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Finals 2016 > US History II H1 > Flashcards

US History II H1 Flashcards

1
Q

Banking Crisis

A
  • Banks started to close because of Great Depression(people withdrew their money)
    • Steps to strengthen the banks:
      • FDIC/ Glass-Steagall (people put money back into the bank)
      • Give out loans to grow economy
      • Banks are closed for small period of time (so people cannot withdraw their money) and fireside chat is given
      • Instill confidence into the American people
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2
Q

Black Tuesday

A
  • October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply in the Great Crash
    • People started to sell their stocks in order to try to save their money
    • Many people commit suicide
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3
Q

Social Security

A
  • Social Security Act
    • Having economic support when you retire
      • Take care of the people who receive
      • Pensions are used, and energizes the economy
    • Created during Great Depression
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4
Q

Hooverville

A
  • Term used to describe makeshift shantytowns set up by homeless people during the Great Depression
    • Led to the creation of Hoover blankets (newspapers) and Hoover heaters (fires)
    • Showed how people blamed Hoover for the Great Depression
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5
Q

20th Amendment

A
  • The president and Vice President shall end their terms at noon on the 20th day of January
    • Senators and Representatives’ terms end at noon 3rd day of January
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6
Q

21st Amendment

A
  • Amendment that repealed the 18th amendment (mandatory prohibition of alcohol)
    • Ended the Prohibition
    • Led to a decrease in crime due to bootlegging
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7
Q

Dust Bowl

A
  • Term used for the central and southern Great Plains during the 1930s when the region suffered from drought and dust storms
    • People (called Okies) would migrate to cities for jobs (creates pressure for cities)
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8
Q

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A
  • government agency that insures bank deposits, guaranteeing that depositors’ money will be safe
    - Insured up to 5,000 dollars
    - Done to encourage people to deposit, as well as know that it is protected
    - Created by the Glass-Steagall law
    - SEC made the stock market a safer place for investments
    - Stabilized the stock market
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9
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority

A
  • government agency that built dams in the Tennessee River valley to control flooding and generate electric power (first time in history they had electricity and indoor plumbing)
    - Creates jobs
    - Works project run by the federal government
    - Created industry there because of the promise of cheap power
    - form of socialism
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10
Q

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A
  • New Deal program that provided more than 2 million young men with relief jobs on environmental conservation projects, including reforestation and flood control
    - Would clean out the areas, do landscaping
    - The men who did the work were housed, clothed, and fed (got paid and sent the money home)
    - Eventually became more inclusive by extending training to Mexican Americans as well
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11
Q

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

A
  • National Recovery Administration
    - New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages
    - Headed by Henry Hopkins
    - Created public works projects to create jobs
    - Developed codes of fair competition to govern whole industries (help companies make a profit)
    - Created minimum wage for workers as well as the minimum price for goods
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12
Q

Public Works Administration (PWA)

A
  • New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings
    - Public Works Administration
    - Built bridges, dams, and public buildings
    - Improved the nation’s infrastructure and created jobs
    - Ex: Bonneville Dam, the Overseas Highway
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13
Q

-Bonus Army

A
  • Group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised them by Congress
    • Congress holds the bonus’
    • Bonus used to support war veterans so they would spend the money and money would circulate throughout the system
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14
Q

Glass-Steagall

A
  • Created the FDIC
    - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
    • Instills confidence in the American people to put money back into banks
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15
Q

Fireside Chats

A
  • informal radio broadcast in which FDR explained issues and New Deal programs to average Americans
    • Done every week (first president to do this)
    • Inspired and provided confidence to American people (We have nothing to fear but fear itself)
    • The first chat was about the banks during the 4 day bank holiday
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16
Q

First 100 Days of FDR’s term

A
  • FDR and Congress passed 15 bills (First New Deal)
    - Goals: Relief (immediate hardships of the depression), Recovery(achieve long term economic recovery), and Reform (to prevent future depressions)
    • Starts fire-side chats
    • Creates many of the new deal agencies
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17
Q

Brain Trust

A
  • FDR sought the advice of a diverse group of men and women to plan the New Deal
    • Group of professionals and academics
    • Members: Henry Wallace (Secretary of Agriculture), Harold Ickes (Secretary of Interior), and Frances Perkins (Secretary of Labor)
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18
Q

Speculation

A
  • Practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of obtaining large profits
    • Investors gambled w/ money they didn’t have, used it to buy stocks
    • One reason for the start of the Great Depression & Black Tuesday
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19
Q

George Patton

A
  • Instills fighting spirit into the US troops
    • In command of the troops in North Africa (Given to him by Eisenhower)
    • Great Leader
    • General
    • Tours American hospital and hands out medals of decorations (Purple Heart)
      • Some boy was afraid in the hospital and he (the boy) was slapped
      • Patten was fired, but they gave him his job back
    • Religious
    • Wanted to attack Russia (Eisenhower said no)
    • Known as “Blood and Guts”
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20
Q

Battle of Coral Sea

A

World War II battle that took place between Japanese and American aircraft carriers
Helped America gain morale during WWII (More confidence)
Japan moved to take Port Moresby in New Guinea
-From their they could threaten Australia and protect their military bases at Rabaul (New Guinea)
-USA sent to aircraft carriers: USS Lexington and USS Yorktown
-May 7th and 8th: Engaged in Battle (First sea fight in which enemies had never sighted each other)
-Technically was a tie, but Japan had to call off their attack to New Guinea (we win :) )

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21
Q

Yalta Conference

A
  • 1945 strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
    • Resort on the Crimean Sea
    • Talked about what would be done to post war Germany, Asia, and Eastern Europe
    • Agreed Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania would hold free elections
      • Stalin later broke this promise
    • All agree to Join the United Nations
    • Russia agrees to declare war on Japan
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22
Q

Island Hopping

A
  • World War II strategy
    • involved seizing selected Japanese-held islands in the Pacific while bypassing others
  • Used by the Allies to defeat Japan
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23
Q

Potsdam Declaration

A
  • The Big Three (England, Soviet Union, and USA) consisting of Truman, Atlee, and Stalin met in Potsdam Berlin
  • End of WWII
  • Establish post WWII Europe
  • Stalin promises elections in Poland, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria
    - Goes back on promise, which is framework for Cold War
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24
Q

Nuremberg Trials

A
  • Trials in which Nazi leaders were charged with war crimes
    • Showed the evils of the Third Reich
    • Ex of person tried: Hermann Goring
    • Prosecutors described the crimes (Horrors of the Holocaust)
    • Said they were just obeying their superiors (not valid excuse)
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25
Q

Manhattan Project

A
  • Code name of the project that developed the atomic bomb for USA
    • Los Alamos in New Mexico had a secret facility
    • Created by J. Robert Oppenheimer
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26
Q

Douglas MacArthur

A
  • December 22: Positioned his forces to repel the Japanese invasion
    • Miscalculated the strength of the Japanese army
    • forced to retreated (from Manila to Bataan & fortification in Corregidor)
      - Trapped there for a siege
      - Leads to Bataan Death March
      - During World War II
      - forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military
      - More than 7,000 American and Filipino troops died
      - Marched 63 miles
  • Commander of the USA army forces in Asia
  • Struggled to hold US positions in the Philippines
  • Japan took Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong (destroyed half of our fighter planes in the regions)
    - Japan wanted to continue to take resources from Asia
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27
Q

D-Day Invasion

A
  • June 6, 1944
    • The day Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy, France
    • Allies hit German forces (Most import WWII Battle)
    • The war will be over in less than a year because of this invasion
    • Commander was Dwight Eisenhower
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28
Q

Blitzkrieg

A
  • lightning war” that emphasized the use of speed and firepower to penetrate deep into the enemy’s territory
  • How the Germans took over France (35 days)
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29
Q

Appeasement

A
  • policy of granting concessions in order to keep the peace
    • Ex: Giving Hitler a portion of Czechoslovakia (Studetenland)
    • Because of this, Hitler keeps getting more and more land (encourages more aggressive actions)
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30
Q

Tuskegee Airmen

A
  • African American squadron that escorted bombers in the air war over Europe during World War II
    • Wanted by Eleanor Roosevelt
    • Males were trained to be fighter pilots
    • Had over 1,500 missions in Europe
    • Didn’t lose a single airman
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31
Q

Communism

A
  • From 1918 through the 1980s the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was a monolithic (uniform), monopolistic ruling party that dominated the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the U.S.S.R
  • It controlled all of the military and was lead under Stalin at this time
  • Soviets could not worship freely, own private property, or freely express their views.
  • If a person opposed Stalin they risked imprisonment or death
  • This form of government was almost completely opposite of that of the U.S., which was a capitalist democracy
32
Q

