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Gcse Chemistry Paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a finite resource?

A

It’s a resource which if we keep using it’ll run out one day

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

It’s a mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons

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3
Q

What is crude oil formed from?

A

Formed over millions of years from the remains of plankton, which are buried in mud

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbon’s?

A

Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only

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5
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated compounds, so carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

C (n) H (2n+2)

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7
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

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8
Q

As the the size of the chains of the alkanes increases what happens to viscosity?

A

The viscosity increases, this means the longer the chain of the alkane the slower it flows

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9
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The thickness of a fluid

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10
Q

What happens to the flammability as the size of the hydrocarbon chain increases?

A

As the size increases the flammability of the alkane decreases - this is because there are more bonds to overcome/ break

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11
Q

What happens to the boiling

Points of alkanes as the size of the chain increases?

A

The boiling point also increases

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12
Q

What can hydrocarbons be used as?

A

Fuel

As they release energy when there combusted (burned)

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13
Q

What happens during the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A
  • during combustion, the hydrogen and carbon atoms in the fuel react with oxygen.
  • The carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
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14
Q

What does combustion of hydrocarbons produce if there’s unlimited amounts of oxygen?

A

It produces carbon dioxide and water

Complete combustion

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15
Q

What is the Equation for complete combustion?

A

Fuel +O2 —> CO2 + H2O

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16
Q

What has to happen to hydrocarbons in order for them to be used?

A

They have to be separated by fractional distillation

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17
Q

Does a long chain have a high or low boiling point?

A

High

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18
Q

What is a summary of fractional distillation?

A

Crude oil is separated into fractions. The fractions contain hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms

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19
Q

What happens during fractional distillation?

A
  1. Crude oil is heated to a high temperature, so the crude oil begins to boil then evaporate into a gas
  2. The crude oil vapour is fed into the fractional distillation column.
  3. The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
  4. The hydrocarbon vapour now rises up the column
  5. The hydrocarbons condense (turn back into liquid) once they reach their boiling point.
  6. Then liquid fractions are then removed
  7. Then the remaining hydrocarbons continue moving up the column
  8. These now condense when they reach there boiling points
  9. The hydrocarbons with the long chains and high boiling point are removed from the bottom of the column
  10. The short chains with low boiling points don’t condense and remain as a gas so are removed from the top of the column
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20
Q

What are the uses of some of the fractions?

A
  • some fractions are used as fuels
  • some fractions are used as feedstock for the petrochemical industry (feedstock= a chemical that is used to make other chemicals) e.g: lubricants or deodorant
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21
Q

What is the problem with hydrocarbons with long chains?

A

They don’t make good fuel and not very useful

And there is a high demand for short chain hydrocarbons so we use cracking to convert long chain to short chain

22
Q

What is cracking?

A

It’s when a long chain of an alkane is broken down to produce more smaller and useful molecules (shorter alkane) and an Alkene

23
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking??

A
  • High temperature

- catalyst- to speed up the chemical reaction

24
Q

What are the conditions for steam cracking?

A
  • high temperature

- steam

25
Q

What are alkenes?

A

It’s a hydrocarbon with a double covalent bond to a hydrogen and carbon

26
Q

How are alkenes useful?

A
  • they are sued to make polymers
  • used as starting material for other useful chemicals
  • they are more reactive than alkanes
27
Q

How can we test to se is a substance is a alkene?

A
  • we add bromide water (which is orange)
  • then we shake it
  • if it’s an alkene it’ll turn colourless
28
Q

What do you have to do when balancing cracking equations?

A

-have to take away the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms from the hydrogen and carbon atoms from the other side

29
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C(n) H(2n)

30
Q

What is a property of alkenes?

A

They are unsaturated- so they have 2 less hydrogen atoms than alkanes

31
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Methene

Ethene

Propene

Buetene

32
Q

What makes all alkenes react in a similar way?

A

The double covalent bonds that they have

33
Q

What do scientist call the double bonds in the alkene?

A

They call it the functional group - this is the part of the molecule that determines how it reacts

34
Q

What series are alkenes apart of?

A

The homologous series

35
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

It’s means that all molecules have the same functional group- which is the 2 extra hydrogen atoms and the extra carbon atom for alkenes

36
Q

What is produced during the combustion of alkenes?

A
  • carbon dioxide and water

- but also produces unburnt carbon particles because incomplete combustion takes place

37
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

It’s a reaction with hydrogen

38
Q

What’s are the condition for hydrogenation for an alkene?

A
  • temperature= 150 degrees

- a nickel catalyst is used

39
Q

What happens during hydrogenation with an alkene?

A
  • the two hydrogen atoms add across the double bonds
  • then the carbon to carbon double bond is constructed into the carbon to carbon single bond
  • so it produces a alkane
40
Q

What is NPK fertiliser essential for?

A

Essential for farming because they replace the elements which have been taken up by the plant

41
Q

What elements does NPK fertiliser contain?

A

Potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus

42
Q

What is the main compound of NPK fertiliser?

A

Ammonium nitrate- NH4 NO3

43
Q

How do we make ammonium nitrate?

A

To make it we use ammonia It’s produced by the harbour process to produce nitric acid

  • we react more ammonia with nitric acid to ammonia nitrate
44
Q

How is phosphate put into NPK fertiliser?

A

Potassium is found in salts like potassium chloride or potassium sulfate

  • we treat the phosphate rock with nitric acid & this produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
  • phosphatic acid contagion phosphorus which can’t be directly added to the plants so we neutralise it with ammonia
45
Q

Compare how nitric acid is produced in a schools and a lab?

A

School:

  • use dilute solutions of ammonia & nitric acid- more safe to work with
  • in the lab we can only produce small amounts of ammonia nitrate- batch process

Industry

  • ammonia creates a gas & nitric acid is concentrated - this is a lot more dangerous as it’s an exothermic reaction so heat is collected and used for different stages
  • chemical is produced by continuous process, so thousands of kilograms can be produced easily
46
Q

What is the harbour process?

A
  • a reversible reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen.
47
Q

What is the equation for the harbour process?

A

N2 + 3H 2NH3

48
Q

Describe the harbour process?

A
  1. Nitrogen (extracted from the air) and hydrogen (obtained from natural gas) are pumped through pipes
  2. Then they go into a tank to allow them to react with an iron catalyst, then they flow through a reaction vessel which leads to a condenser
  3. In the condenser ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen split because there a very low temperature which allows ammonia to condense as it has a low boiling point- so it can be removed
  4. Whist the hydrogen and nitrogen stay in gaseous form
49
Q

What are the conditions for the harbour process?

A

Temperature= 450 degrees

Pressure= 200 atmosphere

50
Q

What is the order of fractions and their uses?

A
  1. Liquified petroleum gases- used in cooking appliances
  2. Petrol- fuel for cars
  3. Kerosene- fuel for planes
  4. Heavy fuel oil- generate heat
  5. Bitumen- paving

Gcse Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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