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Chemistry > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

what do humans use the earths resources for

A

to provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

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2
Q

what do natural resources provide

A

food
timber
clothing
fuels

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3
Q

why are finite resources from the earth, oceans and atmosphere processed

A

to provide energy and materials

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4
Q

what does chemistry play an important role in

A

improving agricultural and industrial processes to provide new products
sustainable development

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5
Q

what is sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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6
Q

what are renewable energy resources

A

sources of power that quickly replenish themselves and can be used again
only includes plants or wood if they continue to be replanted

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7
Q

what are finite resources

A

resources with a limited supply that will eventually run out

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8
Q

what is potable water

A

water of a suitable quality which is essential for life so is safe to drink

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9
Q

what does water need for humans

A

sufficiently low amounts of dissolved salts and microbes

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10
Q

potable water production process

A

1 filtered so leaves stones and large material is removed
2 water moves and only sediment settles at the bottom of the tank
3 add aluminium sulphate making the particles clump together and settles at the bottom
4 water is passed through fine sand and gravel to remove more particles
5 sterilisation occurs to kill microbes using chlorine or uv light
6 check the ph and adjust it if needed

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11
Q

how do you purify salty water

A

desalination

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12
Q

desalination by distillation

A

1- salty water is evaporated as sea water is heated
2- water is cooled and condensed
3- salt is left in the first tank
4- creates pure freshwater

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13
Q

desalination by reverse osmosis

A

1-using high pressure, salty water is forced through a semi permeable membrane
2- the salt is removed and the water moves through

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14
Q

disadvantages of desalination

A

both methods are very expensive

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15
Q

sewage water treatment process

A

1 sewage arrives to the pumping station and large objects are filtered from the water through a mesh screen
2- primary sedimentation -large paddles swirl the water and solids sink and are collected at the bottom
3- biological treatment- bacteria feed aerobically on organic matter and kill harmful bacteria
4- secondary sedimentation- good bacteria are removed here
5- water is sterilised using chlorine, ozone or uv light
6- it is pumped into seas and rivers
7- waste is digested by anaerobic respiration in a biogas tank

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16
Q

what is the sewage leftover used for

A

fertiliser
biogas
solid fuel
landfill sites
to generate electricity

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17
Q

where is it cheapest and easiest to obtain potable water from

A

groundwater
wastewater

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18
Q

when is seawater easier to obtain potable water

A

for countries with little fresh water

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19
Q

production of biogases in a biogas tank

A

1 sewage waste containing organic matter goes into the slurry
2 carried out at temp between 35 and 55 degrees
3 in the digester microorganisms will respire anaerobically to produce biogas
4 any solid matter left is pumped out of the outlet and used as fertiliser

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20
Q

why are life cycle assessments carried out

A

to assess the environmental impact of a product through all stages of its life

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21
Q

what are the stages of the life cycle assessment

A

raw materials
manufacture
distribution
product use
disposal of the product

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22
Q

what does the raw materials stage of the LCA deduce

A

are they renewable/non renewable
where are they found
how far do they need to be transported

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23
Q

what does the manufacturing stage of the LCA deduce

A

what processes are needed for manufacture of the materials and the product

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24
Q

what does the distribution stage of the LCA deduce

A

the environmental impacts of transporting the product
how far it has to be transported

