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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Alkenes and alkanes are made of only Hydrogen and Carbon atoms
They are used for fuels

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2
Q

What happens if you increase the chain of a hydrocarbon?

A
  • More viscous (sticky)
  • Less volatile (higher boiling point)
  • Less flammable
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3
Q

Equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrogen + Oxygen —-> Carbon dioxide + Water

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4
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Crude oil is a fossil fuel buried deep under ground
It is made of plankton and dead animals.
It is also non-renewable

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5
Q

Fractional Distillation of crude oil:

A
  1. The oil is heated until it is a gas
  2. The column temperature gradient (bottom hottest, top coolest)
  3. As the travel up they condense and separate
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6
Q

Uses of cracking alkanes?

A

1) Transport
2) Making new compounds (polymers e.g)
Shorter chain alkanes are more useful so we crack longer chain alkanes to form shorter ones

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7
Q

How do we crack alkanes?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction

Cracking long chain alkanes makes a short chain alkane and an alkene

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8
Q

Method of cracking:

A
  1. Heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them
  2. Vapour is passed along a hot catalyst (catalytic cracking)
    or
  3. Pass vapour and mix with steam and then heat to very high temperatures (steam cracking)
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9
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Alkenes have a double C=C bond
This allows alkenes to open up and bond with other compounds
Alkenes are much more reactive than alkanes
CnH2n+2

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10
Q

Alkenes combust completely. What is this equation?

A

Alkene + oxygen —-> Carbon + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon dioxide + Water

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11
Q

How do we form an Alcohol?

A

Alkene + Steam —-> Alcohol

(water)

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12
Q

What is hydrogenation of alkenes?

A

R H H H
\ / | |
C = C + H2 —-> R - C - C - H
/ \ | |
H H H H

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13
Q

What happens to a halogen + alkenes?

A

H H H Br
\ / | |
C = C + Br2 —-> H - C - C - H
/ \ | |
H H H H

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14
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Mix an alkene with Bromine water and the solution should turn orange to colourless

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15
Q

What are addition polymers?

A

Long chains of joined monomers

Polymerisation usually happens under high pressure and a catalyst

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16
Q

What do the monomers need to make polymers?

A

The monomers used need to have C=C bonds

17
Q

How to show the reaction for polymerisation?

A

H H H H
| | | |
n ( C=C ) —->. -(-C=C-)-n
| | | |
H H H H
Many single ethenes | Poly-ethene

18
Q

What happens to the molecules in polymerisation?

A

No molecules are lost the amount stays the same before and after

19
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

An alkene reacted with steam
Has an -OH functional group
CnH2nOH

20
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A
  • Alcohols are flammable
  • The first 4 are soluble in water and are neutral pH
  • They react with sodium
  • Form carboxylic acids
21
Q

What are the uses of alcohols?

A

They dissolve most things so handsanatizer

the first 4 are used as fuels

22
Q

How is ethanol made?

A

Fermentation:

       YEAST Sugar ----------> Ethanol + carbon dioxide

Fermentation uses an enzyme in yeast to convert sugar into alcohol.
37C, no oxygen, slightly acidic

23
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Have a functional -COOH group

          O
        //
H - C  
        \
       OH
24
Q

Reactions of carboxylic acids?

A

Ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate —> Sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

25
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

They release H+ ions (acidic)

26
Q

What is an ester?

A

Made from an alcohol + carboxylic acid —-> ester + water

Have a functional COO group

27
Q

Condensation ploymers

A

Involves monomers with different functional groups

Weak links and for every link made a molecule is lost

28
Q

Naturally occurring polymers?

A

Polymers are also found in the natural world too.

Amino acids contain two functional groups
Amino. group (NH2) and carboxylic group (COOH)
H H O
\ | //
N - C - C
/ | \
H H OH

29
Q

What can amino acids form through condensation polymerisation?

A

Amino groups react with acid groups of another to form a polymer chain (water is lost for every chain made

30
Q

DNA is a polymer

A

DNA is a polymer made of chains of nucleotIdes containing a bas A,C,T,G

31
Q

Simple sugars also form polymers

A
  1. Sugars are small molecules made of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen
  2. Sugars react to form larger carbohydrate polymers like starch

Chemistry (5 decks)

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