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BIOLOGY! > Use of Biological Resources > Flashcards

Use of Biological Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Name three ways you can increase crop yield

A

Use of glasshouses and polytunnels
Use of fertilisers
Use of Pest control

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2
Q

What are the advantages of keeping plants enclosed in a glasshouse?

A

Will keep plants free from pests and diseases

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3
Q

Why do farmers use fertilisers?

A

To replace missing elements or provide more of them, ensuring crops have enough nutrients

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4
Q

What do pests include?

A

micro-organisms, insects and animals

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5
Q

What is biological control?

A

an alternative to using pesticides

Using other organisms to reduce the number of pests, either by encouraging wild organisms or adding new ones

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6
Q

What is an advantage of biological control?

A

Can have a longer lasting affect than spraying pesticides

Can be less harmful to wildlife

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7
Q

What is a disadvantage of biological control?

A

They can get out of control

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8
Q

What can we use yeast for?

A

Brewing beer

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9
Q

What is beer made from?

A

grain - usually barley

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10
Q

What is done to the barley grains?

A

They are allowed to germinate for a few days, during which the starch in the grains is broken down into sugar
Then they are dries in a Kiln
This is called Malting

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11
Q

What is done to the malted grain?

A

It is mashed up with water which is added to produce a sugary solution

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12
Q

How do people get rid of the bits whilst brewing beer?

A

They sieve it

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13
Q

What is added to beer mixture to give it it’s bitter flavour?

A

Hops

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14
Q

What is the second step to brewing beer?

A

The yeast is added and the mixture is incubated

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15
Q

What does yeast do?

A

It ferments the sugar into alcohol

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16
Q

How does yeast die?

A

By the rising concentration of alcohol (ethanol)

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17
Q

What is done to the beer after the yeast stage?

A

It is drawn off through a tap and then pasteurised

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18
Q

What is meant by pasteurised?

A

heated - to kill off any yeast left in beer and stop fermentation

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19
Q

What is the final step of beer brewing?

A

It is casked ready to be sold

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20
Q

How can you investigate the rate of CO2 production by yeast under different conditions?

A

Mix sugar yeast and distilled water into test tube
Attach bung and other end in test tube of water
Place yeast mixture in water bath
Leave the tube to warm up then count bubbles

21
Q

What is respiration controlled by?

A

enzymes

22
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Mating the best organisms to get good offspring

23
Q

What are some best features, chosen when you selectively breed?

A
  • Maximum yield (meat, milk, grain)
  • Good health and disease resistant
  • Speed, fertility
  • In plants - attractive flowers, nice smell
24
Q

List the processes done in selective breeding

A

Selection of best characteristics
Breed them with each other
Select best offspring, breed them together
Repeat over several generations

25
Q

What will selective breeding eventually give farmers?

A

better and better yields

26
Q

How can fishing be controlled?

A

FISH FARMING

27
Q

Why are fish kept in cages?

A

To stop them using as much energy swimming about

Protection from predetation

28
Q

Why are fish diet controlled?

A

To maximise the amount of energy they get to make them big and grow fast

29
Q

Where are young fish kept?

A

In special tanks - to ensure as many survive as possible

30
Q

Why is it important to keep bigger fish from smaller fish?

A

To avoid the bigger fish eating the smaller fish

Intraspecific predation

31
Q

When fish are kept in tanks, what has to be controlled?

A
  • temperature, pH and oxygen level
  • amount of food
  • amount of fish waste and poo (filtering)
32
Q

What can enzymes be used to do?

A

Cut up DNA or join DNA pieces together

33
Q

What do restriction enzymes recognise?

A

specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points

34
Q

What are ligase enzymes used for?

A

to join 2 pieces of DNA together

35
Q

What is 2 different bits of DNA stuck together known as?

A

recombinant DNA

36
Q

What is the use of a vector?

A

It’s something that’s used to transfer DNA into a cell

37
Q

Name the two sorts of vectors

A

Plasmids

Viruses

38
Q

What are plasmids?

A

small, circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria

39
Q

What do viruses do?

A

insert DNA into the organisms they infect

40
Q

How can bacteria be grown in huge numbers?

A

By placing them in a fermenter

41
Q

Why are some crops genetically modified?

A

To increase food production

42
Q

Name two ways crops can be genetically modified

A

They can be resistant to insects

They can be resistant to herbicides

43
Q

What is a disadvantage of genetically modifying crops?

A

transplanted genes may get out into the environment

could affect food chains

44
Q

What is the name given to cloning plants?

A

Micropropagation

45
Q

What are small pieces of plants called?

A

explants

46
Q

Why are explants sterilised in cloning?

A

to kill any microorganisms

47
Q

What are the explants grown in?

A

in vitro - a petri dish with nutrients and growth hormones

48
Q

What is a cell without a nucleus called?

A

an enucleated cell

49
Q

How are cells in cloning stimulated?

A

with a small electric shock

BIOLOGY! (10 decks)

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