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BIOLOGY! > Reproduction and Inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are human body cells?

A

diploid

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2
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

The cells have two copies of each chromosome, arranged in pairs

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell nucleus contain?

A

46

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4
Q

What is the diploid number for a human?

A

46

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5
Q

What is DNA

A

A list of instructions on how to put an organism together and make it work

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6
Q

What is each separate gene in a DNA molecule?

A

A chemical instruction that codes for (says how to make) a particular protein

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7
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

They control most processes in the body and determine inherited characteristics

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8
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

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9
Q

What structure is DNA?

A

A double helix

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10
Q

What are the two strands in DNA held together by?

A

chemicals called bases

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11
Q

What are the four different bases?

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

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12
Q

What is the pairing of the bases? And what is it called?

A

A-T and C-G

complimentary base-pairing

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13
Q

DNA is a type of…

A

nucleic acid

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14
Q

What hold the pairs of bases together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

A sequence of three bases codes for…

A

an amino acid

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16
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

meiosis and mitosis

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17
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

in asexual reproduction and growth and repair

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18
Q

What are the end products of mitosis?

A

Two cells containing exactly the same DNA (genetically identical)

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19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two cells with an identical set of chromosomes

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20
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Four haploid cells whose chromosomes are NOT identical

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21
Q

Sexual reproduction involves…

A

the fusion of male and female gametes

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22
Q

What are gametes?

A

sperm cells and egg cells

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23
Q

What are gametes like in comparison with normal cells in terms of their chromosomes?

A

haploid - they have half the number of chromosomes in a normal cell

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24
Q

In humans, each gamete contains how many chromosomes?

A

23

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25
Q

What is another name for a fertilised egg?

A

A zygote

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26
Q

What does a zygote develop into

A

an embryo

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27
Q

Is the fertilisation of gametes random? and what does this produce?

A

YES, this produces genetic variation in the offspring

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28
Q

What is the male reproductive part of a flower called?

A

The stamen

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29
Q

What is the female reproductive part of a flower called?

A

The carpel

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30
Q

What does the stamen consist of?

A

The anther

The filament

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31
Q

What does the anther contain?

A

pollen grains - these produce the male gametes (sperm)

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32
Q

What is the filament?

A

The stalk that supports the anther

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33
Q

What does the carpel consist of?

A

Stigma
style
ovary

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34
Q

What is the stigma?

A

the end bit that pollen grains attach to

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35
Q

What is the style?

A

The section that supports the stigma

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36
Q

What does the ovary contain?

A

the female gametes (eggs)

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37
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, so that the male gametes can fertilise the female gametes in sexual reproduction

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38
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

A type of sexual reproduction where pollen is transferred form the anther of one plant to the stigma of another

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39
Q

What do plants that cross-pollinate rely on?

A

insects and wind

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40
Q

How are plants adapted for pollination by insects?

A
  • They have brightly coloured petals to attract insects
  • They have scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
  • They make big, sticky pollen grains - stick to insects
  • The stigma is also sticky - pollen stick to it
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41
Q

How are plants adapted for wind pollination?

A
  • Small, dull pet as on the flower
  • No nectaries or strong scents
  • A lot of pollen grains - small and light to be carried by wind
  • Long filaments that hang outside the flower, so a lot of pollen gets blown away
  • A large, feathery stag,a to catch pollen as its carried by wind
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42
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of gametes

43
Q

Once the pollen has found its way to a stigma.. what happens?

A

fertilisation

44
Q

What are the processes in fertilisation?

A

A pollen grain lands on stigma
A pollen tube grows out of pollen grain and down through style to the ovary
A nucleus from male gamete moves through tube to join with female gamete in the ovary
The two nuclei fuse together to make a zygote

45
Q

Each fertilised female gamete forms…

A

a seed

46
Q

In fertilisation.. the ovary develops into..

A

a fruit around the seed

47
Q

What is artificial asexual reproduction called?

A

cloning

48
Q

How do some plants reproduce asexually?

A

by growing new plants from their stems

e.g strawberry plants send out runners sideways above the ground and take root

49
Q

How can we clone plants?

A

Take cuttings and then plant these

50
Q

What are male gametes in humans?

A

sperm

51
Q

Where are sperm made?

A

in the testes, all the time after puberty

52
Q

What do sperm mix with?

A

a liquid to form semen

53
Q

When is sperm ejaculated from the penis into the vagina of a female?

A

during sexual intercourse

54
Q

What is the urethra? (male)

A

a tube which carries sperm though the penis during ejaculation
and urine passes through it as well

55
Q

What fills with blood to make penis erect?

