and yeast catalyst

-Esther condensation
Acid catalyst, sulphuric acid

-condensation reactions, generally
-2 different functional groups

-amine
-Amino acids-> polypeptides-> proteins

70
Q

How do you make super phosphate?

A

Phosphate and sulphuric acid
Calcium phosphate Calcium sulphate

71
Q

How do you make phosphoric acid?

A

Phosphate and nitric acid
-Phosphoric acid

72
Q

How do you make calcium nitrate?

A

Phosphate and nitric acid
Calcium nitrate

73
Q

Triple superphosphate

A

Phosphate and phosphoric acid
-Calcium phosphate

74
Q

How do you make ammonium nitrate?

A

Ammonium, and nitric acid
Ammonium nitrate

75
Q

How do you make ammonium phosphate?

A

Phosphoric, acid and ammonia
Ammonium phosphate

76
Q

How do you get the raw material, phosphate and potassium?

A

Phosphate is from mind, rocks and is insoluble in water
Potassium is from mind, rocks, and is soluble in water

77
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Matter has been buried compressed over millions of years

78
Q

How is cool and limestone formed

A

Coal thick plant deposit
Limestone, calcium carbonate from the shells and skeletons

79
Q

Why is it difficult to find how the atmosphere around?

A

Long timescale, so there is a lack of evidence

80
Q

Suggest why there’s such small months of oxygen in the atmosphere of mars

A

No photosynthesis as no plants or algae

81
Q

Two. Potential consequences of the sea levels rising

A

Flooding and coastal erosion

82
Q

Suggest how are ice cores can help show how the earths atmosphere changed

A

Composition of gases, find out the concentration of it at different times

83
Q

Suggest one limitation of collecting ice cores

A

Expensive
disrupting environment
Specialist equipment

84
Q

Suggest two ways that the carbon footprint resulting from an individuals, electricity usage can be reduced

A

Renewable
Energy-efficient appliances

85
Q

Suggest one individual might not trying to reduce their carbon footprint

A

Expensive
Lack of education

86
Q

Suggest two disadvantages for companies of capturing and storing carbon dioxide

A

Difficult to find places to store
Needs specialist equipment

87
Q

Two ways the government can encourage to reduce their carbon footprint

A

Tax companies that omitting too much
Cap on emissions

Why not:
Affect economic growth and well-being
If a country still developing it could be difficult

88
Q

Why can the combustion of coal produce sulphur dioxide?

A

It contain sulphur impurities

89
Q

What causes global dimming?

A

Carbon particulates

90
Q

Two ways acid rain is dangerous

A

Damage plants and corrode statues

91
Q

Explain how acid rain is produced

A

1-Reaction of nitrogen or sulphur with oxygen from the air at high temperatures produced by the combustion engines in cars,
2-producers sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, which dissolves in the rainwater, making it acidic

92
Q

Two problems with nitrogen oxides in the environment

A

Respiratory problems
And acid rain

93
Q

What impact do particulates have on human health?

A

Respiratory problems

94
Q

What is three ingredients to make soda lime glass?

A

Limestone, sand and sodium carbonate

95
Q

Why are borosilicate glass used more?

A

Higher melting point

96
Q

What makes LDP and HDP have different properties

A

Different temperatures and pressures
Catalyst is used in HDP

97
Q

Describe the general structure of a composite

A

Fibres and fragments of material as reinforcement
Surrounded by matrix/binder

98
Q

Bronze steel, brass

A

Bronze= copper and tin
Steel=iron and carbon
Brass= copper and zinc

One useful, the alloy, brass
-Water taps

99
Q

Is potable water, pure?

A

No

100
Q

Industrial waste water must have further treatment compared to sewage and agricultural waste water suggest why

A

Contains harmful chemicals

101
Q

Some life-cycle assessments can be selective in assessing the effects of the product on the environment. Why?

A

Only shows elements that support the companies claims, so it is positive advertisement

102
Q

What is galvanising?

A

coating iron with zinc as it is more reactive than iron so if it is scratched,
-it will still stop it from corroding

103
Q

What does the term corrosion mean?

A

Reaction of a material with a substance in its environment, gradually destroying it

104
Q

Why isn’t corrosion a problem? Things made an aluminium

A

Oxide forms when aluminium reacts with a protective layer, preventing chemicals from reacting with it

105
Q

What is meant by the term renewable resource?

A

a resource that reforms to a similar rate that humans can use it

106
Q

What is stainable development?

A

Need it for the present society would not damaging future generations

107
Q

Explain how chemist play a role within sustainable development

A

Adapt processes uses less resources to the environment
E.gcatalyses reduce the energy needed

108
Q

Give two reasons why recycling can be more sustainable than making new materials?

A

Less energy
Conserves raw materials

109
Q

Material that is, commonly recycled and describe the process? 3

A

Glass
-seperated from colour and chemical compounds within
-Crushed and melted down from of a glass products
-remoulded

110
Q

Copper metal can be extracted from the product pthyomining

A

-Electrolysis solution, containing copper compounds
-Displacement reactions using scrap iron

111
Q

Explain how phytomining is used to produce the substance

A

-Growing in soil containing copper
-so copper buildup in the leaves and then it’s burnt=
-ash so it has copper compounds in it
-soluble copper when dissolved in acid

112
Q

Find a method to sample of potable water from seawater

A

Pour salt, water into a flask of a tripod
Connect condenser to a supply of cold water
Goes in the bottom of the tub
Heat the flask in the water to boil
Collect the water running out of the condenser into the beaker

113
Q

Which line in figure one represents the reaction that runs at the highest temperature why

A

the line that is the most steep on the graph because the temperature increases the rate of the reaction

114
Q

Name, two compounds of potassium that is used to make NPK fertilisers

A

-Potassium chloride,
-potassium sulphate

115
Q

Direction in the industry is carried out at a much higher concentration then in the lab why

A

Lower concentration is safer to carry out

116
Q

Trubity?

A

Cloydlyness

117
Q

What are ceramics?

A

-non metallic. Soilds
-high melting points
-non carbon based compunds
-good insulators heat and electricity
-brittle

118
Q

Alkanes small chains properties? 3

A

-boiling points low
-very flammable
-low viscosity

119
Q

Alkanes large chain properties? 3

A

-boiling points high
-very difficult to ignite
-high viscosity

Chemistry (16 decks)

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