Use of force Flashcards
SJPD provides two types of report for coding: (1) _______ _________ reports and (2) electronic ________ ________ reports.
General offense
Force response
Uses of force do not have a distinct seasonality with an average of ______ incidents and _______ common in December and January with 50 and 48 incidents respectively.
64
Less
Over the last four years monthly uses of force peaked in _______ 2018 at 72 and lowest in _______ 2017 at 34.
July
January
Each day use of force was most common between the hours of ______ and ______ is raking between _____ and _______.
4pm to 2am
10pm to midnight
Streets are the most common location for uses of force to occur (_____) followed by business (____).
55%
14%
________ of incidents happened inside or outside of a residence.
23%
Less than _____ of use of force incidents occurred at parks, school, nightclub or other locations.
8%
Nearly __________ of use of force incidents arose from a dispatched call for service while _______ were result of an officer-Initiated stop.
2/3
27%
The most common call type for force incidents was for violation crime (______) followed by a traffic stop or infraction (_____) and property crimes (____).
33%
17%
17%
Over the last four years _________ San Jose officers have used force 4,975 times in 2,670 separate incidents.
904
On average there are _______ use of force incidents each year.
668
_______ officers used force 41 times each over the four-year period and they were involved in 3.1% of all the force incidents.
Two
________ officers used force between 30 and 34 times.
Eight
There are 354 officers who only used force _______ or ______ during the last four years.
Once
Twice
On average about ________ of the officers one the department use force in any given year
50%
About _______ of all arrest last results in a use of force.
4%
The Force Justification Score is based upon the four Graham Factors: (1) __________ of the crime being investigated; (2) the level of _______ to the officer or others; (3) the level of __________; and (4) whether the subject fled from the officer.
Seriousness
Threat
Resistance
For each of the four Graham factors, San Jose scored highest in the ________ level and the ______ level categories and lowest in the ______ level category.
Resistance
Crime
Threat
This indicates that when San Jose officers use force, they are facing more _______ crimes and higher levels of _________, but subjects are less likely to present an immediate threat to the officers or others.
Serious
Resistance
_______ ______ of incidents received the highest justification score of 20. Most of these cases involved assaults on the officers before the officer made the decision to use force.
Eight percent
Low Force Justification incidents were more likely to have the following characteristics than cases with higher Force Justification scores: • Subject was _______ (23%) • The most serious charge referred for prosecution was a _______ crime (29%)
Female
Drug
Officers were much less likely to use ________ during a low Force Justification incident and were less likely to use physical strikes as well.
Weapons
Average Force Justification Scores were ________ for women than men. Native American subjects had _________ Force Justification scores than other racial groups.
Lower
Higher
Average Force Justification scores _________ with the subjects’ age. Older subjects had ________ Force Justification scores than younger subjects.
Declined
Lower
Of the 2,670 use of force incidents that occurred over the last four years, _______ involved physical force only, _______ involved only the use of a weapon(s) by officers and ______ involved both physical force and the use of a weapon.
64%
12%
24%
Of the physical tactics that were used, grabbing/pulling/holding was the most common (____) followed by _________ (59%).
77%
Takedowns
In the last four years, _____ officers deployed their ECDs 529 times. Most deployments involved the use of the probe 77% and drive-stun mode was used 12% of the time.
305
The ECD was fully effective _______ of the time and in 31% of deployments it had no effect.
54%
The four-year trends for physical force show that the use of strikes has been ________ while officers are wrestling with subjects and using their ________ _______ to hold subjects down more often.
Declining
Body weight
_______ in four subjects fled from the officer, while 12% possessed some type of weapon. ______-_______ subjects were armed with a firearm and four of them pointed their weapon at officers.
One
Thirty-two
_______ subjects engaged in some type of physical resistance (86%) while 102 subjects used a weapon against the officer. ______ percent of subjects were only passively resisting when force was used against them.
Most
Four
However, the lack of any significant racial disparities between uses of force and arrests suggests that resistive behavior is similar across racial groups and officers do _____ treat subjects differently based solely on the subject’s race.
Not
When arrests by race are examined, we find that Whites and Other races are underrepresented in the arrests while _______ and ________ are overrepresented.
Hispanics
Blacks
Adults between the ages of 18 and 39 are more than _______ more likely to be arrested than their population numbers would suggest while juvenile and adults over 60 are over 70% less likely to be arrested.
