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Chemistry > Using resources > Flashcards

Using resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ceramics?

A

Non metals with high melting points
Some are made from clay and when hardened form cermaics
Made for pottery and bricks
Can be glass too

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2
Q

Difference between soda lime glass and brosocilate glass?

A

Soda lime glass is made from sodium, limestone and sand

Brosocilate glass is made from sand and boron trioxide

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3
Q

What is a polymer?

A

They have different properties depending on what its made from and how it is made.

Polyethene is flexible when made at a moderate temp and high pressure
Polyethene is rigid when made with low temp and with a catalyst

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4
Q

What is a composite?

A

A material embedded in another

The fibres or fragments of a material are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder

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5
Q

Examples of composites?

A

Fibre glass - Made from fibres of glass embedded in a matrix of plastic. Low density but very strong
Carbon fibre - Made from long chain carbons or carbon nanotubes embedded in platic matrix. Strong and light
Concrete - Made from sand gravel embedded in cement. Very strong

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6
Q

Examples of natural composite?

A

Wood is a natural composite made from cellulose fibres

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7
Q

What is a thermosoftening polymer?

A

They contain individual polymer chains entwind together with weak forces
They are meltable amd mouldable

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8
Q

What is a thermosetting polymer?

A

They contain monomers with cross links

They are very hard and dont soften

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9
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A pure metal combined with another element

This makes them harder

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10
Q

An example of an alloy?

A

Brozne - copper + tin

Brass - Copper + Zinc

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11
Q

What is meant by carat?

A

Gold is made up of 24 carats

So if gold is said to be 18 carats then it is 75% pure

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12
Q

What is corrosion of metals?

A

Metals that weaken when reacted with the environments

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13
Q

How does iron rust?

A

When in contact with water and air

Rust flakes away

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14
Q

How does aluminum rust?

A

When in contact with only air

It doesnt flake away only forms a protective later of aluminum oxide on top

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15
Q

How can rusting be prevented?

A

Coating iron with a barrier:
* Painting with plastic
* Electroplating with electrolysis to reduce metal ions
* Oiling or greasing
Sacrifical method
* Placing metal with a more reactive metal like `inc so the more reactive metal oxidises instead

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16
Q

What is a natural resource?

A

Something that comes from the earth sea or air

Can be replaced or made with man made products

17
Q

Why do natural resources run out?

A

They are unrenewable. So we use them faster than they are produced

18
Q

What are the risks of extracting unrenewable resources?

A
  • Bad for the environment
  • Scars the landscape
  • Produces lots of waste
  • Destroys habitats
19
Q

How can we reduce pollution?

A

Recycling
So we can use less unrenewable energy
We can use catalysts to reduce the amount of energy released

20
Q

How can we recycle metals?

A

Melting

21
Q

How can we sustainably extract copper?

A

We can extract copper from low grade ores that have less copper

22
Q

Problems with a life cycle assessment?

A

Difficult to add a value to the negative affect of certain products
They are biased

23
Q

What is a Life Cycle Assessment?

A

Looking at every stage in a products life

  1. Getting raw materials (how is this bad?)
  2. Manufacturing and packaging (packaging causes pollution)
  3. Using the product (Is it harmful?)
  4. Product disposal
24
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that isnt pure however drinkable
pH between 6.5-8.5
Has no bacteria or microbes

25
Q

How can we recycle glass?

A

Reusing glass

Crushing glass and melting it

26
Q

How do we collect water?

A

From rainwater on the ground or in rocks

27
Q

How do we make rainwater safe?

A

Filtration - Filter out large twigs or sand

Sterilisation - sterilised to kill harmful bacteria

28
Q

How do we get water from hot places?

A

From the sea
1, Test the pH of the sea water and neutralise it
2. Test the water for sodium chloride (salt) with a fame test for the sodium (flame will be yellow)
3. To test for the chloride add nitric acid and silver nitrate solution and a white precipitate wil form
4. To distill the water boil it and condense it
5. Retest the pH

29
Q

What is waste water treatment?

A

When waste water goes down sewage to be neutralised or safe to reuse again

30
Q

how does the Haber process work

A
  1. Nitrogen and Hydrogen are reacted to make ammonia
  2. Gases are passed over iron catalyst
    at high temperature and pressure
  3. Reaction is reversible so some ammonia turns back into nitrogen and hydrogen
  4. Ammonia’s forms gas then condenses to liquid and is used as a fertiliser
31
Q

Waste water treatment

A
  1. Screening - large bits of material are removed
  2. Sedimentation - Havier solids sink and turn to sludge and lighter floats to top
  3. Aerobic digestion pumps air through water to to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter and microbes
  4. Anaerobic digestion breaks down organic matter in the sludge releasing methane gas for energy. remaining waste is used as a fertiliser
32
Q

what is the Haber process

A

used to make ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen the ammonia is used as a fertiliser

33
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

they provide plants for the essential elements for growth
they are made from nitrogen phosphorus and potassium
fertilisers increase crop yield

34
Q

How is ammonia made into a fertiliser?

A

Ammonia reacts with oxygen and water to make nitric acid ammonia and nitric acid make ammonia nitrate which is a fertiliser

35
Q

How was ammonia nitrate made in industry?

A

done in giant vents at high concentrations resulting in very exothermic reactions
heat release is used to evaporate water from mixture to make a very concentrated ammonium nitrate

36
Q

how is ammonium nitrate made in a lab?

A

it is made at a smaller scale with titration and crystallisation
lower concentration so it is safer
after titration mixtures crystallise to give pure ammonium nitrate crystals it is very slow process

Chemistry (5 decks)

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