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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what kind of resource is crude oil

A

finite

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2
Q

where is crude oil found

A

rocks

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3
Q

what is crude oil a mixture of

A

a large number of compounds of different hydrocarbons

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4
Q

what is crude oil made of

A

remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

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5
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a compound made of hydrogen and carbon only

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6
Q

what are alkanes

A

hydrocarbons

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7
Q

what is the functional group of alkanes

A

single bonds C-C

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8
Q

are alkanes saturated

A

yes

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9
Q

what do alkanes names end in

A

ane

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10
Q

general formula for alkanes

A

C. H
n. 2n+2

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11
Q

what name represents 1 carbon

A

meth

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12
Q

name for 2 carbons

A

eth

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13
Q

name for 3 carbons

A

prop

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14
Q

name for 4 carbons

A

but

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15
Q

name for 5 carbons

A

pent

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16
Q

name for 6 carbons

A

hex

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17
Q

name for 7 carbons

A

hept

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18
Q

name for 8 carbons

A

oct

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19
Q

name for 9 carbons

A

non

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20
Q

name for 10 carbons

A

dec

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21
Q

what are alkenes made of

A

hydrocarbon

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22
Q

functional group of alkenes

A

one carbon to double carbon bond

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23
Q

are alkenes saturated

A

no

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24
Q

what do alkene names end in

A

ene

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25
Q

general formula for alkenes

A

C. H
n. 2n

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26
Q

what kind of reaction is cracking

A

chemical

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27
Q

steps of cracking

A
  1. long hydrocarbon heated to vaporise and passed over a catalyst or mixed with steam.
  2. long hydrocarbon breaks down into a shorter alkane and an alkene.
  3. shorter alkene has a higher boiling point so condenses into a liquid
  4. the alkene has a lower boiling point so is collected as a gas
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28
Q

what is the catalyst in cracking

A

broken pot

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29
Q

how do you test for alkanes and alkenes in cracking

A

bromine water (orange liquid)

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30
Q

observation in bromine water if alkane present

A

no effect - stays orange

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31
Q

observation in bromine water if alkene is present

A

decolourises bromine water and changes colour from orange to colourless

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32
Q

why do alkenes turn bromine water colourless

A

more reactive due to double bond

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33
Q

what kind of process is fractional distillation

A

not a chemical reaction

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34
Q

why are some of the products made from cracking useful as fuels

A

they have shorter chains than the alkanes you started with so they are more flammable therefore a better fuel

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35
Q

what is fractional distillation used for

A

separating crude oils to make more useful substances that we use as fuels

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36
Q

which fuels are made from crude oil that we use

A

petrol, diesel fuel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquified petroleum gases

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37
Q

what is bitumen/residue from fractional distillation used for

A

makes road surfaces

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38
Q

what is diesel fuel from fractional distillation used for

A

vans/ lorries

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39
Q

what is kerosine from fractional distillation used for

A

planes

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40
Q

what is petrol from fractional distillation used for

A

cars

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41
Q

what is fuel gas from fractional distillation used for

A

camping gas

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42
Q

what is the boiling point of short chain hydrocarbons

A

low

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43
Q

what is the boiling point of long chain hydrocarbons

A

high

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44
Q

what is the volatility of short chain hydrocarbons

A

high

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45
Q

what is the viscosity of short chain hydrocarbons

A

low

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46
Q

what is the flammability of short chain hydrocarbons

A

high

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47
Q

what is the volatility of long chain hydrocarbons

A

low

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48
Q

what is the viscosity of long chain hydrocarbons

A

high

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49
Q

what is the flammability of long chain hydrocarbons

A

low

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50
Q

what is viscosity

A

how easily something flows (more viscous =thick, less viscous = runny)

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51
Q

what are hydrocarbons burnt to be used as

A

fuel

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52
Q

what is the equation for burning hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbon —-> carbon dioxide + water

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53
Q

what is combustion

A

when a fuels reacts with oxygen

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54
Q

what kind of reaction is combustion

A

oxidation

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55
Q

what is the process of complete combustion

A

a fuel burns with unlimited oxygen
makes carbon dioxide and water
energy is released

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56
Q

what does carbon dioxide cause

A

global warming

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57
Q

testing for complete combustion

A

set up a fuel
direct gases into equipment using a funnel
connect funnel to a tube (inside a beaker with ice and water )with cobalt chloride which turns blue with water
in this tube water vapour condenses into water
connect to another tube with limewater which turns cloudy if co2 is present

