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Gcse Chemistry Paper 2 > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a finite resource?

A

A resource which can’t be replaced as quickly as it’s being used

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2
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A

A resource which can be replaced as quickly as it’s being used

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3
Q

How do humans use the earths resources?

A
  • food
  • shelter
  • warmth
  • transport
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4
Q

What does the natural resources from agriculture provide?

A
  • food
  • timber
  • clothing
  • fuel
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5
Q

What are finite resources used for?

A

To provide energy

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6
Q

What does drinking water have to have?

A

-low levels of dissolved salts

&

  • low levels of bacteria
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7
Q

What is potable water?

A

Safe drinking water

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8
Q

Is potable water pure?

A

No because it contains small amounts of dissolved substances

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9
Q

Describe how potable water is obtained from a fresh water source?

A
  1. Choose a good source of fresh water like a lake
  2. Pass the water through filter beds, this is to remove matieral a such as leaves and suspended particles
  3. The water is then sterilised to kill microbes. In the Uk we use chlorine to sterilise potable water
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10
Q

Why is salty water not healthy to drink?

A

Due to is having to many dissolved minerals

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11
Q

How is potable water produced from salty water?

A

By desalination

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12
Q

What two ways can desalination done?

A
  • by distillation

- by passing water through a permeable membrane= reverse osmosis

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13
Q

What advantages and disadvantages of distillation & reverse osmosis?

A

A= they both reduce levels of minerals

D= require large amounts of energy which means they are very expensive

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14
Q

Why must water be treated carefully before being released into the ocean?

A

Because waste water contains very large molecules of organic molecules

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15
Q

Describe waste water treatment?

A
  1. Sewage is screened by passing through a mesh- this removes solids and pieces of grit
  2. Now the sewage is allowed to settle in large sedimentation tanks, this produces a liquid effluent and semi- solid sludge which sinks
  3. The sludge is taken away and digested by aerobic bacteria
  4. Air is now bubbled the through the liquid effluent, this allows aerobic bacteria to multiply
  5. In the presence of oxygen the bacteria digest the organic molecules and harmful microorganisms
  6. Now the liquids effluent can be safely discharged into nearby rivers or sea
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16
Q

Before water used in industry can be released into the environment what has to happen?

A

The harmful chemicals needs to be removed

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17
Q

What is the easiest way to produce portable water?

A

ground water from aquifers

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18
Q

When is water from aquifers safe to drink?

A

After it’s been treated with chlorine

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19
Q

Why does potable water From aquifers have to be tested carefully?

A

Because sometimes it can be polluted from fertilisers from farms

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20
Q

What is the problem with copper ores?

A

They are running out so we have to extract them from low grade ores

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21
Q

What are low grade ores?

A

Ores which contain a small amount of metal

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22
Q

What are two alternatives for extracting metals?

A

Photomining and bioleaching

23
Q

Describe photomining?

A
  1. Plants are grown on land containing metal compounds we want
  2. These plants absorb the metal compound & they are concentrated in their tissues
  3. Plants are then harvested and burnt
  4. At the end the ash contains relatively high concentration of the metal compound
24
Q

Describe bioleaching?

A
  1. Bacteria are mixed with low grade ores
  2. The bacteria carry out chemical reactions and they produce a solution called a leachate
  3. The leachate contains the metal compound we want
25
Q

How do we extract the metal form the compound produced from photomining and bioleaching?

A
  • displacement reaction- for copper we use iron

- electrolysis

26
Q

What are positives of bioleaching and photomining?

A
  • both economically extract metals form low grade ores - important as the earths resources are limited
  • doesn’t involve: digging, transporting & disposing of large amounts of rock unlike mining
27
Q

What is life cycle assessment?

A

It’s when we analyse the different stages in a products cycle

28
Q

What are the stages of a life cycle assessment ?

