Using Resources Flashcards
What is a ceramic?
Non-metal solids with high melting points that aren’t made from carbon based compounds
What are too examples of ceramics?
Clay
Glass
What are composites made of?
Made of one material embedded in another, fibre or fragments are surrounded by a matrix acting as an binder
What are the two things that can influence the properties of a polymer?
How it’s made
What it’s made from
How is low density polyethene made?
Moderate temperature
High pressure
Catalyst
How is high density polyethene made?
Lower temperature
Lower pressure
Different catalyst
What do the monomer determine?
Type of bonds that form between the polymer chains
What do thermosetting polymers contain and why is this useful?
Monomers that contain cross links between the chains so it is a solid structure and don’t soften when heated
What do thermosoftening polymers contain?
Individual chains entwined together with weak forces so they melt when heated and can be remoulded
What are the properties of ceramics?
Insulators of heat and electricity
Brittle
Stiff
What are the properties of polymers?
Insulators of heat and electricity
Flexible
Easily moulded
What are the properties of metals?
Malleable Good conductor of heat and electricity Ductile Shiny Stiff
What do the properties of composites depend on?
Matrix/binder
Reinforcement
What are the uses and properties of low carbon steel?
Easily shaped
Car bodies
What are the uses and properties of high carbon steel?
Very hard
Flexible
Blades for cutting tools
Bridges
What are the uses and properties stainless steel?
Corrosive resistant
Cutlery
Containers for corrosive substances
What is bronze made from?
Copper and tin
What is a property of bronze?
Hard
What is bronze used for?
Medals
Decorative ornaments
Statues
What is brass made from?
Copper and zinc
What is a property of brass?
Malleable
What is brass used for?
Water taps
Door fittings
What metals are used to harden gold?
Zinc
Copper
Silver
Why is gold alloys used to make jewellery?
Pure gold is very soft
Why is aluminium alloys used to make aircraft?
Low density but pure aluminium is too soft
What metal corrodes easily?
Iron
What is the compound for rust?
Hydrated iron (III) oxide
What is the equation for corrosion?
Iron + oxygen + water —–> hydrated iron (III) oxide
Why isn’t aluminium completely destroyed by corrosion?
Aluminium oxide that forms doesn’t flake away but acts as a protective layer, preventing further corrosion
What way can you show that water alone isn’t enough to cause corrosion?
Iron nail in a boiling tube with water
Water is boiled to remove oxygen
Layer of oil to stop oxygen getting in
What way can you show that oxygen alone isn’t enough to cause corrosion?
Iron nail in a boiling tube
With calcium chloride to absorb any water
What is electroplating?
Using electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode
Coat the iron with a layer of different metal that won/t corrode
What is painting/coating with plastic?
Protecting it with paint/plastics to prevent further corrosion
What is oiling/greasing?
Putting oil/grease on moving parts of vehicles
What is the sacrificial method?
Placing a more reactive metal such as zinc with iron so water and oxygen will react with zinc
What is it called when an object is sprayed with a coating of zinc?
Galvanising
What are finite resources?
Used up at a faster rate than they can be replaced
What are renewable resources?
Reform at a similar rate or a faster rate than we use the
What is sustainable development?
An approach to development that takes in account of the needs of present society while not damaging the lives of future society
Why can extracting resources be unsustainable?
Amount of energy used and waste produced
Why can processing resources into useful ones be unsustainable?
Processes often use energy produced from finite resources
What metal is a finite resource?
Copper
What is one way of improving copper’s sustainability
Extracting low grade ores
What is bioleaching?
Bacteria converting copper compounds in an ore to soluble copper compounds from the ore
The leachate contains copper ions which can be extracted via electrolysis or displacement with a more reactive metal
What is phytomining?
Growing plaints in soil tat contains copper
Plants can’t use or get rid of it so it builds up in their leaves
Plants are harvest, dried and burned in a furnace
Ash contains soluble copper compounds that can be extracted via electrolysis or displacement
Why is recycling good?
Uses less energy
So conserves finite resources
Cuts down waste getting sent to landfill
How are metals recycled?
Melting then casting them into a new shape of the new product
Why does glass recycling help sustainability?
Reduces amount of energy needed to make new glass products
Reduces amount of waste
How do glass get separated before being recycled?
Colour
Chemical composition
What are the stages that need to be considered in LCA?