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58
Q

different types of pollution

A

carbon dioxide
water
carbon monoxide
carbon (particulates)
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen oxides

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59
Q

how is carbon dioxide made

A

complete combustion

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60
Q

how is water made

A

complete and incomplete

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61
Q

how is carbon monoxide made

A

incomplete

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62
Q

how is carbon (particulates) made

A

incomplete

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63
Q

how is sulfur dioxide made

A

fuels contain sulfur and react with oxygen

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64
Q

how are nitrogen oxides made

A

nitrogen and oxygen from the air react due to high temperatures

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65
Q

what does carbon dioxide cause

A

global warming

66
Q

what does water pollution cause

A

nothing

67
Q

consequence of carbon monoxide

A

poisonous to humans

68
Q

consequence of carbon particulates

A

global dimming

69
Q

consequence of sulfur dioxide

A

acid rain/ asthma

70
Q

consequence of nitrogen oxides

A

acid rain/ asthma

71
Q

oxygen in incomplete combustion

A

a fuel burns with limited oxygen

72
Q

what does incomplete combustion make

A

carbon particulates
carbon monoxide
water

73
Q

what is released during incomplete combustion

A

energy - exothermic but less than complete

74
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated

A

they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms

75
Q

what are functional groups responsible for

A

the reactions of organic compounds

76
Q

what are plastics made up of

A

huge molecules (polymers)
that are made of lots of small molecules joint together (monomers)

77
Q

what are monomers

A

small molecules with a double bond

78
Q

what happens in addition polymerisation

A

monomers join together to create polymers

79
Q

how do monomers join together

A

double bond breaks down to form a single c-c bond
these bond together to form a long chain

80
Q

how do you name polymers

A

put poly in front of the monomer and the monomer in brackets

81
Q

what is the use of poly(ethene)

A

plastic bags

82
Q

what is the use of poly(propene)

A

rope/carpets

83
Q

use of poly(styrene)

A

cups

84
Q

use of poly(vinyl acetate)

A

glue

85
Q

use of poly(vinyl chlorate)

A

doors/ windows

86
Q

how do alkenes react with oxygen

A

burn with a smokier yellow flame compared to alkanes

87
Q

what kind of combustion occurs when alkenes react with oxygen

A

incomplete combustion

88
Q

how much energy is released when alkenes react with oxygen

A

less energy per mole in combustion than alkanes

89
Q

why do alkenes have hydrogen added to them

A

they are unsaturated and more hydrogen can make them saturated

90
Q

what kind of reaction is alkenes with hydrogen

A

hydrogenation reaction

91
Q

how us hydrogen added to alkenes

A

add a hydrogen molecule across the double c=c bond

92
Q

what conditions are needed for alkenes to react with hydrogen

A

60 degrees
nickel catalyst

93
Q

what does adding hydrogen do to the molecules in alkenes

A

straightens the molecules
increases their melting point
because the strength of intermolecular forces is increased

94
Q

how do you add a halogen to an alkene

A

add a halogen across the double c=c bond

95
Q

how do you name the product of alkenes and halogens

A

di Halogen beginning, alkene name

96
Q

what is produced when alkenes react with water (steam)

A

alcohol

97
Q

how do you name an alcohol

A

number of carbons - ol

98
Q

what conditions are needed for alkenes and water to react

A

high temperature
concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst

99
Q

what happens to H2 in an alkene when hydrogen water or halogens are added

A

split into 2 Hs

100
Q

what happens to H20 when hydrogen water or halogens are added to an alkene

A

split into a H and an OH

101
Q

what happens to Br2 if hydrogen water or halogens react with alkenes

A

splits into 2 Brs
same for cl2 or I2

102
Q

what are the uses of alcohols

A

cleaning
solvent
drinking
perfume
sanitising
antiseptic
fuel
start a fire

103
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols

A

OH

104
Q

what do the names of alcohols end in

A

ol

105
Q

how do you draw an alcohol

A

draw the alkane and remove one hydrogen and add an OH group

106
Q

how do you work out the structural formula of an alcohol with it drawn

A

break it into sections

107
Q

what is ethanol used in

A

everyday practices

108
Q

what are the two ways ethanol is produced industrially

A

fermentation
hydration of ethene

109
Q

process of fermentation

A

extract sugar (glucose from crops)
add yeast to glucose (enzymes from yeast act as a catalyst)

