Human Nutrition

Question 1

Name three biological molecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrate
Proteins
Lipids

Question 2

Carbohydrates are made up of…

Answer 2

Simples Sugars

Question 3

What do carbohydrate molecules contain?

Answer 3

the elements:
carbon
hyrdogen
oxygen

Question 4

Name two large complex carbohydrates

Answer 4

Starch and glycogen

Question 5

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 5

long chains of amino acids

Question 6

What atoms do all proteins contain?

Answer 6

carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 7

What are Lipids built from?

Answer 7

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 8

What atoms do Lipids contain?

Answer 8

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 9

Where are carbohydrates found in?

Answer 9

bread
pasta
rice

Question 10

How can you test for glucose?

Answer 10

Using Benedict’s reagent
Add to sample and heat it
blue- green- yellow- orange- brick red
The higher the concentration of glucose, the further the colour change goes

Question 11

How can you test for starch?

Answer 11

Using the iodine test
Add iodine solution to test sample
If present, will turn from browny-orange to bluet black

Question 12

What does carbohydrate provide for your body?

Answer 12

energy

Question 13

Where are lipids found in?

Answer 13

butter

oily fish

Question 14

What do lipids provide for your body?

Answer 14

energy, act as anergy store

provide insulation

Question 15

Where are proteins found?

Answer 15

In meat, or fish

Question 16

Name three vitamins

Answer 16

A
C
D

Question 17

What is vitamin A found in and used for?

Answer 17

Liver
Helps improve vision and keep skin and hair healthy
(makes chemicals in retina, protects surface of eye)

Question 18

What is vitamin C found in and used for?

Answer 18

Oranges, fresh fruit and vegetables
Prevent scurvy
(sticks together cells lining surfaces in the body)

Question 19

What is vitamin D found in and used for?

Answer 19

eggs, fish liver oils

helps bones absorb calcium and phosporus

Question 20

Name the two mineral ions

Answer 20

calcium

iron

Question 21

Where is calcium found and what is it used for?

Answer 21

milk, cheese

makes bones and teeth

Question 22

Where is iron found and what is it used for?

Answer 22

Red meat, liver, green leafy vegetables

Makes haemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen

Question 23

Why do we need water?

Answer 23

To replace water lost through urinating, breathing and sweating

Question 24

Where is water found

Answer 24

food and drink

Question 25

Where is dietary fibre found and why do we need it?

Answer 25

wholemeal bread | aids movement of food through gut

Question 26

Name 3 digestive enzymes

Answer 26

Amylase Proteases Lipases

Question 27

What does Amylase enzymes convert?

Answer 27

Starch into Maltose

Question 28

What does Maltase enzymes convert?

Answer 28

Maltose into glucose

Question 29

What does protease enzymes convert?

Answer 29

Proteins into amino acids

Question 30

What do lipase's convert?

Answer 30

Lipids into Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Question 31

Where is Bile produced?

Answer 31

the liver

Question 32

Where is bile stored?

Answer 32

the gall bladder

Question 33

Where is bile released into?

Answer 33

the small intestine

Question 34

Is Bile acidic or alkaline?

Answer 34

alkaline

Question 35

What does bile neutralise?

Answer 35

the hydrochloric acid the stomach

Question 36

What else does bile do?

Answer 36

emulsifies fats easier for lipase to digest therefore makes digestion faster

Question 37

What is the proper name for gut?

Answer 37

The alimentary canal

Question 38

Name everything in the alimentary canal

Answer 38

``` Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gall bladder Anus ```

Question 39

How do teeth break food down?

Answer 39

mechanically

Question 40

What is found in saliva?

Answer 40

salivary glands, produce amylase enzymes

Question 41

What is the oesophagus?

Answer 41

The muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach

Question 42

What enzyme does the stomach produce?

Answer 42

The protease enzyme, pepsin

Question 43

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

Answer 43

To kill bacteria AND | To give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work

Question 44

What enzymes are produced in the pancreas?

Answer 44

protease, amylase and lipase | releases these into the small intestine

Question 45

What enzymes are produced in the small intestine?

Answer 45

protease, amylase and lipase (to complete digestion)

Question 46

Where in the alimentary canal are nutrients absorbed out of the alimentary canal into the body?

Answer 46

The small intestine

Question 47

Where is excess water absorbed from food?

Answer 47

In the large intestine

Question 48

How is food moved through the gut?

Answer 48

by PERISTALSIS

Question 49

How does peristalsis work?

Answer 49

Squeezes balls of food (boluses) though your gut

Question 50

Name the five main stages of digestion in order

Answer 50

1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Assimilation 5. Egestion

Question 51

What is digestion?

Answer 51

the break-down of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble ones

Question 52

What two ways are there to digest food?

Answer 52

mechanical | chemical

Question 53

What is absorption?

Answer 53

The process of moving molecules though the walls of the intestines into the blood

Question 54

What helps absorption in the small intestine?

Answer 54

Villi

Question 55

How are villi adapted for effective diffusion?

Answer 55

Large surface area Good blood supply Single permeable layer of surface cells Microvilli

Question 56

What is assimilation?

Answer 56

When digested molecules have been absorbed, they move into body cells and become part of the cells

Question 57

What is egestion?

Answer 57

When all the undigested stuff forms faeces, you get rid of them through the anus

Question 58

what are the six essential nutrients in a balanced diet?

Answer 58

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

Question 59

what three factors affect the energy levels a person requires?

Answer 59

age activity level pregnancy

Question 60

calorimetry - describe the method for the EXPERIMENT to find out how much energy a piece of food contains

Answer 60

1. use a dry food that'll burn easily eg peanuts, pasta 2. weigh a small amount of food and skewer it on a mounted needle 3. add 25cm3 of water to a boiling tube and measure the water's temp. 4. set fire to the food using a Bunsen burner flame - mke sure the Bunsen burner isn't near the water 5. hold the burning food under the boiling tube until it goes out. Relight the food and hold it under the tube again, repeating until the food won't catch fire again 6. measure he final temp. of the water

Question 61

describe how to calculate the amount of energy food contains after doing the dry food/water/flame experiment

Answer 61

1. calculate the amount of energy in Joules by using... energy in food(J) = mass of water(g) x temp. change of water x 4.2 2.calculate the amound of energy in Joules per grm by using... energy per gram in food(J/g) = energy in food(J) / mass of food(g)

Question 62

how can you improve the accuracy of the calorimetry experiment used to find out how much energy food contains?

Answer 62

insulate the boiling tube (with foil) to minimise the heat loss and keep more energy in the water

Question 63

what is meant by the word calorie?

Answer 63

42 - the amount of energy in Joules needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1degreesC - the specific heat capacity of water