Usage of antibiotics in ruminants and horses Flashcards
Ruminants and ABs
AB are not allowed in adult ruminants becuase thye can be killed by the rumen flora, it is only used in calves w/AB orally
how should AB be given to ruminants
only by local injection or orally
in what cases can we use AB in ruminants?
respiratory infections
food disorders (++ milk cattle)
mastitis
whih bacteria does not respond to penicillin?
staphylococci - they produce B-lactamase enzyme causing the penicillin to be decomposed
what are the different groups of first choice antibiotics against gram positive infections?
narrow spectrum penicillins (gr+; streptococcus, bacillus, clostridium)
broad spectrum penicillins
penicillinase resistant penicillins
substances in the narrow spectrum penicillins (ru)
benzylpenicillins
procain + benzathine
narrow spectrum penicillins (Ru)- indications
rare
airway infections
foot diseases
wounds
narrow spectrum penicillins(Ru) - administration
injection SC, IM
never IV
broad spectrum penicillin(Ru) -substances
amoxicillin
amoxicillin+ claculanic acid
broad spectrum penicillin(Ru) - indication
airway infections
foot diseases
broad spectrum penicillin(Ru) - administration
in case of resp: IM, SC
foot disease: combinations, amoxicillin
penicillinase resistant penicillins (ru) - substances
oxacillins
cloxacillin
dicloxacillin
flucloxacillin
penicillinase resistant penicillins (ru) - indications
gram+
mastitis
penicillinase resistant penicillins (ru) - administration
locally: intramammary infusion
resistant against penicillinase enzyme only when the PBP change (mutant) = staphylococci
dot act agaisnt MRSA or MRSP
name the 1st and 2nd generation cefalosporins
cefalexin cefapirin cefacetril cefacetril cefazolin cefuroxime
indications of 1st and 2nd generation cefalosporins (ru)
gram-positive mastitis
administration of 1&2 generation cefalosporins (ru)
give them locally as an intramammary infusion
3rd generation cefalosporins (ru)
ceftiofur
cefoperazon
indications of 3rd generation cefalosporins
airway infections
foot diseases
mastitis, metritis
two types of ceftiofur and their administration
hydrochloride and crystalline free acid (long duration
IM or SC locally as intrammamry infusions
what is the advantage of treating dairy cattle with ceftiofur?
it will not cross the blood-milk-barrier
4th generation substances
cefquinome
cefquinome indication?
airway infections
mastitis
cefquinome administration
locally or as an injection
aminoglycoside substances (ru)
neomycin gentamicin (fastidious bacteria) apramycin spectinomycin (mycoplasma) paromomycin
aminoglycosides given per os treats?
diarrhea in calves and lambs
which aminoglycosides are good for the airways?
gentamicin, spectinomycin (+lincomycin)
how is neomycin given? and for what?
IM and IU
mastitis, metritis (intrauterine, locally (intramamammary infusion)
the substances of tetracyclines
oxytetracyclines
chlortetracylines
doxycycline
indications tetracyclines
airway infections foot diseases, wounds infectious KC enzootic abortion mastitis
TTC administration
injection and topical
orally only in calves and lambs
Phenicols, substances
are they used?
chlormaphenicol is prohibited in FPA
triamphenicol is used in poultry
florfenicol in ruminants
indications for florfenicol
airway infections
foot disease? (MILK)
spectrum of phenicols
broad
resistance is not frequent
pharmacokinetics of florfenicol
very good, penetrates the special barriers
what class is colistin in?
AMEG “B” HP-CIA
usage of colistin
usage should be reduced by 65%, it is very nephrotoxic as an injection so it is not used
orally it can be given to young calves to treat E.coli
substances of macrolides used in ruminants
tilmicosin
tulathromycin
gamithromycin
tildipirosin
tilmicosin indications
airway infections
3-4 days duration of action
excellent against fastidious and moderate against mycoplasma
tulathromycin and gamithromycin indications
airway infections
foot diseases
infectious KC
tildipirosin indication
airway infection
tilmicosin administration
SC, only!
tulathromycin, gamithromycin administration
SC and IM injection
tulathromycin, gamithromycin spectrum
fastidious and mycoplasma ad
tulathromycin, gamithromycin advantage
1-2 week duration of action for 1 injection
tildipirosin application and spectrum
IM or SC injetion
only against fastidious not mycoplasma
draxxin
tulathromycin
lincosamides and pleuromutilins substances
lincomycin and tiamulin (pleuromutilins)
spectrum of lincomycin and what is a good combination
mycoplasma and anaerobe bacteria, does not take fastidious so its good to combine with spectomycin
indications of lincosamides and pleuromutilins
foot diseases
mastitis
airway infections?
administration of lincosamideas and pleuromutilins
injection or locally as an intramammary infusion
oral should be avoided
indication and administration of tiamulin
airway infections
orally
potentiated sulphonamids substances
sulfmethoxazole
sulfadimethoxine
sulfadiazine
sulfachlorpyridazine + trimethoprim
indications of potentiated sulphonamides
decreasing usage
airway infections
masitis IV
administration of potentiated sulphonamides
injection IV slowly
which generation of fluoroquinolones are used in Ru
second generation
substances of fluoroquinolones
enrofloxacin
marbofloxacin
indications of fluoroquinolones
airway infections
mastitis
GI tract infections
administration of fluoroquinolones
mastitis - intramammary injection
IV injection against gr-
orally for calves in case of E.coli and salmonella
antibiotics in horses?
everything off label!
AB is not authorized AB for horses - dysbacteriosis
which AB should definetly be avoided in horses?
lincosamides (kill GI flora)
macrolides - only in young foals
amoxicillins + clavulinic acid, procain in young foals should be avoided (no procainase enzyme)
which penicillins can be used in horses with probiotics
Cefalosporins (ceftiofur) Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin) Tetracyclines (doxycyline) Macrolides (azithro-, clarithromycin) Potentiated sulphonamides Fluoroquinolones Rifampicin
when is cefalosporins used in horses?
life threathening infections, severe cases or no other option
aminoglycosides in horses
life threathening cases, local perfusion (inside a joint)
tetracyclines in horses
doxycyclines in young horses –> proliferative enteropathy (lawsonia) or respiratory disease
macrolides in horses
: in young horses against rhodoccocus equi pneumonia (abscesses in lungs) ORALLY (6 w treatment + separate the foals from the mother because the feces contain the active substance = avoid the contamination of the mother) macrolides + rifampycins
PS in horses
not so used in foals ut sometimes in respiratory disease
fluoroquinolones in horses
frequently used, but can have serious SE, it is harmful for foals as well =cartilage tissue damage, causes lameness leading to life threathening cases such as peritonits, pneumonia and opened fractures
metronidazole in horses
non FPA - table 2 spectrum: anaerobe bacteria GI infection (colic, colitis) GI tract perforation (peritonitis) combination with fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides