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25
what does the product use stage of the LCA deduce
does it have an environmental impact how long will it last can it be reused or repurposed
26
what does the disposal of the product stage of the LCA deduce
can it be used in another way is it biodegradable is there a choice between landfill, incineration or recycling
27
raw materials stage of lca for a paper bag
the wood from the trees that is used to make the paper is not a finite resource the logs need to be transported to a mill for processing
28
manufacture stage of lca of a paper bag
the trees are debarked and chipped into wood chips in a factory the chips are cooked with chemicals to a pulp which is bleached to make it white and chlorine is added
29
distribution stage of LCA of a paper bag
the finished product is shipped around the world which has environmental impacts as the vehicles used to transport the goods will use fossil fuels
30
product use stage of lca of a paper bag
people use paper everyday it is not often used very resourcefully
31
disposal of the product stage of the lca of a paper bag
paper once used can either go into landfill or it can go in the recycling to be made into new paper
32
raw materials stage of the lca of a plastic bag
oil needs to be extracted to create plastic bags which is a non renewable product oil is a finite resource
33
manufacture stage of the lca of a plastic bag
oil undergoes a chemical reaction to turn it into a solid plastic it is then blown into plastic bags
34
distribution stage of lca of a plastic bag
shipped all around the world which will have environmental impacts as more fossil fuels will be used
35
product use stage of lca of a plastic bag
plastic bags usually are only used once or twice before getting thrown away
36
disposal of the product stage of lca of a plastic bag
thousands of tonnes get sent to landfill where they cannot biodegrade and others can be recycled and will be turned back into bags or brand new items altogether
37
what is low grade copper ores
rock that has small amounts of copper in it
38
what are the methods of extracting copper
phytomining bioleaching
39
what does phytomining use
plants
40
process of phytomining
plants are planted on low grade copper ores. they absorb copper ions from the soil by their roots. can grow plants on contaminated soil the plants are burned which releases carbon dioxide. you are left with plant ash containing copper ions in copper oxide we use electrolysis to extract the copper from the copper oxide
41
features of the phytomining process
slow process can be made quicker by using fast growing plants renewable source used carbon neutral so plants take in co2 during photosynthesis which is released when burnt
42
what does bioleaching use
bacteria
43
process of bioleaching
the bacteria feed on low grade copper ores and produce a leachate the leachate contains copper ions we use electrolysis to extract the copper from the leachate
44
what is a leachate
a solution that passes through an organism
45
features of bioleaching
slow process bacteria produces other toxins
46
how is copper extracted from copper rich ores
smelting
47
smelting process
heat copper carbonate a lot to make copper oxide and carbon dioxide add sulphuric acid to the copper oxide to make copper sulphate solution copper sulphate and iron are reacted to make iron sulphate and copper or electrolysis is used to split into copper and oxygen
48
symbol equation for copper sulphate and iron reacting
CuSO4 + Fe ----> FeSO4 + Cu
49
what would you see when copper sulphate and iron react
a red - brown substance
50
how are nitrogen based fertilisers used
by plants for growth by plants for making proteins
51
how do plants take up soluble nitrate ions
through their root hair cells
52
why do we need nitrogen based fertilisers
when we harvest crops nitrogen is removed
53
what is fixing nitrogen
gaseous nitrogen is turned into nitrogen compounds that can be absorbed in solution by plants
54
why is ammonia important
80% nitrogen in atmosphere nitrogen gas is insoluble in water plants need a soluble form
55
what is needed to make ammonia
nitrogen from the air hydrogen from natural gas
56
what are nitrogen and hydrogen examples of
raw materials
57
haber process
1-nitrogen and hydroge are pumped through pipes 2- pressure is increased to 200 atmospheres (high pressure) at the compressor 3- pressurised gases are heated to 450 degrees and passes through a tank with iron catalyst beds 4- some nitrogen , hydrogen and ammonia leave the iron catalyst beds and enter the cooling tank 5- at the cooling tank mixture is cooled so ammonia liquefies and is removed 6- unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and are re compressed and heated before returning to the reaction vessel
58
what is the reaction for making ammonia
reversible
59
balanced symbol equation for the haber process
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) reversible reaction 2NH3 (g)
60
how is nitrogen extracted
fractional distillation liquid air
61
what are conditions needed to extract nitrogen
needs high pressure pumps -200 degrees
62
where is hydrogen extracted from
from natural gas (methane)
63
extracting hydrogen word equation
methane + steam --> hydrogen + carbon monoxide
64
conditions needed to extract hydrogen
needs a very high temperature
65
what is needed to make the maximum amount of ammonia
the reaction needs high pressure
66
what are the problems with very high pressure
lots of energy is needed to compress gases expensive reaction vessels and pipes needed to avoid explosions
67
what is the compromise to reduce problems with very high pressure
use a lower 200 atmospheres pressure
68
impact of the compromise to reduce problems with very high pressure
gives a lower yield but it reduced costs and is more safe
69
problems with low temperature in haber process
rate of reaction very slow because there are less frequent collisions
70
why do we use 450 degrees temp in haber process
good rates of reaction and make ammonia fast however less yield of ammonia
71
which three elements are essential to grow plants
nitrogen phosphorous potassium
72
what do npk fertilisers contain
compounds of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium
73
what are npk fertilisers
formulations of NPK salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements
74
industrial production of ammonium nitrate
ammonia added to giant vats containing highly concentrated nitric aid results in a very exothermic reaction heat released used to evaporate water from mixture to make a very concentrated ammonium nitrate product
75
ammonium nitrate production in the lab
smaller scale using titration and crystallisation ammonia solution used and reactants at a lower concentration than in industry so less heat is produced and safer to carry out after titration mixture needs to be crystallised but its slow
76
why do we have to react phosphate rock with acids
phosphate rock can't be used directly as fertiliser
77
what is produced when nitric acid reacts wit phosphate rock
phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
78
what is produced when sulfuric acid reacts with phosphate rock
calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate (known as single superphosphate)
79
what is produced when phosphoric acid reacts with phosphate rock
calcium phosphate ( product can be called triple superphosphate)
80
what can ammonia be used to manufacture
ammonium salts and nitric acid
81
why is salt ammonium nitrate a good fertiliser
high proportion of nitrogen per unit mass
82
how are ammonia nitrate salts formed
ammonia + nitric acid
83
what is produced when phosphate rock reacts with types of acids
soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers
84
what is corrosion
the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
85
what happens during corrosion
metals react with oxygen to form a metal oxide layer when the metal oxide forms we say the metal has corroded corrosion can be protective
86
what is rusting
a form of corrosion that is not protective
87
which substance rusts
iron
88
when does iron rust
if in contact with oxygen and water it forms a hydrated iron III oxide
89
how does creating a barrier prevent rusting
iron is painted or coated in plastic or oiled or greased keeps oxygen and water away from iron and is decorative
90
how does the sacrificial method prevent rusting
coating iron in a more reactive metal eg zinc (called galvanising) water and oxygen react with this metal instead of the iron
91
what happens when rusting occurs
the mass will increase as it now has the mass of oxygen in the compound made
92
which kind of materials are ceramics
clay glass
93
features of clay
ceramic soft material shaped and then heated in a furnace used for making pottery and bricks
94
features of glass
most is soda lime glass made by heating sand sodium carbonate and limestone other type of glass is borosilicate glass made from heating sand and boron trioxide borosilicate glass has a higher melting point than soda lime glass
95
what are most composites made of
two materials, a matrix or binder surrounding and binding together fibres or fragments of the other material called reinforcement
96
examples of composites
wood fibreglass nanotubes concrete
97
how is wood a composite
made of cellulose fibres as reinforcement held together by lignin, an organic polymer as a matrix it gives trees strength
98
how is fibreglass a composite
glass fibres as the reinforcement held together by polymers as the matrix has a low density so used for surfboards good insulator so used for roof insulation
99
how are nanotubes composites
carbon nanotubes as reinforcement held together by polymers as matrix strong and light and used for sports equipments and aircraft's
100
how is concrete a composite
aggregate of sand and gravel as reinforcement held together by cement strong and rigid so used as building material
101
what do properties of polymers depend on
the monomer used conditions used to make it
102
what happens if you use the same monomer but different conditions
make two different types of polymer
103
how is low density polyethene made
heating ethene to about 200 degrees under high pressure
104
what are lpdes used for
flexible so used for bags and bottles
105
how is high density polyethene made
heating ethene at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst
106
what is hdpe used for
more rigid and used for harder plastics like water tanks or drain pipes
107
what are the two types of polymers
thermosoftening plastics thermosetting plastics
108
features of thermosoftening plastics
made of lots of individual polymer chains tangled together there are weak forces between the chains plastics are set as one shape and wont melt, when they are reheated they soften and can be reshaped
109
features of thermosetting plastics
made of lots of individual polymer chains held together by strong cross links (ionic or covalent bonds) chains are closer together and have a higher density as more atoms are in a unit of volume these plastics are set as one shape and won't melt or be softened

Chemistry (36 decks)

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