110
Q

conditions for fermentation

A

30 to 40 degrees

111
Q

what is released in fermentation

A

co2

112
Q

what kind of process is fermentation

A

batch process (stop and start)

113
Q

advantages of fermentation

A

sugar found in plants - renewable
batch process - cheap equipment needed
more carbon neutral

114
Q

disadvantages of fermentation

A

very slow
impure - needs fractional distillation so uses time and money
batch process means high labour cost
uses land which could be used to grow food

115
Q

process of hydration of ethene

A

extract crude oil from the ground
oil refinery - fractional distillation then cracking to get ethene
hydration (add steam)

116
Q

what is the catalyst in hydration of ethene

A

phosphoric acid

117
Q

conditions needed for hydration of ethene

A

high temperature ans pressure

118
Q

what kind of process is hydration of ethene

A

continuous

119
Q

advantages of hydration of ethene

A

fast reaction
pure product]
95% yield
continuous so cheaper manpower

120
Q

disadvantages of hydration of ethene

A

high tech equipment needed so expensive initially
high energy costs for high pressure
ethene is non renewable

121
Q

how do alcohols react in the air

A

burn nbevause they are flammable

122
Q

what happens when alcohols burn

A

they produce co2 and water

123
Q

what happens when alcohols react with water

A

soluble in water so create a neutral solution
as number of carbon atoms increase as they get less soluble

124
Q

what happens when alcohols react with sodium

A

create a sodium (alcohol) oxide and hydrogen

125
Q

what happens when alcohols react with an oxidising agent

A

carboxylic acid and water

126
Q

what is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

COOH

127
Q

what kind of acids are carboxylic acids

A

weak

128
Q

how do carboxylic acids react

A

same way as acids used in the lab and have the same properties

129
Q

Ph of carboxylic acids

A

4-6 (yellow or orange)

130
Q

how do carboxylic acids react with water

A

produce acidic solutions

131
Q

how do carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates

A

produce a salt , water and carbon dioxide which turns limewater cloudy

132
Q

how do carboxylic acids react with alkalis

A

neutralisation (exothermic)

133
Q

how do carboxylic acids react with metals

A

create salt and hydrogen

134
Q

how do carboxylic acids and bases react

A

make salt and water

135
Q

what makes carboxylic acids weak acids

A

do not ionise completely in solutions so don’t release many H+ ions

136
Q

what does carboxylic acids begin weak mean

A

they have a higher pH than solutions of strong acids of the same concentrations

137
Q

what do carboxylic acids reacting with alcohols form

A

esters

138
Q

what is needed for alcohols and carboxylic acids to react

A

an acid catalyst

139
Q

functional group of esters

A

COO

140
Q

name of ester created by ethanoic acid and ethanol

A

ethylethanoate

141
Q

formula of ethylethanoate

A

CH3COOCH2CH3

142
Q

what is an important condensation polymer made on a large scale

A

polyester

143
Q

what are condensation polymers made from

A

monomers

144
Q

what are monomers not

A

alkenes

145
Q

process of condensation polymerisation

A

monomers with two functional groups
when reacting they join together and lose a small molecule such as water
simple polymers are produced from two different monomers with two of the same functional groups on each monomer

146
Q

what does one alcohol monomer have to be in condensation polymerisation

A

a diol (two oh group , one at each end)

147
Q

what does one carboxylic acid have to be in condensation polymerisation

A

a dicarboxylic acid (two cooh groups, one at each end)

148
Q

what do amino acids have

A

two different functional groups in a molecule

149
Q

which functional groups do amino acids have

A

amine group and a carboxylic acid group

150
Q

how are polypeptides produced

A

amine group and carboxylic acid group react by condensation polymerisation

151
Q

how are proteins produced

A

different amino acids combined in the same chain

152
Q

basic amino group formula

A

NH2

153
Q

acidic carboxyl group formula

A

COOH

154
Q

what is protein used in the human body for

A

haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen
antibodies in immune system
enzymes -catalysts

155
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

156
Q

what does the order of amino acids control

A

proteins properties and shapes

157
Q

what kind of structure does DNA have

A

double helix structure

158
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

two polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides

159
Q

what are other naturally occuring polymers important for life

A

proteins (monomer is amino acids)
starch (monomer is glucose)
cellulose (monomer is glucose)

160
Q

what are nucleotides

A

four different monomers

Chemistry (36 decks)

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