A
  1. Extracting & processing the raw materials- extracting damages the environment & processing requires a large amount of energy
  2. Manufacturing & packaging- problems: energy use, waste products & pollution
  3. Using the product- need to think how much damage it does, how long it’s used for
  4. Disposing of it- like how we dispose it and what’s it’s effect
29
Q

What is the LCA of a plastic bag?

A
  1. Raw materials & processing - crude oil extracted
  2. Manufacturing & packaging- hydrocarbons from fractional distillation, cracking takes place to make alkenes & polarisation makes plastics
  3. Using the product- can be reused multiple times
  4. Disposing of the product- not biodegradable- takes space in landfill & chemicals may leak and harm animals
30
Q

What is LCA of paper bags?

A
  1. Raw matieral a & processing- wood is used- reduced habitats
  2. Manufacturing and packaging- timber has to be pulped - cut into small pieces and soaked- requires large amount of energy & produces lots of waste
  3. Using the product- can only be used once
  4. Disposing of product- biodegradable- non toxic
31
Q

What are the negative of LCA ?

A
  • making a product involves many steps , it’s almost impossible to order them & once all data is collected it’s difficult to asses the harm of each step
  • because LCA is complicated- can be manipulated into deliberately supporting a company
32
Q

Why is it important to recycle?

A

It helps save resources and energy and limits the waste we produce & the effect on the environment

33
Q

What products are made from raw material?

A

Glass, metals, building material, clay ceramics & plastics

34
Q

What causes environmental impacts when obtaining raw materials?

A

Quarrying and mining

35
Q

How is glass disposed?

A
  • can be reused
  • can be crushed & melted to make different glass products
  • be recycled to make carpets
36
Q

How are metals recycled?

A

Melt down and recast them into different products

37
Q

What is a negative of recycling metals?

A

Different metals need to be separated before being recycled- this depends on the properties of the metal and the final product

38
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The destruction of materials by chemical reaction with substances

39
Q

What metal does rusting apply to?

A

Iron

40
Q

How do we investigate the conditions needed for corrosion?

A
  1. Get 3 test tubes
  2. 1st test tube has iron nail in it, distilled water & is open to the air. 2nd has iron nail, distilled water- been boiled, and oil to prevent air getting in. 3rd test tube has iron nail, anhydrous calcium chloride power- prevents air getting in & rubber bung on to prevent moist air getting in
  3. Leave them for several days and observe any changes
  4. Results should show:

1st test tube- iron metal covered in rust

2nd test tube- no rust

3rd test tube- no rust

  1. Showing that corrosion requires both air and water
41
Q

Why is corrosion a problem?

A
  • because it damages materials- but we can prevent corrosion by using barriers between the environment
42
Q

What are barriers to prevent corrosion?

A

Grease

Paint

Electroplating- coat in another metal

43
Q

What are good metals for electroplating?

A

Zinc & aluminium

44
Q

Why is zinc good for preventing corrosion for iron ?

A
  • Creates a barrier against air & water this prevents the iron from corroding
  • even if it gets scratched because zinc is more reactive than iron= sacrafacial protection
45
Q

Why is aluminium good for electroplating?

A

Surface of alimony naturally reacts with oxygen in the air to form a thin layer of aluminium oxide- protects metal underneath form further corrosion

46
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A metal blended with other elements

47
Q

What are the properties of alloys?

A

Harder then pure metals- has different sized atoms which prevents layers from sliding

48
Q

What is bronze alloy made up of?

A

Copper and tin- hard and doesn’t corrode

49
Q

What is brass alloy made up of?

A

Copper and zinc- can be formed into different shapes

50
Q

what is golds alloy made up of?

A

Alloy made up of sliver, copper and zinc- making it harder

51
Q

What is low carbon steels alloy made up of?

A

-made up of iron and non metal carbon- used for cutting tools

52
Q

What is the alloy of iron made up of?

A

Steel

53
Q

What is stainless steel alloy made up of?

A

a chromium and nickel

54
Q

What are properties of Aluminium alloys?

A

Low density- used for aeroplane bodies

Gcse Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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