A

erectile tissue

56
Q

What produces the liquid thats added to sperm to make semen?

A

The glands

57
Q

What is the tube called that carries sperm from the testis towards the urethra?

A

The vas deferens (sperm duct)

58
Q

Where are sperm made?

A

in the testes

59
Q

What contains the testes?

A

the scrotal sac

60
Q

What are ova?

A

female gametes

61
Q

When is an ovum produced from one of the two ovaries?

A

every 28 days

62
Q

What happens after the egg (ova) is released from the ovaries?

A

It passes into the Fallopian tube - where it may meet sperm

63
Q

What happens if an egg isn’t fertilised by sperm?

A

The ovum will break up and pass out of the vagina

64
Q

If an ovum is fertilised, what happens?

A

It starts to divide and the new cells will travel to the uterus (womb) and attach to the endometrium (uterus lining) and develop into an embryo

65
Q

What is the muscular tube that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus called?

A

The Fallopian tube

66
Q

What organ produces ova and sex hormones?

A

Ovary

67
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The neck of the uterus

68
Q

What is the vagina?

A

where the sperm are deposited

69
Q

What does oestrogen in women cause?

A

Extra hair on underarms and pubic area
hips to widen
development of breasts
ovum release and start of periods

70
Q

What does testosterone in men cause?

A 
extra hair on face and body
muscles to develop
penis and testes to enlarge
sperm production
deepening of voice
71
Q

What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Bleeding starts - uterus breaks down for about 4 days
  2. Uterus lining builds up again - day 4 to 14
  3. At day 14 an ovum develops and is released
  4. The wall is maintained for about 14 days until day 28
72
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

maintains the lining of the uterus

73
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow

74
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of an ovum at day 14?

A

LH

75
Q

What happens if a woman becomes pregnant?

A

The level of progesterone stays high to maintain the lining of the uterus during pregnancy

76
Q

What are alleles?

A

different versions of the same gene

77
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele which will always show up in the offspring

78
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele which only shows if the individual has two copies of the recessive allele

79
Q

What is meant if an organism is homozygous for a characteristic?

A

both alleles are the same

80
Q

What is meant when an organism is heterozygous for a characteristic?

A

It has two different alleles

81
Q

What does the phenotype describe?

A

The physical characteristics of an organism

82
Q

What does the genotype describe?

A

the alleles that a cell or organism has for a particular feature.

83
Q

When does codominance occur?

A

when neither allele is dominant and both contribute to the appearance of an offspring

84
Q

What is the sex of a person controlled by?

A

The sex chromosomes

85
Q

How can you show the possible alleles in the offspring?

A

Genetic diagrams or Punnet square

86
Q

How many paired matches of chromosomes are there in every human body cell?

A

23

87
Q

What chromosomes do all men have?

A

An X and a Y chromosome

88
Q

What chromosomes do all women have?

A

two X chromosomes

89
Q

Is there an equal chance of having a boy or a girl?

A

YES

90
Q

What is genetic variation caused by?

A

genes

91
Q

What is variation in animals caused by?

A

genetic and environmental factors

92
Q

Name some genetic variation factors

A
  • eye colour
  • hair color
  • inherited disorders
  • blood group
93
Q

What environmental factors are plants affected by?

A

sunlight
moisture level
temperature
mineral content in soil

94
Q

What is the theory of evolution?

A

Life began as simple organisms from which more complex organisms evolved

95
Q

What does natural selection mean?

A

Survival of the fittest

96
Q

How does natural selection work?

A

Living things show variation
The resources living things need to survive are limited - individuals must compete for these resources to survive - only some will
Some of the varieties will have a better chance of survival
This means that a greater proportion os individuals in the next generation will have better alleles and the characteristics that help survival
Over many generations, the species become better and better able to survive and the ‘best’ features are naturally selected and the species become more and more adapted to its environment

97
Q

What are mutations?

A

changes to the genetic code

98
Q

How often does a gene mutate?

A

occasionally

99
Q

What do mutations do?

A

change the sequins of the DNA bases

100
Q

Are mutations usually harmful?

A

yes

101
Q

What happens if a mutation occurs in reproductive cells?

A

The offspring may develop abnormally or die

102
Q

What happens if mutation occurs in body cells?

A

The mutant cells may start to multiply in an uncontrolled way and invade other parts of the body (cancer)

103
Q

How can bacteria evolve?

A

by becoming anti-biotic resistant

BIOLOGY! (10 decks)

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