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

A
  • A scientist named Klaus Fuchs was charged with sending US atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.
  • His arrest led to the arrest of the Rosenbergs (Julius and Ethel).
  • They were charged with passing secret information about nuclear science to the Soviet Union.
  • The Rosenbergs pleaded that they were only being prosecuted for having unpopular beliefs and being Jewish.
  • They were found guilty and electrocuted in 1953.
33
Q

Blacklisting

A
  • List of persons who were not hired because of suspected communist ties
  • During this time most of these people were entertainment figures
34
Q

Joseph McCarthy

A
  • Senator who charged that the State Department was infested with communist agents
  • He put forward his own brand of anti communism which became known as Mccarthyism
35
Q

Berlin Airlift

A
  • Stalin was determined to capture West Berlin.
  • He closed roads, railways, and barges (I think this is like waterways)
  • Huge Blockade on the city
  • Program in which U.S. and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade
36
Q

Beatnik

A
  • Critique of American society by writers and artists
  • Refused to conform to regular ways of dressing, thinking and acting
  • Similar to hippies
  • Boys grow hair longer (facial hair), sloppy appearance
  • Oriented towards the arts (poetry, music, movies..)
  • First use of drugs
37
Q

Jackson Pollock

A
  • Abstract impressionist artist
  • Popular in the late 50s and 60s
  • Shows Chaotic nature of world
    • Nuclear weapons
    • Civil rights
    • Equality for Women
38
Q

Marshall Plan

A
  • Foreign policy that offered economic aid to Western European countries after World War II.
  • Approved by congress in 1948
  • Gave about 13 billion in grants and loans to Western Europe
  • Provided food to reduce famine, fuel to heat houses and factories, and money to jumpstart economic growth.
39
Q

NATO

A
  • Formed in 1949
  • Provided military alliance to counter Soviet Expansion
  • 12 countries
  • Mutual military assistance=collective security
  • In response the Soviets and satellite states created the Warsaw Pact
    • Except Yugoslavia
40
Q

Mutually Assured Destruction

A
  • Policy in which the United States and the Soviet Union hoped to deter nuclear war by building up enough weapons to destroy one another
  • Hydrogen Bombs, armed planes, armed submarines….
41
Q

Arms Race

A
  • Contest in which nations compete to build more powerful weapons.
  • Nuclear weapons created by Oppenheimer and Einstein
  • Between US and Soviet Union
42
Q

Freedom Riders

A
  • In 1961 CORE staged a “freedom ride” through the South
  • Defied segregation codes
  • Sat in the front of the bus; used white restrooms…
  • White mobs (pro segregationists) attacked these people
43
Q

Robert McNamara

A
  • Secretary of Defense for Lyndon Johnson and Kennedy
  • WWII: Worked for Army Air Corps, where they used statistical analysis
  • Proponent of making decisions based on statistical analysis (could make good ones)
    - Reduces the probability of error
44
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A
  • 1955–1956 protest by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, against racial segregation in the bus system
  • Led by Martin Luther King Jr. , a minister
  • In an effort not to go out of business, the law was changed (successful effort)
45
Q

Brown vs. The Board of Education

A
  • Case that legalized integration into schools that were previously segregated
  • Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson
46
Q

Rosa Parks

A
  • Active member of the NAACP
  • Got herself arrested as she refused to move to the back of the bus
  • Her defiant act ignited the Montgomery bus boycott
47
Q

Malcolm X

A
  • Converted under the nation of Islam, after going on a pilgrimage to Mecca became a radical leader for African American rights
  • A part of the Black Panthers: the most radical group of African Americans who advocated for violence; reflect “black power” ideals
  • Black Panthers: Radical Civil Rights group that developed the poor, urban, African American ghettos
48
Q

Lee Harvey Oswald

A
  • The criminal who had assassinated President Kennedy

- Believed to have acted alone

49
Q

Election of 1860

A
  • Nixon vs. Kennedy
  • Kennedy won more votes due to his attractive appeal on television during debates.
  • A counter towards Kennedy running for President was that he was Catholic and many people believed that he would side with the Pope on certain issues
50
Q

NAACP

A
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  • Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination
  • Also to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans
  • Filed a lawsuit against the Board of Education
  • March on Washington brought together groups similar to NAACP (SCLC, SNCC, Jewish Anti-Defamation League, etc)
51
Q

