Possibilities of reducing antibiotic use in veterinary medicine. Disinfectants, antibiotic alternatives Flashcards
consequences of misuse of antibiotics?
increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance
how can we prevent antibiotic resistance?
hygiene - environmental conditions, animal housing
management
alternative feed supplements
Different housings and environmental approaches to prevent resistance?
black and white zones quarantine seperation of differet age groups (allin/all-out) stocking densitiy PLF (precision livestock farming) vaccination protocols
different hygiene protocls to prevent antibiotic resistance?
stable hygiene - cleaning and disinfection
drinking water and feed system disinfection
hand and boots hygiene
what types of stable cleaning and disinfection are there?
periodical (few stables)
restricted (everything is cleaned, animals get slaughtered)
what are the steps of stable cleaning and disinfection?
- move out
- cleaning
- washing
- disinfection
- ventilation, rest
- control
What happens during cleaning step?
removal of organic contaminants: manure, straw
foaming + soap
active compounds
- detergents (surfacants)
what type of detergents do we have
anionic surfacants –> soap
cationic surfacants –> quaternary ammonium compounds bradophen –> benzoxonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride
name some disinfectans
chlorine compounds - NaOCl (hypo), Ca(OCl)2 (bleach powder, solid
aldehyde compounds - formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde
peroxides potassium-peroxide (very effective), peractetic-acid
quaternary ammonium compounds
what is meant by rest?
ventilation
what is done during control?
bacteriological examination (1-2 days) luminescent ATP + AMP detection (RLU) (minutes)
When is strict stable disinfection performed?
when there is a notifiable disease
ASF, CSF, aian influenza, IEA, FMD
How is the strict stable disinfection performed in regards tot he steps?
1 - move out 2 - cleaning 3 - washing 4 - disinfection 5 - ventilation 2- cleaning 3- washing 4- disinfection 5-ventilation
how to disinfect udder, pre-milking
lower concentration
povidone-iodine
quaternary ammonium compounds
chlorhexidine
how to disinfect udder, post-milking
higher concentration
povidone-iodine
quaternary ammonium compounds
chlorhexidine
what does the EU regulation 2019/6 say about how not to use veterinary medicinal products? (Antimicrobial)
antimicrobial medicinal products should not be used
- for prophylaxis
- for growth promotion
when can there be a restricted use of antimicrobial products
- For metaphylaxis - only when the risk of spread of an infection in a group of animals is high and where no appropriate alternatives are available
- Certain antimicrobials should not be available on the market in the veterinary sector- CIA!
what are the alternaties to antibiotics?
probiotics prebiotics synbiotics organic acids (benzoic acid, citric acid, formic acid) essential oils fermented wheat germ extracts antimicrobial peptides phage therapy etc.
what is competitive exclusion?
competition for aailable nutrients and for mucosal adhesion sites
how is the production of antimicrobial compounds (content)
short chain fatty acids
antimicrobial peptides, bacteriocines
hydrogen peroxides
what are some roles of intestinal microbiota
competitive exclusion produciton of antimicrobial compounds antitoxin effect modulation of the immune system modifying the inflammatory cascade
what are probiotics?
live microorgnaisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit of the host
what are the required attributes to the probiotic content?
non-pathogen
technologial robustness
survival of the GIT - gastric acid, bile aid
must adhere to intestinal cells
colonization in the intestine
health benefits (at least one), in more animal pecies
FMT?
faecal microbiota transplantation
what are prebiotics?
group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota
oligosaccharides (cannot be hydrolyzed by mammalian enzymes) - FOS, MOS, inulin, lactulose
what are synbiotics?
probiotics + prebiotics –> synergism
drinking water acidification - why, what, where?
inhibit spread of bacteria
use organic acids (citric acid, formic acid, lactic acid and propionic acid)
pig and poultry farms
decreases the pH in th epathogens –> baceriostatic effect
name some phytobiotics
herbs, essential oils
rosemary, thyme, oregano
antibacterial, atioxidant
what are the most common causing agents of GI infections in cats and dogs?
- bacterial
- viral
- protozoal
- helminths
- other??
bacterial: salmonella, E.coli, clostridium, campylobacter
viral: parvo, Rota, Calici, Corona, Adeno
Protozoal: isospoa, giardia
generally helminths
other: IBD, AB treatment, PPIs, stress, obesity, allergy
GI problems in rabbit - generally
they have sensitive digestion system
inadequate diet, stress will lead to dysbiosis
caceal microbiota is important
caecotrophy –> microbial fermentation, short chain fatty acids
what effects weaning and probiotics have on the GI of the pig?
weaning: stress, decreased gut function, infections, diarrhea and decreased growth
application of probiotics: salmonella, E.coli and clostridium infections decrease
Broilers - causes of GI problems and appliacation of probiotics
post hatching period: campylobacter, salmonella infections
application of probiotics
- average daily weight gain increases
body weight increases
feed conversion increases
application of probiotics in laying hens?
egg size increases
the egg white quality is better and the feed conversion ratio improves
application of probiotics in ruminants?
pre ruminant digestion
++ in foregut development
– newborn diarrhea
probiotics degradation
probiotic application in dairy cows?
yeasts as probiotics
++
dry matter intake
milk production
it influences the ruminal fermentation
stabilizes the pH (no rumen acidosis)
Gi of horses
they have a sensitive digestion system, can cause dysbiosis with AB treatment and inadequate diet
Diseases in horses associated with dysbiosis
acute colitis
grass sickness
laminitis
foal diarrhoea
