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BIOLOGY! > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name three biological molecules

A

Carbohydrate
Proteins
Lipids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates are made up of…

A

Simples Sugars

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3
Q

What do carbohydrate molecules contain?

A

the elements:
carbon
hyrdogen
oxygen

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4
Q

Name two large complex carbohydrates

A

Starch and glycogen

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5
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

long chains of amino acids

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6
Q

What atoms do all proteins contain?

A

carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
oxygen

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7
Q

What are Lipids built from?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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8
Q

What atoms do Lipids contain?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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9
Q

Where are carbohydrates found in?

A

bread
pasta
rice

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10
Q

How can you test for glucose?

A

Using Benedict’s reagent
Add to sample and heat it
blue- green- yellow- orange- brick red
The higher the concentration of glucose, the further the colour change goes

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11
Q

How can you test for starch?

A

Using the iodine test
Add iodine solution to test sample
If present, will turn from browny-orange to bluet black

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12
Q

What does carbohydrate provide for your body?

A

energy

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13
Q

Where are lipids found in?

A

butter

oily fish

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14
Q

What do lipids provide for your body?

A

energy, act as anergy store

provide insulation

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15
Q

Where are proteins found?

A

In meat, or fish

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16
Q

Name three vitamins

A

A
C
D

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17
Q

What is vitamin A found in and used for?

A

Liver
Helps improve vision and keep skin and hair healthy
(makes chemicals in retina, protects surface of eye)

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18
Q

What is vitamin C found in and used for?

A

Oranges, fresh fruit and vegetables
Prevent scurvy
(sticks together cells lining surfaces in the body)

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19
Q

What is vitamin D found in and used for?

A

eggs, fish liver oils

helps bones absorb calcium and phosporus

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20
Q

Name the two mineral ions

A

calcium

iron

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21
Q

Where is calcium found and what is it used for?

A

milk, cheese

makes bones and teeth

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22
Q

Where is iron found and what is it used for?

A

Red meat, liver, green leafy vegetables

Makes haemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen

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23
Q

Why do we need water?

A

To replace water lost through urinating, breathing and sweating

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24
Q

Where is water found

A

food and drink

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25
Q

Where is dietary fibre found and why do we need it?

A

wholemeal bread

aids movement of food through gut

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26
Q

Name 3 digestive enzymes

A

Amylase
Proteases
Lipases

27
Q

What does Amylase enzymes convert?

A

Starch into Maltose

28
Q

What does Maltase enzymes convert?

A

Maltose into glucose

29
Q

What does protease enzymes convert?

A

Proteins into amino acids

30
Q

What do lipase’s convert?

A

Lipids into Glycerol and Fatty Acids

31
Q

Where is Bile produced?

A

the liver

32
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

the gall bladder

33
Q

Where is bile released into?

A

the small intestine

34
Q

Is Bile acidic or alkaline?

A

alkaline

35
Q

What does bile neutralise?

A

the hydrochloric acid the stomach

36
Q

What else does bile do?

A

emulsifies fats
easier for lipase to digest
therefore
makes digestion faster

37
Q

What is the proper name for gut?

A

The alimentary canal

38
Q

Name everything in the alimentary canal

A 
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gall bladder
Anus
39
Q

How do teeth break food down?

A

mechanically

40
Q

What is found in saliva?

A

salivary glands, produce amylase enzymes

41
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach

42
Q

What enzyme does the stomach produce?

A

The protease enzyme, pepsin

43
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

To kill bacteria AND

To give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work

44
Q

What enzymes are produced in the pancreas?

A

protease, amylase and lipase

releases these into the small intestine

45
Q

What enzymes are produced in the small intestine?

A

protease, amylase and lipase (to complete digestion)

46
Q

Where in the alimentary canal are nutrients absorbed out of the alimentary canal into the body?

A

The small intestine

47
Q

Where is excess water absorbed from food?

A

In the large intestine

48
Q

How is food moved through the gut?

A

by PERISTALSIS

49
Q

How does peristalsis work?

A

Squeezes balls of food (boluses) though your gut

50
Q

Name the five main stages of digestion in order

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Assimilation
  5. Egestion
51
Q

What is digestion?

A

the break-down of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble ones

52
Q

What two ways are there to digest food?

A

mechanical

chemical

53
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process of moving molecules though the walls of the intestines into the blood

54
Q

What helps absorption in the small intestine?

A

Villi

55
Q

How are villi adapted for effective diffusion?

A

Large surface area
Good blood supply
Single permeable layer of surface cells
Microvilli

56
Q

What is assimilation?

A

When digested molecules have been absorbed, they move into body cells and become part of the cells

57
Q

What is egestion?

A

When all the undigested stuff forms faeces, you get rid of them through the anus

58
Q

what are the six essential nutrients in a balanced diet?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

59
Q

what three factors affect the energy levels a person requires?

A

age
activity level
pregnancy

60
Q

calorimetry - describe the method for the EXPERIMENT to find out how much energy a piece of food contains

A
  1. use a dry food that’ll burn easily eg peanuts, pasta
  2. weigh a small amount of food and skewer it on a mounted needle
  3. add 25cm3 of water to a boiling tube and measure the water’s temp.
  4. set fire to the food using a Bunsen burner flame - mke sure the Bunsen burner isn’t near the water
  5. hold the burning food under the boiling tube until it goes out. Relight the food and hold it under the tube again, repeating until the food won’t catch fire again
  6. measure he final temp. of the water
61
Q

describe how to calculate the amount of energy food contains after doing the dry food/water/flame experiment

A
  1. calculate the amount of energy in Joules by using…
    energy in food(J) = mass of water(g) x temp. change of water x 4.2
    2.calculate the amound of energy in Joules per grm by using…
    energy per gram in food(J/g) = energy in food(J) / mass of food(g)
62
Q

how can you improve the accuracy of the calorimetry experiment used to find out how much energy food contains?

A

insulate the boiling tube (with foil) to minimise the heat loss and keep more energy in the water

63
Q

what is meant by the word calorie?

A

42 - the amount of energy in Joules needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1degreesC - the specific heat capacity of water

BIOLOGY! (10 decks)

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