Bay of Pigs Invasion

A
  • Where the Cuban brigade landed in Cuba
  • The men who were not killed in the brigade were captured
  • The Cold War reached its height during this time period
  • Cuban exiles launched what became a botched invasion at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba.
  • In 1959, Fidel Castro came to power in an armed revolt that overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.
  • Continued by JFK
52
Q

Attack on Pearl Harbor

A
  • The actual event that starts the U.S. participation into the war
    • December 7, 1941
  • Germans declare war on us, we do not declare war on them
  • The one type of ship not at Pearl Harbor was aircraft carriers (will become the most important naval vessel during WWII
  • Peacetime industries transformed into war industries and the nation’s economic situation improved
  • Pearl Harbor: U.S. navy base in the Pacific attacked by the Japanese
  • Japanese able to gain new materials and America suffered a loss
  • Leads to Manhattan Project and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
53
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

-foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere

54
Q

Truman Doctrine

A
  • President Truman’s promise to help nations struggling against communist movements
    • $400 million given to Turkey and Greece
      • Ensures they want become communist states
  • New course for American foreign policy
55
Q

Japanese Internment

A
  • Interment: temporary imprisonment of members of a specific group
    • Initiated by the War Department
    • Japanese men, women, and children, transported to camps
  • During WWII: after the attack on Pearl Harbor
  • Japanese-Americans seen as disloyal and many were sent to camps
    • Faced a lot of prejudice
  • Led to the 442nd Regimental Combat Regime (made up of only Japanese)
56
Q

Where was communism practiced?

A
  • Russia USSR
  • Fear in the U.S.: RED SCARE
    • Fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life (spies in the United States)
    • Government positions were working for the enemy
57
Q

McCarthyism

A
  • Negative catchword for extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty
  • Irresponsible allegations- discredit concerns about communism more than any American
  • 1950s McCarthy became the most famous politician in the United States
  • Proved that communists could affect culture
58
Q

Domino Theory

A
  • Concept that formed during the Cold War
  • U.S. vs. the Soviet Union (post-war era)
  • Theory that if one country becomes a communist country then they all will (like dominoes a chain reaction)
  • Created fear in many Americans of the spread of communism
  • The idea of containment is to not allow the domino theory to start
    • Containment: policy of keeping communism contained within its existing borders
    • Through military alliance and economic assistance
    • Created and established by George F. Kennan
59
Q

Martin Luther King Junior

A
  • minister, who led the Montgomery bus boycott
  • Aims to use civil disobedience and nonviolence in a way to effect change
  • Successful in that it led the government to change the law
  • Dr. King gave a speech at the Washington Memorial (The March on Washington); “I have a dream speech” televised and had a tremendous impact of the population
  • Targeted cities such as Birmingham, strong segregation laws
  • After his assassination, riots broke out
  • Him and Malcolm X proposed change in the African American community
60
Q

Altamont Music Festival

A
  • A counterculture-era rock concert held on Saturday, December 6, 1969
  • At the Altamont Speedway in northern California
  • The event is best known for considerable violence
    • death of Meredith Hunter
    • three accidental deaths: two caused by a hit-and-run car accident and one by drowning in an irrigation canal
  • Four births were reported during the event
  • Cars were stolen and then abandoned, and there was extensive property damage.
  • Sign of rebellion among the youth in America
61
Q

Kennedy Assassination

A
  • President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
  • He was found by the warren Commission who investigated the death to have acted alone
  • President Kennedy was succeeded by Lyndon Johnson who created a social welfare plan called the Great Society
62
Q

Kent State University

A
  • A college in Ohio, in which students rioted and destroyed much of the downtown area where the school was.
  • The government sent the national guard to control the students.
  • They gave them guns that were loaded.
  • One of the young students was fired at which led to a number of students who were killed due to the uprising.
63
Q

Herbert Hoover during Great Depression

A
  • He desired to end poverty in America, and it was under his presidency in which the Great Depression took place and organized crime grew
  • Response to the Great Depression was to do nothing
  • Creates a tariff: Hawley-Smoot Tariff
  • Trickle down Economics
  • Creation of public works: Hoover Dam
64
Q

Franklin D Roosevelt (New Deal)

