Possibilities of reducing antibiotic use in veterinary medicine. Disinfectants, antibiotic alternatives

Question 1

consequences of misuse of antibiotics?

Answer 1

increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance

Question 2

how can we prevent antibiotic resistance?

Answer 2

hygiene - environmental conditions, animal housing
management
alternative feed supplements

Question 3

Different housings and environmental approaches to prevent resistance?

Answer 3

black and white zones
quarantine
seperation of differet age groups (allin/all-out)
stocking densitiy
PLF (precision livestock farming)
vaccination protocols

Question 4

different hygiene protocls to prevent antibiotic resistance?

Answer 4

stable hygiene - cleaning and disinfection
drinking water and feed system disinfection
hand and boots hygiene

Question 5

what types of stable cleaning and disinfection are there?

Answer 5

periodical (few stables)

restricted (everything is cleaned, animals get slaughtered)

Question 6

what are the steps of stable cleaning and disinfection?

Answer 6

1. move out
2. cleaning
3. washing
4. disinfection
5. ventilation, rest
6. control

Question 7

What happens during cleaning step?

Answer 7

removal of organic contaminants: manure, straw
foaming + soap
active compounds
- detergents (surfacants)

Question 8

what type of detergents do we have

Answer 8

anionic surfacants –> soap

cationic surfacants –> quaternary ammonium compounds bradophen –> benzoxonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride

Question 9

name some disinfectans

Answer 9

chlorine compounds - NaOCl (hypo), Ca(OCl)2 (bleach powder, solid

aldehyde compounds - formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

peroxides potassium-peroxide (very effective), peractetic-acid

quaternary ammonium compounds

Question 10

what is meant by rest?

Answer 10

ventilation

Question 11

what is done during control?

Answer 11

bacteriological examination (1-2 days)
luminescent ATP + AMP detection (RLU) (minutes)

Question 12

When is strict stable disinfection performed?

Answer 12

when there is a notifiable disease

ASF, CSF, aian influenza, IEA, FMD

Question 13

How is the strict stable disinfection performed in regards tot he steps?

Answer 13

1 - move out
2 - cleaning
3 - washing
4 - disinfection
5 - ventilation
2- cleaning
3- washing
4- disinfection
5-ventilation

Question 14

how to disinfect udder, pre-milking

Answer 14

lower concentration
povidone-iodine
quaternary ammonium compounds
chlorhexidine

Question 15

how to disinfect udder, post-milking

Answer 15

higher concentration
povidone-iodine
quaternary ammonium compounds
chlorhexidine

Question 16

what does the EU regulation 2019/6 say about how not to use veterinary medicinal products? (Antimicrobial)

Answer 16

antimicrobial medicinal products should not be used

• for prophylaxis
• for growth promotion

Question 17

when can there be a restricted use of antimicrobial products

Answer 17

• For metaphylaxis - only when the risk of spread of an infection in a group of animals is high and where no appropriate alternatives are available
• Certain antimicrobials should not be available on the market in the veterinary sector- CIA!

Question 18

what are the alternaties to antibiotics?

Answer 18

probiotics
prebiotics
synbiotics
organic acids (benzoic acid, citric acid, formic acid)
essential oils
fermented wheat germ extracts
antimicrobial peptides
phage therapy
etc.

Question 19

what is competitive exclusion?

Answer 19

competition for aailable nutrients and for mucosal adhesion sites

Question 20

how is the production of antimicrobial compounds (content)

Answer 20

short chain fatty acids
antimicrobial peptides, bacteriocines
hydrogen peroxides

Question 21

what are some roles of intestinal microbiota

Answer 21

competitive exclusion
produciton of antimicrobial compounds
antitoxin effect
modulation of the immune system
modifying the inflammatory cascade

Question 22

what are probiotics?

Answer 22

live microorgnaisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit of the host

Question 23

what are the required attributes to the probiotic content?

Answer 23

non-pathogen
technologial robustness
survival of the GIT - gastric acid, bile aid
must adhere to intestinal cells
colonization in the intestine
health benefits (at least one), in more animal pecies

Question 24

FMT?

Answer 24

faecal microbiota transplantation

Question 25

what are prebiotics?

Answer 25

group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota

oligosaccharides (cannot be hydrolyzed by mammalian enzymes) - FOS, MOS, inulin, lactulose

Question 26

what are synbiotics?

Answer 26

probiotics + prebiotics –> synergism

Question 27

drinking water acidification - why, what, where?

Answer 27

inhibit spread of bacteria
use organic acids (citric acid, formic acid, lactic acid and propionic acid)

pig and poultry farms

decreases the pH in th epathogens –> baceriostatic effect

Question 28

name some phytobiotics

Answer 28

herbs, essential oils
rosemary, thyme, oregano
antibacterial, atioxidant

Question 29

what are the most common causing agents of GI infections in cats and dogs?

• bacterial
• viral
• protozoal
• helminths
• other??

Answer 29

bacterial: salmonella, E.coli, clostridium, campylobacter
viral: parvo, Rota, Calici, Corona, Adeno

Protozoal: isospoa, giardia

generally helminths

other: IBD, AB treatment, PPIs, stress, obesity, allergy

Question 30

GI problems in rabbit - generally

Answer 30

they have sensitive digestion system
inadequate diet, stress will lead to dysbiosis

caceal microbiota is important

caecotrophy –> microbial fermentation, short chain fatty acids

Question 31

what effects weaning and probiotics have on the GI of the pig?

Answer 31

weaning: stress, decreased gut function, infections, diarrhea and decreased growth

application of probiotics: salmonella, E.coli and clostridium infections decrease

Question 32

Broilers - causes of GI problems and appliacation of probiotics

Answer 32

post hatching period: campylobacter, salmonella infections

application of probiotics
- average daily weight gain increases
body weight increases
feed conversion increases

Question 33

application of probiotics in laying hens?

Answer 33

egg size increases

the egg white quality is better and the feed conversion ratio improves

Question 34

application of probiotics in ruminants?

Answer 34

pre ruminant digestion
++ in foregut development
– newborn diarrhea
probiotics degradation

Question 35

probiotic application in dairy cows?

Answer 35

yeasts as probiotics
++
dry matter intake
milk production

it influences the ruminal fermentation
stabilizes the pH (no rumen acidosis)

Question 36

Gi of horses

Answer 36

they have a sensitive digestion system, can cause dysbiosis with AB treatment and inadequate diet

Question 37

Diseases in horses associated with dysbiosis

Answer 37

acute colitis
grass sickness
laminitis
foal diarrhoea