Getting the raw materials Manufacturing and packaging Using the product Product disposal (Any transport and waste are also taken into account)
What are the raw material’s needed for a paper and plastic bag?
Crude oil- plastic
Timber- paper
What is manufacturing and packing needed for paper and plastic bags?
Fractional distillation, cracking then polymerisation. Not much waste made as other fractions have other uses- plastic
Pulped timber using lots of energy and lots of waste made- Paper
What is using paper and plastic bag like?
Can be reused eg. bin liners - plastic
Used once- paper
What the disposal of paper and plastic bags like?
Recyclable but not biodegradable, will take up space in landfill and pollute land- plastic
Biodegradable, non-toxic and recyclable- paper
What are the problems with LCAs?
Biased
Effect of pollutants are harder to give a numerical value
What is potable water?
Water that has been treated or is naturally safe to drink
What does pure water contain?
Only H2O molecules
How is potable water produced if there is a lot of surface and ground water?
Filtration- wire mesh screens out large twigs
Gravel then filters out solid bits
Sterilisation- Water is sterilised to kill harmful bacteria
Done by bubbling chlorine gas through or using UV light
What chemical could also be added to the water?
Fluoride
What is reverse osmosis?
Salty water passed through a semi-permeable membrane
Only allows water molecules to pass through
Ions and larger molecules are trapped by the membrane
What are the disadvantages of distillation and reverse osmosis?
Expensive
Requires lots of energy
Not practical for producing large quantities of water
How do you produce potable water if there isn’t a lot of ground and surface water?
Pour salty water in distillation apparatus
Heat the flask
Water will boil to form steam, leaving dissolved salt
Steam condense back to liquid water in condenser
How is sewage treated?
Screened to remove large bits of material and grit
Undergoes sedimentation in settlement tank
Heavier solids sink to produce sludge
Lighter effluent float
Effluent removed and put through aerobic biological treatment
Bacteria breaks dawn organic matter
Sludge broken down by bacteria via anaerobic digestion
Produces methane gas that can be used as energy
Remaining waste is fertilised
What is the Haber process?
Forming ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen
What time of reaction is making ammonia?
Reversible
What is the equation for making ammonia?
N2 + 3H2 ——-> 2NH3
How does the Haber process work?
N2 is collected from the air
H2 collected from natural gas (methane)
N2 and H2 reacted under 450degrees and 200Atm over an iron catalyst
Some N2 and H2 form ammonia
Unreacted N2 and H2 are recycled
Formed ammonia is cooled and liquefied and separated off
What catalyst does the Haber process use?
Iron
What temperature does the Haber process happen under?
450degrees
What pressure does the Haber process happen under?
200Atm
What happens in the Haber process if you increase the temperature?
Equilibrium will move to endothermic
Away from ammonia and towards nitrogen and hydrogen
What happens in the Haber process if you decrease the temperature?
Means a slower rate of reaction
Time is money
Why 450degrees?
Compromise between max yield and speed of reaction
What happens in the Haber process if you increase the pressure?
Push equilibrium towards the products
Increases pressure maximising percentage yield
Increases rate of reaction
Why 200Atm?
Set as high as possible without being too expensive or dangerous
Why iron catalyst?
Increases rate but no effect on equilibrium
What are the three essential elements in fertilisers?
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
What do fertilisers do?
Replace the missing elements or provide more of them
What do fertilisers help to increase?
Crop yield
What are NPK fertilisers?
Formulations containing salts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the right percentages of the elements
What is used to produce nitrogen- containing compounds?
Ammonia
How is ammonia nitrate formed for fertilisers?
Ammonia and nitric acid are reacted together
How is ammonia nitrate made in industry?
Reaction carried out in giants vats
High concentration
Exothermic
Water evaporated using heat released
How is ammonia nitrate produced in labs?
Titrations and crystallisation
Lower concentration
How do you get potassium?
Potassium chloride and potassium sulphate can be mined to use as a source of potassium
What is the problem was phosphate?
Salt rocks are insoluble so they can’t be directly absorbed
How do you get the nutrients from phosphate rock?
React with different acids
What acids can it be reacted with?
Nitric
Sulfuric
Phosphoric
What does sulfuric produce?
Calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate
What does nitric produce?
Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
What does phosphoric produce?
Calcium phosphate