A
  • Ran for four consecutive terms
  • The only disabled President, kept under wraps by the press
  • Provide relief, recovery, and reform
  • Proposes legislation to Congress and much of it is published
  • The New Deal: programs and legislation enacted by the FDR during the Great Depression to promote economic recovery and social reform
65
Q

Harry S Truman (Cold War)

A
  • Truman Doctrine: President Truman’s promise to help nations struggling against communist movements
  • New course for American foreign policy
  • $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey
  • Korean War
    • Limited war effort: pursuing war for one’s own goals
    • Problem: If not engaged in the war then who will win?
    • Civilian control over the military: military alliances of NATO and SEATO
66
Q

Dwight D Eisenhower (Communism)

A
  • Eisenhower Doctrine: Policy of President Eisenhower that stated that the United States would use force to help any nation threatened by communism
  • Use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism
  • Sending troops to Lebanon to put down revolt against American government
67
Q

John F Kennedy (Cuban Missile Crisis)

A
  • Developed a flexible response through the use of the Peace Corps.
  • Offers to help people free of charge as a part of flexible response
  • Implemented important military tactics such as teaching people important skills like explosives and arms along with assimilating into native customs
  • Vision for America: New Frontier
  • Deficit Spending: strategy used in an effort to improve the economy
  • Program to provide basic healthcare to poor and disabled Americans: Medicaid
68
Q

Lyndon B Johnson (Assassination of Kennedy)

A
  • Had to deal with all of the problems within the economy
  • Pick up where Kennedy had left off
  • Great Society: social welfare program established by Johnson
69
Q

Looking at both Domestic and Foreign issues, explaining the growing tension of the Cold War throughout the 1950s and early 1960s

A

-Worldwide rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union
-46-year struggle did not engage directly in a military conflict
-1945-1990; friction between the East and West
-Ends with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Reunification of Germany
B. Basic economic and political differences between the United States and the Soviet Union.
I. Capitalist versus communist governments
II. Arms race: competition to see who could have the most atomic bombs

70
Q

1929: Beginning of the Great Depression (How is history impacted)

A
  • Period lasting from 1929-1941 in which the U.S. economy faltered and unemployment soared
  • Black Tuesday and the Stock Market Crash is the beginning of the Great Depression
  • Banks collapse, businesses close, and unemployment rises
  • WWII: powerful factor in ending the Great Depression
71
Q

1945: The Beginning of the Cold War (How History Was Impacted)

A
  • Reunification of Germany marked the end of the Cold War
  • 46-year struggle directly in a hot military conflict
  • Ends with the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Reunification of Germany
72
Q

1968: The Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement (How history is impacted)

A
  • Robert Kennedy assassinated in Los Angeles
  • Apollo 8: first manned spacecraft to orbit the moon
  • Leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X arose as figures for the Civil Rights Movement
73
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A
  • Head of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War (Communist Area)
  • Went to Woodrow Wilson to seek independence from France after WWI
    - Couldn’t get Vietnam independence, so he turned to communism
74
Q

Vietnam War

A

-France controlled Vietnam after World War I
-French wanted Vietnam’s rubber (Michelin)
-Vietnamese wanted freedom and independence
-Led by Minh they kick out the French
-But Vietnam partitioned (North–Communist, South–opposed to Communism)
-Minh wants Vietnam united which leads to a Civil war
-USA gets involved because they want to contain communism
Fight a limited war
-Don’t want to wage total war in fear of the other other communism which would lead into WWIII

75
Q

Charles Manson

A
  • A murderer and sociopath
  • Seduced people through drug use
  • Idea of putting races up against one another “Helter Skelter”: took people and sent them into upper class neighborhoods where they would murder the owners: Sharon Tate (idea was that people would blame African Americans for the murder)
  • He killed the actress Sharon Tate and other Hollywood Residents
  • Never actually found guilty
  • However, his “Family”(his cult) including him, is thought to have killed about 35 people
  • Heard a Beatle and thought it was about a race war
  • Convinced “The Family” (his cult) to kill more people
  • EVIL REFLECTION OF COUNTERCULTURE
76
Q

Neil Armstrong

A

-In July 1969 he was the first astronaut to walk on the moon

77
Q

Great Society

A
  • President Johnson’s social welfare plan
  • The lives of many underprivileged Americans improved
  • Eliminate poverty in America
  • He fails due to not enough money fighting the Vietnam War
  • Johnson introduces Medicare and Medicaid

Finals 2016 (6 decks)

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