50%
Most officer injuries involved a _____ ______ (46%) or a ______ (27%), but ______ officers suffered a fracture. Officers received more than half of their injuries on their hands or arms.
Minor scrapes
Cut
12
Officers were more likely to get injured when they used a lateral neck ________ (56% injured) or _________ with a subject (28% injured) and were least likely to get injured when they used a canine (3% injured) or OC (11% injured).
Restraint
Wrestled
Over the last four years 1,536 subjects that had force used against them were injured (______ of all incidents).
58%
In 2018 the average number of Force Sequences rose to 4.2 which is in the high range. This means that it is taking ________ for officers to control subjects which could lead to greater risk of injury for officers and subjects.
Longer
Officers are moving away from ______ ______ ______ and are using more _________ ________ to control subjects. Incidents involving a less lethal weapon fell from 40% to 31%.
Less lethal weapons
Physical force
More incidents occurred on the _________ in 2018 (60%) than prior years (53%)
Street
In 2018, subjects that had mental health issues (____) or were suicidal (______) were at the highest rate during the last 4 years.
29%
5%
In general, officers are moving away from _______ _______ _______ and higher levels of force and are resolving more incidents with ______ levels of physical force.
Less lethal weapons
Lower
As a percentage of all force tactics used, physical strikes have been _________, while using weight to hold down a subject and wrestling have been increasing.
Declining
For the first time in the last four years, the number of incidents in the Southern Division (_____ incidents) exceeded both the Foothill Division (______ incidents) and the Central Division (______ incidents).
167
162
141
Since 2015 Lincoln District has consistently had the ________ number of force incidents and now comprises about 15% of all uses of force in the City
Highest
(After DL #1) Charles and Edward Districts have the next _______ numbers of force incidents, but their numbers have been declining since 2015.
Highest
From 2016 to 2018 use of force incidents in ______ and ______ Districts more than doubled. In 2017 X-ray District had the second highest number of use of force incidents but it fell to 5th place in 2018.
Yellow
Tom
X-ray
Southern Division officers have consistently spent more time interacting with subjects before using force, and this may be due to the fact that a higher percentage of their force incidents come from __________ __________ that they are investigating rather than officer onviews.
Dispatched calls
Subjects with mental health problems have ________ in all Divisions and by 2018 were highest in Central and Southern Divisions (33% of force incidents).
Increased
Over the last four years the percentage of female subjects has increased in ________, _______ and Central Divisions and by 2018 18% of all uses of force involved a female subject.
Western
Foothill
From 2007 to 2018 the number of annual arrests made by SJPD fell by ______ from 35,998 arrests to 17,906 arrests. At the same time the number of uses of force fell by ______ from 1,156 in 2007 to 662 in 2018.
50%
43%
From 2007 to 2018 the number of annual calls for service to SJPD fell by 23% from 436,624 calls to 338,124 calls. At the same time the number of uses of force fell by _______ from 1,156 in 2007 to 662 in 2018.
43%
Between 2007 and 2018 the most significant change in the time of day that force incidents occur was from ______ to ______.
12am
4am
2007-2018
During this same period use of force was becoming more and more common during the day between the hours of _______ and _______.
23% compares to 27% (12am to 4am)
8am
8pm
The proportion of subjects under age _______ that were involved in force incidents has decreased from 17.8% in 2007 to 13.3% in 2018. Subjects over ______ has risen from 0.8% to 2.4%.
20
60
San Jose PD officers use ________ ________ and _________ _________ more frequently than officers from other agencies in the system.
Impact Weapons
Projectile weapons
For physical tactics San Jose PD officers use _________ and Pushing more frequently than officers from other agencies
Strikes and pushing
Compared to other jurisdictions, subjects from San Jose are _______ times more likely to complain of an injury or pain after a force incident when _____ visible injury is present.
Three
No
Characteristics of Force Incidents that are More Common in San Jose than Other Jurisdictions:
_______ or more officers were present when force was used
______ or more officers used force against the same subject
The reason for the contact was a violent ______ or a traffic stop
The most serious crime referred was a violent crime or a ______ crime
The force incident took 5 or 6 sequences before the subject was under _______
Subject was under the ________ of alcohol or drugs and/or had mental health issues
Subject was a resident of San Jose or a ______
Subject was _____-______
Subject made a __________ movement
Subject was ________ with an improvised weapon
Three
Three
Crime
Drug
Control
Influence
Transient
Non-white
Threatening
Armed
